State v. SmithState v. Smith
James H. Banks, Dublin, Ohio, for appellant.1
Shane A. Tieman, Scioto County Prosecuting Attorney, and Jay Willis, Scioto County Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Portsmouth, Ohio, for appellee.
{1} This is an appeal from a Scioto County Common Pleas Court judgment of conviction and sentence. A jury found Henry Deandre Smith, defendant below and appellant herein, guilty of:
{2} Appellant assigns the following errors for review:
FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING THE IMPROPER INTRODUCTION OF EVIDENCE.”
SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE DEFENDANT‘S CONVICTIONS ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE.”
THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“DEFENDANT SMITH‘S CONVICTIONS ARE CONTRADICTORY ACCORDING TO THE JURY VERDICTS SUCH TO REQUIRE REVERSAL.”
“THE DEFENDANT WAS DENIED EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL SUCH THAT HE IS ENTITLED TO A NEW TRIAL.”
FIFTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN SENTENCING THE DEFENDANT.”
{3} During the late-night hours of August 10, 2018, Ohio State Highway Patrol Trooper Nick Lewis stopped a black sport-utility vehicle for following a vehicle too closely, for making an unexpected lane change, and for driving 40 miles per hour in a 55 mile-per-hour speed zone. During the ensuing traffic stop, Lewis and another trooper discovered approximately 57 grams of heroin stuffed inside the lining of the backside of the driver‘s seat. The troopers questioned the three occupants, Carvion McKee, Ernest Whitehead, and appellant, and all stated they did not know that the vehicle contained heroin. The troopers then allowed the occupants to leave and advised them that the prosecutor‘s office likely would present the matter to a grand jury.
{4} On August 22, 2019, a Scioto County Grand Jury returned indictments that charged appellant, Whitehead, and McKee with trafficking in heroin in violation of
{5} On April 23, 2020, appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence discovered during the traffic stop and vehicle search. Appellant asserted that the trooper lacked a lawful basis to stop and search the vehicle.
{6} At the July 23, 2020 hearing, appellant‘s counsel, Attorney Banks, indicated that the parties had agreed to resolve the case, but that appellant recently changed his mind. Apparently, the state offered to reduce the first-degree felony offense, to recommend a two-year prison term, and agree not to object to judicial release. The trial court questioned appellant regarding his decision to reject the plea offer and appellant indicated that he did not believe that he could “sign away [his] freedom for something” he does not support. The court explained the maximum penalties it could impose and allowed appellant to again discuss the matter with counsel.
{7} After appellant again discussed the plea offer, counsel informed the trial court that appellant wished to reject the state‘s offer. Attorney Banks also asked the court to allow him to withdraw as counsel. After the court granted Banks’
{8} The morning of trial, the state filed a motion to amend the indictment. The state asserted that the indictment incorrectly recited the trafficking offense in terms of
{9} Whitehead‘s counsel did not object to the motion to amend the indictment and agreed that the amendment would not change Whitehead‘s defense strategy. The court asked Whitehead whether he concurred, and Whitehead responded, “[y]es.”
{10} Appellant‘s counsel likewise stated that “the case laws [sic] clear on this.” Appellant‘s counsel further stated, “[w]e can tell by reading the discovery that it was a transport * * * case.” Appellant also indicated that the amendment would not change the defense strategy. The trial court thus granted the state‘s motion to amend the indictment to allege a violation of
{12} After Trooper Lewis asked McKee to exit the vehicle, they walked to the cruiser. Lewis stated that he asked McKee to exit the vehicle as part of his drug interdiction protocol and to check on the status of his well-being. Lewis related that, when a vehicle is traveling 40 miles per hour in a 55-mile-per-hour zone, “there‘s typically a - a problem.” Lewis indicated he thus instructed McKee to exit the vehicle so Lewis could “try to figure out what was going on with him.” Lewis explained he “had planned on placing [McKee] in the back of the cruiser while [he] checked [McKee‘s] driver‘s license and just talk[ed] to him about why he was driving erratically.” Because highway patrol policy is to conduct pat-down searches of individuals before
{13} As Trooper Lewis started to conduct the pat-down search, he told McKee to keep his hands out of his pockets. McKee, however, disobeyed that instruction and “the first thing [McKee] does is takes his left hand[,] puts it in his pocket and pulls out something in his - his fist.” Lewis noticed that McKee‘s fist was “balled up.” Lewis asked McKee what he had in his hand and, rather than answering, McKee “shove[d his hand] back down the front of his pants.” Lewis then “grab[bed] McKee” and “put him against the - the rear of the vehicle.” As Lewis handcuffed McKee, he noticed “a plastic baggie fall[] from his chest to the ground.” The plastic bag contained “a small amount of marijuana residue.” At this point, Lewis requested backup assistance.
{14} After Ohio State Highway Patrol Trooper Matt Lloyd responded to the call for backup, he removed appellant, the front-seat passenger, patted him down for weapons, and placed him in the rear of Trooper Lewis’ cruiser with McKee. Then, the troopers removed Whitehead, patted him down, and placed him in the rear of Lloyd‘s cruiser. Lewis explained that the troopers
{15} As Trooper Lewis began to search the vehicle, he also noticed what appeared to be crack cocaine in the front passenger seat. A field test confirmed that suspicion and indicated the substance to be crack cocaine.
{16} Trooper Lewis also stated that Trooper Lloyd searched the area where Whitehead had been seated and noticed that a trim piece on the driver‘s seat backrest appeared to have “been tampered with.” Lloyd pulled the trim piece “back a little bit,” and discovered a plastic bag in the back of the driver‘s seat that contained 57 grams of heroin worth around $6,000. Lewis also testified that 57 grams of heroin is not an amount to suggest personal use and, instead, “would be considered a trafficking amount.”
