Opinion
The purpose of General Statutes § 14-224 (a)
In a substitute information dated March 28, 2009, the state charged the defendant, Mark S. Williams, with evasion of responsibility in violation of § 14-224 (a).
The jury reasonably could have found the following facts. At approximately 11:30 p.m. on June 3, 2008, the defendant was involved in a motor vehicle accident at the intersection of Hillside and Roberts Streets in East Hartford. The tractor-trailer truck driven by the defendant collided with a motorcycle driven by the viсtim, Brian Bertocki. The victim was killed instantly and a female passenger on his motorcycle was injured.
Ellio Dos Santos, a witness to the accident, called to the defendant to stop, but the defendant failed to do so. According to Dos Santos, prior to the accident, the defendant’s truck had two functioning headlights.
Shortly thereafter, Efrain Tirado, a truck driver, saw a red tractor-trailer truck parked on Roberts Street near the intersection where thе accident had occurred. Observing that the truck’s left headlight was out, Tirado slowed down to see whether the truck’s driver might need assistance. Tirado saw the driver get out of the cab of the truck, walk around to its front, and then get back into the cab and drive away. Tirado noticed that the truck had a single axle tractor and a “day cab,” which does not have a sleeper berth. Tirado continued driving on Roberts Street until he reached the scene оf the accident. Upon learning from a witness at the scene that the victim had been hit by a tractor-trailer truck, Tirado searched the neighborhood and the highway but did not find the truck that he had seen earlier or any other tractor-trailer truck.
Both Dos Santos and Tirado described the tractor-trailer truck that they had observed on the night of the accident as having several distinctive features. Dos Santos testified that, on the side of the truck, there was something resembling a painting of a black highway. Tirado noticed that the truck had a distinctive double lettering white logo on its front, another white logo on its back and something that appeared to be a picture of people on its side. Exhibits at trial confirmed that the defendant’s truck exhibited these uncommon characteristics.
The defendant gave a sworn statement to Donald Olson, an East Hartford police sergeant, in which he described his actions on the evening of June 3, 2008. After picking up his tractor-trailer truck from G & K Services in East Hartford at approximately 11:30 p.m., he was en route to Waterbury, and then to North Attle-boro, Massachusetts. The defendant acknowledged having driven through the intersection where the accident occurred and admitted that he heard a “bang.” He stated that he assumed something had become “hung up between the truck and the trailer” and therefore stopped оnly briefly before leaving the scene of the accident. The defendant stated that he was aware of the fact that the truck had a headlight out before he left G & K Services’ facility in East Hartford and that, after stopping in Waterbury and on his way to North Attleboro, he made an unscheduled stop at his home in Andover to substitute another headlight for the one that was out. The defendant noted this stop in his personal journal, but not in his driver’s logbook.
Without contesting the accuracy of this factual record, the defendant urges us, on
I
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The defendant claims that the state failеd to present sufficient evidence to prove that he knowingly was involved in the motor vehicle accident that caused the victim’s death. Although the defendant admitted at trial that he was driving his tractor-trailer truck through the intersection of Hillside and Roberts Streets in East Hartford at the approximate time the accident occurred, he denied (1) that he was the driver of the truck that struck and killed the victim and (2) that he knew that he had been involved in an accident.
The standard of review for a claim of insufficient evidence to support a criminal conviction is well established. “In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we apply a two-part test. First, we construe the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict. Second, we determine whether upon the facts so construed and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom the jury reasonably could have concluded that the cumulative force of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Brown,
To establish that the defendant violated § 14-224 (a), the state was required to prove that “(1) the defendant was operating a motor vehicle, (2) the defendant was knowingly involved in an aсcident ... (3) that accident caused the death or serious physical injury of any other person . . . [and] (4) that the defendant failed to stop at once and render such assistance as may have been needed . . . .” State v. Rosario,
The defendant claims that the evidence is insufficient to satisfy the first two elements.
The defendant contests the credibility of Dos Santos’ testimony that the defendant’s tractor-trailer truck was involved in the
The jury’s finding that the defendant’s track was involved in the accident is further supported by the fact that, according to Dos Santos, immediately prior to the accident, both of the track’s headlights were on and in working order, while, according to Tirado, shortly after the accidеnt, the track’s left headlight was out. Although the defendant claimed that the headlight had been defective from the start of his delivery assignment, the jury reasonably could have found it not credible that a track driver would have set out on an interstate delivery route with a known defect in his equipment, would have deferred remedying that defect until he was able to make an unscheduled stop at his home to repair it, and would have failed to note the repair in his оfficial log.
The defendant emphasizes the fact that Dos Santos described the tractor-trailer track that struck the victim as being orange, while the defendant’s track was red, and described the track involved in the accident as having a different number of rear drive wheels than the defendant’s track. The jury reasonably could have discounted the significance of these discrepancies in light of the horror of the accident that Dos Santos witnessеd, the lateness of the hour at which it occurred and Dos Santos’ accurate description of the black design on the side of the defendant’s track. Furthermore, the jury reasonably might have credited Tirado’s more detailed description of the tractor-trailer track that he saw stopped at the side of the road on Roberts Street, near the site of the accident, which matched precisely the salient characteristics of thе defendant’s track.
In light of the record as a whole, we are persuaded that the jury reasonably could have found that the cumulative force of the evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, while driving his tractor-trailer truck, knowingly was involved in an accident, that the accident caused the victim’s death, and that the defendant failed to stop at the scene and render any necessary assistance. We conclude, therefore, that the state presented sufficient evidence to support the defendant’s conviction.
II
THE PHOTOGRAPH
The defendant’s other contention on appeal is that a gruesome photograph of the victim’s body was improperly admitted into evidence at trial. Specifically, the defendant claims that (1) the court committed reversible error when it misstated and misapplied the test for admissibility set forth in § 4-3 of the Connecticut Codе of Evidence
The following additional facts are relevant to our disposition of the defendant’s claims. At trial, the state offered into evidence a single color photograph of the victim’s body that showed the victim lying on the roadway, with his head split open and blood and brain mattеr protruding from his cranium. The photograph was introduced through the testimony of Dan Caruso, an East Hartford police officer and accident reconstruction expert, who had mapped the scene of the accident. Caruso testified that the photograph was a fair and accurate representation of the victim’s condition after the accident.
Defense counsel objected to the photograph being admitted into evidence on the ground that it was prejudicial.
The court overruled the defendant’s objection and ordered that the photograph be admitted into evidence. It stated: “[T]he issue is not whether [the photograph is] prejudicial. It’s whether the probative value is far outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” After examining the photograph, the court stated: “[T]he witness has testified that he observed the body on the late night, early morning of the incident. So, the court is going to overrule the objection. However, what the court is going to do is ask, not that it be published on or through projection, but that it be handed to the jury so they can review it.”
Our standard of review for evidentiary rulings is well established. “[T]he trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility ... of evidence. . . . [E]videntiary rulings will be overturned on appeal only where there was an abuse of discretion and a showing by the defendant of substantial prejudice or injustice.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Arroyo, 284