{17} During Trooper Lewis’ testimony, the state played a video of the traffic stop that included the vehicle search and the conversation between McKee and appellant while seated in the cruiser. McKee, who was extremely talkative, complained that the handcuffs hurt his wrists and, as Trooper Lloyd started to search the area where he found the heroin, McKee began to yell for the trooper. After the troopers discovered the heroin,
{18} The troopers then removed appellant from the back of Trooper Lewis’ cruiser and placed Whitehead in the back seat with McKee. McKee continued to express surprise to Whitehead that the troopers discovered heroin and he stated he did not know how heroin ended up in the vehicle. McKee told Whitehead that they were merely traveling to Kentucky to visit “some females” and did not understand how they ended up in this predicament.
{20} During appellant‘s cross-examination of Trooper Lewis, counsel asked whether Lewis had performed a “drug test” to see if appellant had “been using any cocaine.” Lewis stated that he did not. Counsel also asked Lewis about McKee‘s and appellant‘s conduct while seated in the back of the cruiser and whether McKee was the individual who was “fidgeting, jumping around, [and] yelling.” Lewis responded affirmatively. Counsel then questioned whether appellant was “sitting there quiet,” and Lewis stated: “I wouldn‘t necessarily say quiet. Every time he spoke he covered his mouth or whispered.” The trooper continued: “[E]very time he speaks he takes his shirt and covers up his mouth or would whisper.”
{21} Counsel next asked Trooper Lewis about appellant‘s response after he learned they found heroin in the vehicle and whether appellant told Lewis that appellant is a truck driver. Lewis stated that appellant mentioned earlier that he is a truck driver and that “[p]retty much throughout the whole stop someone had mentioned that he was a truck driver.”
{23} Next, Trooper Lloyd testified that he observed a gap in the back of the driver‘s seat that “easily pull[ed] back,” and inside he discovered a plastic bag that contained heroin.
{24} The state also presented the testimony of Josie Keating, a rental car agency representative who rented the vehicle to Smith. Keating stated that the rental car would have undergone an inspection before appellant took possession, and if the vehicle had any damage, it would have been noted on the inspection report. Keating testified that appellant‘s inspection report indicated “no damage documented.” Keating also explained that appellant rented the vehicle on July 31,
{25} After Keating‘s testimony, the state called to the witness stand Scioto County Sheriff‘s Captain James Carter. Before Carter took the stand, however, appellant‘s counsel objected to Carter‘s expected testimony. Appellant pointed out that the state intended to ask Carter about appellant‘s recorded jailhouse telephone conversations. During those calls, appellant indicated he was not employed at the time Trooper Lewis stopped the vehicle, and that he had not been traveling to see “some females” in Kentucky. Appellant‘s counsel asserted that appellant‘s statements about not being employed and his destination on the night of the traffic stop involved “other acts and they have nothing to do with the charges that he‘s facing here.” Counsel stated that, unless appellant chose to testify, the recorded phone calls should be inadmissible. The prosecutor argued, however, that the statements are admissible under
{27} Captain Carter testified he oversees jail operations, including telephone calls, and that he obtained recordings of two calls appellant made while in jail. The state played portions of each call at trial and, during the first call, appellant spoke with his grandfather who stated that he had spoken with appellant‘s lawyer and, when asked if appellant had a job, grandfather told the lawyer that appellant did not. Appellant stated in response that when he returned home he did plan to apply for a job “do[ing] a line haul for Chrysler.”
{28} During the second call, appellant spoke with an individual he referred to as “cuz.” Appellant informed the individual that he had been arrested and was being held in Portsmouth. Appellant stated that when Trooper Lewis “pulled my man over who was driving,” appellant “was coming down to your crib.” After Captain Carter‘s testimony, the state rested.
{30} On October 8, 2020, the jury found appellant guilty of trafficking and possessing heroin, both in an amount equal to or exceeding 50 grams. The jury also found appellant guilty of possessing criminal tools.
{31} On October 30, 2020, after the trial court merged the possession and trafficking counts, the court sentenced appellant to serve eight years in prison for trafficking in heroin. The court also sentenced appellant to serve 180 days in jail for the possessing criminal tools, but ordered it be served concurrently with his prison sentence. This appeal followed.
I
{32} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by admitting Trooper Lewis’ statements that the troopers found cocaine residue on the passenger seat where appellant had been sitting and that they had also discovered marijuana residue. Within his first assignment of error, appellant also argues that to allow the
{33} “The admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests within the sound discretion of the trial court.‘” State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54 N.E.3d 80, ¶ 91, quoting State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987), paragraph two of the syllabus. Consequently, “a reviewing court should not disturb evidentiary decisions in the absence of an abuse of discretion that created material prejudice.” State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d 460, 2008-Ohio-6266, 900 N.E.2d 565, ¶ 66; accord State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127, ¶ 198, citing State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 182, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987). “An abuse of discretion is more than a mere error of law or judgment.” State v. Thompson, 141 Ohio St.3d 254, 2014-Ohio-4751, 23 N.E.3d 1096, ¶ 91; accord State v. Johnson, 144 Ohio St.3d 518, 2015-Ohio-4903, 45 N.E.3d 208, ¶ 75. Instead, “[a] trial court abuses
{34} As a general rule, all relevant evidence is admissible.
{35}
{36} We also recognize that, to some degree, all relevant evidence may be prejudicial in the sense that it “tends to disprove a party‘s rendition of the facts” and, thus, “necessarily harms that party‘s case.” State v. Crotts, 104 Ohio St.3d 432, 2004-Ohio-6550, 820 N.E.2d 302, ¶ 23.
{37} In the case sub judice, we do not believe that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing the state to introduce evidence that, during the traffic stop, the troopers discovered marijuana and cocaine residue. First, when Trooper Lewis initially mentioned during his testimony that he discovered marijuana residue inside the plastic baggie that McKee dropped, appellant did not object. Appellant also did not object the next time Lewis mentioned the marijuana residue. Appellant did object when the prosecutor attempted to ask Lewis whether anyone later admitted that the bag contained marijuana. Appellant did assert that, because none of the individuals had been charged with a marijuana-related offense, the evidence was irrelevant. The trial court, however, overruled the objection.
{38} Here, because appellant did not object to Trooper Lewis’ initial statements regarding the discovery of marijuana residue, appellant did not properly preserve any error concerning this testimony. Moreover, we do not believe that any error that the trial court arguably made constitutes plain
{39} Next, we do not believe the trial court‘s decision to permit Trooper Lewis to testify that he found cocaine residue on the seat where appellant had been sitting constitutes an abuse of discretion. Even if the evidence was prejudicial, it is not so unfairly prejudicial that the jury decided the case on an improper basis. Instead, as we explain in our discussion of appellant‘s second assignment of error, the state presented ample evidence to support appellant‘s convictions.
{40} We also do not believe that the trial court‘s decision to allow the state to ask Trooper Lewis questions on redirect to counter appellant‘s cross-examination constitutes an abuse of discretion. During cross-examination, appellant‘s counsel asked Lewis whether appellant had stated that he is a truck driver and whether Lewis asked appellant to take a drug test to see if appellant had been using cocaine. “Once defense counsel posed the question[s] * * *, he opened the door to further questioning on that issue.” Portsmouth v. Wrage, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 08CA3237, 2009-Ohio-3390, ¶ 34. Appellant may not, therefore, complain on appeal that the trial court erred by allowing the state to raise those issues during Lewis’ redirect examination.
{¶41} Additionally, appellant challenges the testimony that appellant “whispered when he spoke or covered his mouth.” We point out, however, that appellant‘s counsel elicited this testimony during Trooper Lewis’ cross-examination. Thus, appellant invited any error that may have occurred. E.g., State v. Hare, 2018-Ohio-765, 108 N.E.3d 172, ¶ 45 (2d Dist.) (invited-error doctrine applies when defense counsel elicits allegedly improper testimony on cross-examination). The invited-error doctrine precludes a litigant from “‘tak[ing] advantage of an error which [the litigant] invited or induced.‘” State v. Ford, 158 Ohio St.3d 139, 2019-Ohio-4539, 140 N.E.3d 616, ¶ 279, quoting Hal Artz Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., Lincoln-Mercury Div., 28 Ohio St.3d 20, 502 N.E.2d 590 (1986), paragraph one of the syllabus. Consequently, appellant cannot now challenge the testimony as improperly admitted.
{¶42} Appellant further contends that the trial court erred by allowing the state to admit into evidence his jailhouse phone calls. Although appellant appears to assert that the statements should be deemed inadmissible because “he did not make statements to the troopers,” he does not specifically explain
{¶43} Appellant also contends that admitting into evidence his jailhouse phone calls and allowing testimony regarding his demeanor during the traffic stop violated his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.4 However, numerous Ohio courts have determined that a defendant‘s demeanor, conduct, and statements that surround a criminal act are relevant to show a defendant‘s consciousness of guilt. State v. Johnson, 144 Ohio St.3d 518, 2015-Ohio-4903, 45 N.E.3d 208, ¶ 72 (a defendant‘s statements, “like other conduct following the completion of a
{¶44} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant‘s first assignment of error.
II
{¶45} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that his convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence and that sufficient evidence does not support his convictions. Appellant contends that the state did not present any evidence to prove that he knowingly possessed or trafficked in the heroin found in the vehicle. Appellant argues that the evidence adduced at trial shows that he was merely present in the vehicle and lacked any knowledge about the heroin hidden in the driver‘s seat.
A
{¶46} Initially, we observe that “sufficiency” and “manifest weight” present two distinct legal concepts. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 23 (“sufficiency of the evidence is quantitatively and qualitatively different from the weight of the evidence“); State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), syllabus. A claim of insufficient evidence invokes a due process
{¶47} Thus, when reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, an appellate court must construe the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. E.g., State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996); State v. Grant, 67 Ohio St.3d 465, 477, 620 N.E.2d 50 (1993). A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion that the trier of fact did. State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 162, 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001); State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 484, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001).
{¶48} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence.” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. “The question to be answered when a manifest-weight issue is raised is whether ‘there is substantial evidence upon which a jury could reasonably conclude that all the elements have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.‘” State v. Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 81, quoting State v. Getsy, 84 Ohio St.3d 180, 193-194, 702 N.E.2d 866 (1998), citing State v. Eley, 56 Ohio St.2d 169, 383 N.E.2d 132 (1978), syllabus. A court that is considering a manifest-weight challenge must “‘review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, and consider the credibility of witnesses.‘” State v. Beasley, 153 Ohio St.3d 497, 2018-Ohio-493, 108 N.E.3d 1028, ¶ 208, quoting State v. McKelton, 148 Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 328. The reviewing court must bear in mind, however, that credibility generally is an issue for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v. Murphy, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2953, 2008-Ohio-1744, ¶ 31. “‘Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses and is particularly competent to decide “whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of particular witnesses,” we must afford substantial deference to its determinations of credibility.‘” Barberton v. Jenney, 126 Ohio St.3d 5, 2010-Ohio-2420, 929 N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Konya, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21434, 2006-Ohio-6312, ¶ 6, quoting State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288 (Aug. 22, 1997). As the Eastley court explained:
“‘In determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. * * * If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.‘”
Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191-192 (1978). Thus, an appellate court will leave the issues of
{¶49} Accordingly, if the prosecution presented substantial credible evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the offense had been established, the judgment of conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. E.g., Eley. Accord Eastley at ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting Black‘s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990) (a judgment is not against the manifest weight of the evidence when “‘“the greater amount of credible evidence“‘” supports it). A court may reverse a judgment of conviction only if it appears that the fact-finder, when it resolved the conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.‘” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983);
{¶50} We also observe that, when an appellate court concludes that the weight of the evidence supports a defendant‘s conviction, this conclusion necessarily includes a finding that sufficient evidence supports the conviction. E.g., State v. Waller, 4th Dist. Adams No. 17CA1044, 2018-Ohio-2014, ¶ 30. Thus, a determination that the weight of the evidence supports a conviction is also dispositive of the issue of sufficiency. Id.
B
{¶51} Initially, we observe that, although the trial court found appellant guilty of trafficking and possessing heroin, the trial court merged the possession offense with the trafficking offense. Thus, if sufficient evidence supports appellant‘s trafficking conviction, and if the conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence, an erroneous verdict on the
{¶52}
No person shall knowingly * * *
(2) Prepare for shipment, ship, transport, deliver, prepare for distribution, or distribute a controlled substance or a controlled substance analog, when the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the controlled substance or a controlled substance analog is intended for sale or resale by the offender or another person.
Additionally,
{¶53} A conviction for aiding and abetting under
{¶54} We further observe that the complicity statute does not require the state to charge the defendant with complicity. Instead,
{¶55} In the case sub judice, the state charged appellant in terms of the principal offense. At trial, the state asserted that appellant also is guilty as an aider and abettor, and the trial court gave the jury the complicity instructions. We therefore will review whether the state presented sufficient evidence to establish either that (1) appellant aided and abetted the principal offender in trafficking in heroin, or (2) appellant trafficked in heroin as a principal offender.
{¶57}
A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the person‘s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when a person is aware that such circumstances probably exist. When knowledge of the existence of a particular fact is an element of an offense, such knowledge is established if a person subjectively believes that there is a high probability of its existence and fails to make inquiry or acts with a conscious purpose to avoid learning the fact.
{¶58} We observe that “‘[t]he intent of an accused person dwells in his mind‘” and that intent “‘can never be proved by the direct testimony of a third person.‘” State v. Johnson, 56 Ohio St.2d 35, 38, 381 N.E.2d 637 (1978), quoting State v. Huffman, 131 Ohio St. 27, 1 N.E.2d 313 (1936), paragraph four of
{¶59} To sustain an
{¶60} “Possession” is generally defined as “having control over a thing or substance, but may not be inferred solely from
{¶61} “Possession * * * may be individual or joint, actual or constructive.” State v. Wolery, 46 Ohio St.2d 316, 332, 348 N.E.2d 351 (1976); State v. Fry, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 03CA26, 2004-Ohio-5747, ¶ 39. “‘Actual possession exists when the circumstances indicate that an individual has or had an item within his immediate physical possession.‘” State v. Kingsland, 177 Ohio App.3d 655, 2008-Ohio-4148, 895 N.E.2d 633, ¶ 13 (4th Dist.), quoting Fry at ¶ 39. “Constructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be within his immediate physical possession.” State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 434 N.E.2d 1362 (1982), syllabus; State v. Brown, 4th Dist. Athens No. 09CA3, 2009-Ohio-5390, ¶ 19. For constructive possession to exist, the state must show that the defendant was conscious of the object‘s presence. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d at 91; Kingsland at ¶ 13; accord State v. Huckleberry, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 07CA3142, 2008-Ohio-1007, ¶ 34; State v. Harrington, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 05CA3038, 2006-Ohio-4388, ¶ 15.
{¶62} Both dominion and control, and whether a person was conscious of the object‘s presence, may be established through circumstantial evidence. E.g., Brown at ¶ 19; see, e.g., State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph one of the syllabus (“[c]ircumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same probative value“). “Circumstantial evidence is defined as ‘testimony not based on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy, but of other facts from which deductions are drawn, showing indirectly the facts sought to be proved. * * *‘” State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 150, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988), quoting Black‘s Law Dictionary 221 (5 Ed.1979).
{¶63} Furthermore, to establish constructive possession, the state need not show that the defendant had “[e]xclusive control” over the contraband. State v. Tyler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99402, 2013-Ohio-5242, ¶ 24, citing State v. Howard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 85034, 2005-Ohio-4007, ¶ 15, citing In re Farr, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 93AP-201, 1993 WL 464632, *6 (Nov. 9, 1993) (nothing in
{¶64} Moreover, “a factfinder can ‘conclude that a defendant who exercises dominion and control over an automobile also exercises dominion and control over illegal drugs found in the automobile.‘” State v. Yakimicki, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-894, 2013-Ohio-2663, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Rampey, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2004CA00102, 2006-Ohio-1383, ¶ 37; accord State v. Walker, 4th Dist. Athens No. 16CA26, 2017-Ohio-8814, ¶ 27.
{¶66} The evidence additionally shows that the jury could have inferred that appellant knew that the vehicle contained more than 50 grams of heroin. Appellant, who denied knowing anything about the heroin, also stated that he is a truck driver and that he and his companions traveled from Michigan to visit “some females” in Kentucky. The state, however, later played appellant‘s recorded jailhouse phone conversations in which he stated that (1) he and his two companions had been traveling to Kentucky when Trooper Lewis stopped the vehicle, and (2) he was not employed at the time. Both statements tend to show that appellant had not been truthful and are evidence of consciousness of guilt.
{¶67} Moreover, the jury watched the video evidence of the traffic stop, including appellant‘s demeanor while seated in the back of Trooper Lewis’ patrol cruiser. Because Lewis testified that appellant covered his mouth when he spoke and whispered, the jury could have reasonably determined that appellant‘s conduct further indicated his guilt. The jury also had the opportunity to view appellant‘s demeanor shortly after the
{¶68} After our review, we believe that when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence adduced at trial supports the conclusion that appellant knowingly transported heroin, or that he assisted, facilitated, or supported the principal offender to transport the heroin. Here, appellant was not simply an innocent bystander who, by mere happenstance, found himself at a crime scene, but with no connection to the crime other than being present. Rather, the evidence established that appellant and his companions traveled from Michigan in appellant‘s rented vehicle that contained a large amount of heroin concealed in the back of the driver‘s seat. Appellant‘s actions, statements and conduct prior, during and subsequent to the traffic stop established his involvement and culpability in this criminal enterprise. Once again,
{¶69} Therefore, based upon all of the evidence presented at trial, a rational trier of fact could have found that appellant knowingly trafficked in heroin or that he knowingly aided and abetted the principal offender in committing the offense of trafficking in heroin. Consequently, we believe that the record contains sufficient evidence to support appellant‘s trafficking conviction.
{¶70} Furthermore, we do not agree with appellant that the state rested its case upon the discovery of marijuana and cocaine residue. Instead, as we explained above, the state presented ample evidence to prove appellant‘s guilt for trafficking in heroin, either as a principal offender or as an aider and abettor.
{¶71} For similar reasons, we do not believe that the evidence weighs heavily against appellant‘s conviction for complicity to trafficking in heroin. The state presented ample circumstantial evidence to show that appellant knowingly
{¶72} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant‘s second assignment of error.
III
{¶73} In his third assignment of error, appellant asserts that his conviction for possessing criminal tools contradicts his trafficking and possession convictions. In particular, appellant argues that because the jury found that appellant did not intend to use the vehicle to commit a felony offense, “it is inconceivable that the drugs found concealed in the vehicle where [sic] knowingly transported or possessed.” Appellant, however, does not cite any authority to support his argument.
{¶74} Under
{¶75} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant‘s third assignment of error.
IV
{¶76} In his fourth assignment of error, appellant asserts that he did not receive effective assistance of counsel. In particular, appellant contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for (1) withdrawing his motion to suppress evidence,
A
{¶77} The
{¶78} To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that (1) his counsel‘s performance was deficient and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense and deprived the defendant of a fair trial. E.g., Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; State v. Myers, 154 Ohio St.3d 405, 2018-Ohio-1903, 114 N.E.3d 1138, ¶ 183; State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶
{¶79} The deficient performance part of an ineffectiveness claim “is necessarily linked to the practice and expectations of the legal community: ‘The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.‘” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010), quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; accord Hinton, 571 U.S. at 273. Prevailing professional norms dictate that “a lawyer must have ‘full authority to manage the conduct of the trial.‘” State v. Pasqualone, 121 Ohio St.3d 186, 2009-Ohio-315, 903 N.E.2d 270, ¶ 24, quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 418, 108 S.Ct. 646, 98 L.Ed.2d 798 (1988).
{¶80} Furthermore, “`[i]n any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, “the performance inquiry must be whether counsel‘s assistance was reasonable considering all the
{¶81} Moreover, when considering whether trial counsel‘s representation amounts to deficient performance, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel‘s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Thus, “the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. Additionally, “[a] properly licensed attorney is presumed to execute his duties in an ethical and competent manner.” State v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA11, 2008-Ohio-482, ¶ 10, citing State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). Therefore, a defendant bears the burden to show ineffectiveness by demonstrating that counsel‘s errors were “so serious” that counsel failed to function “as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed * * * by the
{¶82} To establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that a reasonable probability exists that “‘but for counsel‘s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine the outcome.‘” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 275, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; e.g., State v. Short, 129 Ohio St.3d 360, 2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113; State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraph three of the syllabus; accord State v. Spaulding, 151 Ohio St.3d 378, 2016-Ohio-8126, 89 N.E.3d 554, ¶ 91 (prejudice component requires a “but for” analysis). “‘[T]he question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.‘” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 275, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Furthermore, courts ordinarily may not simply presume the existence of prejudice but, instead, must require a defendant to affirmatively establish prejudice. State v. Clark, 4th Dist. Pike No. 02CA684, 2003-Ohio-1707, ¶ 22; State v. Tucker, 4th Dist. Ross No. 01CA2592 (Apr. 2, 2002); see generally Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 483, 120 S.Ct. 1029, 145 L.Ed.2d 985 (2000) (prejudice may be presumed in limited contexts, none of which are relevant here).
{¶83} As we have repeatedly recognized, speculation is insufficient to establish the prejudice component of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. E.g., State v. Tabor, 4th Dist. Jackson No. 16CA9, 2017-Ohio-8656, ¶ 34; State v. Jenkins, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3413, 2014-Ohio-3123, ¶ 22; State v. Simmons, 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA4, 2013-Ohio-2890, ¶ 25; State v. Halley, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 10CA13, 2012-Ohio-1625, ¶ 25; State v. Leonard, 4th Dist. Athens No. 08CA24, 2009-Ohio-6191, ¶ 68; accord State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 86 (argument that is purely speculative cannot serve as the basis for an ineffectiveness claim). We further note that counsel‘s failure to file a futile or frivolous motion “‘cannot be the basis for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and is not prejudicial.‘” State v. Waters, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 13CA693, 2014-Ohio-3109, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Witherspoon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94475, 2011-Ohio-704, ¶ 33.
B
{¶84} Appellant first argues that trial counsel performed ineffectively by withdrawing his motion to suppress evidence
{¶85} Initially, we point out that trial counsel‘s “‘failure to file a suppression motion does not constitute per se ineffective assistance of counsel.‘” State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d 378, 389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000), quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 384, 106 S.Ct. 2574, 91 L.Ed.2d 305 (1986); accord State v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353, 2014-Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d 1112, ¶ 126. “To establish ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to file a motion to suppress, a defendant must prove that there was a basis to suppress the evidence in question.” State v. Brown, 115 Ohio St.3d 55, 2007-Ohio-4837, 873 N.E.2d 858, ¶ 65, citing State v. Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508, 2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d 29, ¶ 35. “‘Where the record contains no evidence which would justify the filing of a motion to suppress, the appellant has not met his burden of
{¶86} In the case at bar, as we explain below, we do not believe that appellant has shown a valid basis to suppress the evidence discovered during the traffic stop. Thus, even if some evidence in the record might support a suppression motion, trial counsel reasonably could have decided that filing the motion would have been a futile act. Appellant has not, therefore,
C
{¶87} The
{¶88} A traffic stop initiated by a law enforcement officer constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the
{¶89} Courts that are reviewing whether an officer had a reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop a vehicle must consider the “totality of circumstances” as “viewed through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene who must react to events as they unfold.” State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87-88, 565 N.E.2d 1271 (1991). The totality-of-
1
{¶90} Appellant first argues that Trooper Lewis did not have a reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle.7 Appellant asserts that the trooper did not articulate any facts to suggest that the driver of the vehicle committed a traffic violation. Appellant thus contends that in the absence of a traffic violation, Lewis lacked any reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle.
{¶91} Law enforcement officers need not necessarily observe a distinct traffic violation in order to conduct an investigative stop of an automobile. See State v. Hawkins, 158 Ohio St.3d 94, 2019-Ohio-4210, 140 N.E.3d 577, ¶ 21-24. In Hawkins, for example, the court held that an officer possessed
To assign noncriminal behavior no weight would “seriously undercut the ‘totality of the circumstances’ principle which governs the existence vel non of ‘reasonable suspicion.‘” [Arvizu, 534 U.S.] at 274-275. Behavior and circumstances that are noncriminal by nature may “be unremarkable in one instance * * * while quite unusual in another.” Id. at 276, 122 S.Ct. 744. An officer is “entitled to make an assessment of the situation in light of his specialized training and familiarity with the customs of the area‘s inhabitants.” Id.
Id. at ¶ 23. Thus, the totality of the circumstances inquiry allows officers to consider all of the surrounding circumstances -- even seemingly innocuous ones -- when determining whether they have reasonable suspicion to believe that criminal activity may be afoot. See Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 275-276 (a vehicle‘s
{¶92} In the case sub judice, Trooper Lewis articulated several factors to support his belief that criminal activity might be afoot. First, Lewis noted that the vehicle was a rental car. The trooper explained that, in his experience, individuals who transport drugs commonly use rental cars as a means to avoid detection. Additionally, Lewis observed that the vehicle (1) failed to maintain a safe distance from the vehicle traveling in front of it, (2) dropped its speed to 40 miles per hour while in a 55-mile-per-hour zone, and (3) made an unexpected lane change. The totality of the circumstances, therefore, would support a finding that Lewis possessed a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot, and probable cause to believe that a traffic violation had occurred.
{¶93} Consequently, we do not agree with appellant that Trooper Lewis lacked a lawful basis to conduct the traffic stop. Trial counsel thus was not ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress evidence on this basis.
2
{¶94} To the extent appellant contends that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to file a motion to suppress evidence based upon Trooper Lewis’ pat-down search of McKee, appellant lacks standing to challenge the search of McKee. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 133-134, 99 S.Ct. 421, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978), quoting Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165, 174, 89 S.Ct. 961, 22 L.Ed.2d 176 (1969) (“‘Fourth Amendment rights are personal rights which * * * may not be vicariously asserted‘“). Instead, “defendants may only claim the benefits of the exclusionary rule if their Fourth Amendment rights have been violated.” State v. Horsley, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3473, 2013-Ohio-901, ¶ 16.
{¶95} Consequently, in light of the fact that appellant lacks standing to challenge the legality of Trooper Lewis’ search of the driver, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress evidence on this basis.
3
{¶96} Appellant further claims that his suppression motion would have had a reasonable probability of success because the troopers did not observe any unlawful activity to permit them to search the vehicle. We do not agree.
{¶97} When a law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that a vehicle contains contraband, the officer may search a validly stopped motor vehicle based upon the well-established automobile exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47, 51, 734 N.E.2d 804 (2000), citing Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S. 465, 466, 119 S.Ct. 2013, 144 L.Ed.2d 442 (1999); see State v. Lang, 117 Ohio App.3d 29, 36, 689 N.E.2d 994 (1st Dist.1996) (discovery of cocaine in a vehicle in plain view provided probable cause to search the remainder of the vehicle for contraband). Furthermore, “Ohio courts have held that the production of drugs by an occupant of a vehicle independently provides an officer with additional probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains evidence of contraband.” State v. Donaldson, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-18-034, 2019-Ohio-232, ¶ 29; State v. Young, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2011-06-066, 2012-Ohio-3131, ¶ 32-33 (once driver admitted he possessed marijuana, officers obtained probable cause to search vehicle).
{¶98} Additionally, courts have held that the observance of marijuana “residue” or “flakes” will give officers “probable cause to search the entire vehicle.” State v. Gordon, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 14-CA-13, 2014-Ohio-5027, ¶ 25 (“marijuana flakes
{¶99} In the case at bar, Trooper Lewis testified that McKee dropped a plastic baggie that contained marijuana residue. This discovery gave the troopers probable cause to believe that the vehicle contained contraband. E.g., Donaldson; Gordon; Young. Thus, the troopers could properly search the vehicle.
{¶100} Consequently, we do not agree with appellant that trial counsel performed ineffectively by withdrawing the suppression motion because counsel reasonably could have determined that the motion was futile.
4
{¶101} Appellant next argues that trial counsel should have pursued a claim that some of his statements were obtained in violation of Miranda.
{¶102} The
{¶103} It is important to recognize that the Miranda rule does not protect every person who is subjected to police questioning; rather, the rule protects individuals subjected to “custodial interrogation.” Miranda defined “custodial interrogation” as “questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.” 384 U.S. at 444; see also Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322, 114 S.Ct. 1526, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994); Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714 (1977) (Miranda protection attaches “only where there has been such a restriction on a person‘s freedom as to render him in ‘custody’ ”). Thus, “the requirement that police officers administer Miranda warnings applies only when a suspect is
{¶104} “Determining whether questioning is ‘a custodial interrogation requiring Miranda warnings demands a fact-specific inquiry that asks whether a reasonable person in the suspect’s position would have understood himself or herself to be in custody while being questioned.’” State v. Myers, 154 Ohio St.3d 405, 2018-Ohio-1903, 114 N.E.3d 1138, ¶ 57, quoting Cleveland v. Oles, 152 Ohio St.3d 1, 2017-Ohio-5834, 92 N.E.3d 810, ¶ 21. We observe that the custody determination “depends on the objective circumstances of the interrogation, not on the subjective views harbored by either the interrogating officers or the person being questioned.” State v. Henry, 12th Dist. Preble No. CA2008-04-006, 2009-Ohio-434, ¶ 13. “[T]he only relevant inquiry is how a reasonable [person] in the suspect‘s position would have understood [the] situation.” Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 442, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984).
{¶105} Moreover, determining whether an individual “has been ‘interrogated,’ * * * focuses on police coercion, and whether the suspect has been compelled to speak by that coercion.” State v. Tucker, 81 Ohio St.3d 431, 436, 692 N.E.2d 171 (1998).
{¶106} In the case sub judice, appellant’s brief does not identify precisely when the Miranda violation allegedly occurred, or what statements allegedly were obtained in violation of Miranda. We further note that the record shows that Trooper Lewis administered Miranda warnings before he revealed that the troopers had discovered heroin in the vehicle. At that point, appellant volunteered that he is a truck driver and that he and his companions were driving to Kentucky to visit “some females.” Appellant has not, therefore, shown that his suppression motion had a reasonable probability of success.
{¶107} Consequently, we disagree with appellant that trial counsel was ineffective for withdrawing the motion to suppress.
D
{¶108} Appellant also asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion for separate trials. Appellant claims that by holding a joint trial, Whitehead and appellant “both were able to assert their Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination,” and the failure to seek separate
{¶109}
{¶110} As a general rule, the law favors joinder of defendants and the avoidance of multiple trials. E.g., State v. Gordon, 152 Ohio St.3d 528, 2018-Ohio-259, 98 N.E.3d 251, ¶ 18. Joint trials “conserve[] judicial and prosecutorial time, lessen[] the not inconsiderable expenses of multiple trials, diminish[] inconvenience to witnesses, and minimize[] the possibility of incongruous results in successive trials before different juries.” State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio St.2d 223, 225, 400 N.E.2d 401 (1980); accord Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, 537, 113 S.Ct. 933, 122 L.Ed.2d 317 (1993), quoting Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 209, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987) (joint trials “promote efficiency and ‘serve the interests of justice by avoiding the scandal and inequity of inconsistent verdicts’”).
{¶111} If, however, joinder prejudices a defendant,
{¶112} To establish that a trial court’s refusal to sever a trial constitutes an abuse of discretion, a defendant must establish that holding combined trials prejudiced the defendant’s rights. Gordon at ¶ 21; State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 59, 600 N.E.2d 661 (1992). The test is
whether a joint trial is so manifestly prejudicial that the trial judge is required to exercise his or her discretion in only one way—by severing the trial. * * * A defendant must show clear, manifest and undue prejudice and violation of a substantive right resulting from failure to sever.
State v. Schiebel, 55 Ohio St.3d 71, 89, 564 N.E.2d 54 (1990), quoting United States v. Castro, 887 F.2d 988, 996 (9th Cir. 1989). Moreover, a defendant must provide “the trial court with sufficient information so that it [can] weigh the considerations favoring joinder against the defendant’s right to a fair trial.” State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St.2d 340, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981), syllabus.
{¶113} We observe that “defendants are not entitled to severance merely because they may have a better chance of acquittal in separate trials.” Zafiro, 506 U.S. at 540. Additionally, “a trial court does not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant severance where the prejudicial aspects of joinder are too general and speculative.” State v. Payne, 10th Dist. Franklin App. No. 02AP-723, 2003-Ohio-4891.
{¶114} In the case sub judice, appellant did not explain precisely how being unable to cross-examine Whitehead prejudiced his defense. Appellant did not identify testimony that he might have been able to elicit in a separate trial, and whether that testimony would have led to a different outcome. Here, appellant can only speculate.
{¶115} Therefore, we do not agree with appellant that trial counsel performed ineffectively for the failure to file a motion for separate trials.
E
{¶116} Appellant further asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the state‘s motion to amend the indictment.
{¶117} First, we note that because appellant specifically agreed to the amendment, appellant invited any error that may
{¶118} Assuming, arguendo, that appellant had not invited any error, as we explain below we do not believe that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the amendment.
{¶119}
{¶120} In the case sub judice, appellant did not argue that the amendment changed the penalty or the degree of the offense. Moreover, the record does not support such an argument. Although the amendment changed the elements of the offense from “sell or offer” to sell to “ship, transport, or deliver,” the name of the offense and the penalty remained the same before and after the amendment. Consequently, trial counsel did not need to raise a meritless argument. See State v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St.3d 12, 2014-Ohio-1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 70 (amendment that simply changes certain element of offense without changing the
F
{¶121} Appellant also claims that counsel’s failures constitute plain error. However, because that counsel was not ineffective, appellant’s plain-error argument is without merit.
{¶122} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant‘s fourth assignment of error.
V
{¶123} In his fifth assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by sentencing him to serve eight years in prison. In particular, appellant argues that the trial court penalized him after he rejected the state‘s plea offer and chose instead to exercise his right to a jury trial.
{¶124} When reviewing felony sentences, appellate courts apply the standard of review outlined in
(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court‘s findings under division (B) or (D) of section
2929.13 , division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section2929.14 , or division (I) of section2929.20 of the Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant;(b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.
{¶125} A defendant bears the burden to establish, by clear and convincing evidence, (1) that a sentence is either contrary to law or (2) that the record does not support the specified findings under
{¶126} We additionally observe that “[n]othing in
{¶127} In the case sub judice, appellant did not argue that the record fails to support the specified findings under
{¶128} “[A] sentence vindictively imposed on a defendant for exercising his constitutional right to a jury trial is contrary to law.” State v. Rahab, 150 Ohio St.3d 152, 2017-Ohio-1401, 80 N.E.3d. 431, ¶ 8, citing State v. O’Dell, 45 Ohio St.3d 140, 147, 543 N.E.2d 1220 (1989), and Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434U.S. 357, 363, 98 S.Ct. 663, 54 L.Ed.2d 604 (1978) (“ ‘[t]o punish a person because he has done what the law plainly allows him to do is a due process violation of the most basic sort * * *.’ ”). Thus, a trial court must not act vindictively when it imposes a sentence upon a defendant who chooses to maintain his not guilty plea and proceed to trial.
{¶129} We further note “there is not a presumption of vindictiveness when a defendant rejects a plea bargain and is subsequently sentenced to a harsher term.” Id. at ¶ 3. Instead, the defendant must establish that “the judge acted vindictively.” Id.
{¶130} Appellate courts review vindictive-sentence claims by beginning “with the presumption that the trial court considered the appropriate sentencing criteria.” Id. at ¶ 19. Then, courts “review the entire record—the trial court’s statements, the evidence adduced at trial, and the information presented during the sentencing hearing—to determine whether there is evidence of actual vindictiveness.” Id. A reviewing court “will reverse the sentence only if [the court] clearly and convincingly find the sentence is contrary to law because it was imposed as a result of actual vindictiveness on the part of the
{¶131} In the case sub judice, we do not believe that the record clearly and convincingly shows that the trial court’s eight-year prison sentence is a result of actual vindictiveness. Appellant does not point to any statement in the record or any other indication to suggest that the court acted vindictively as a result of appellant’s decision to reject the plea offer and to proceed to trial. As the Rahab court noted, “there are legitimate reasons a defendant who rejects a plea may end up receiving a harsher sentence.” Id. at ¶ 17. The court explained:
Acceptance of responsibility is an appropriate sentencing consideration. Moreover, a plea bargain is, after all, a bargain. In the bargain, the prosecutor achieves certain benefits: a forgoing of the risk that the defendant will be found not guilty, relief from the burden of trying the case and a concomitant ability to devote prosecutorial resources to other cases, and limitations on the defendant’s right to appeal an agreed sentence, see
R.C. 2953.08(D)(1) . In return, the prosecutor is able to offer the defendant certain sentencing considerations. Both sides exchange risk about the outcome for an enhanced degree of certainty. For the bargain to be worth anything to the defendant (at least in most cases), the defendant must have a reasonable probability of receiving a more lenient sentence than he would following trial and conviction.
Id. (citation omitted).
{¶132} We therefore reject appellant’s argument that the trial court acted vindictively by imposing an eight-year prison sentence. Instead, the trial court reasonably could have determined, after hearing all of the evidence presented at trial, that appellant’s conduct warranted an eight-year prison term.
{¶133} Appellant also appears to assert that the trial court erred by imposing an eight-year prison sentence without stating, on the record or otherwise, that the court considered a presentence investigation report. We observe, however, that a presentence investigation report is only required if a trial court imposes community control.
{¶134} In the case at bar, the trial court imposed a prison term. Thus, assuming, arguendo, that the trial court did not consider a presentence investigation report as appellant alleges, no error occurred.
{¶135} We further note that appellant alleges that the trial court participated in the plea negotiations. However, even if the record supports appellant’s assertion, and even if the court arguably erred by doing so, appellant does not explain how the court’s participation impacted the outcome of the proceedings or otherwise affects our analysis of whether his sentence is contrary to law.
{¶136} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s fifth assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs herein taxed.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Scioto County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is continued for a period of 60 days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the expiration of the 60-day period.
The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio Supreme Court in the 45-five day period pursuant to
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to
Hess, J. & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion
For the Court
BY:
Peter B. Abele, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to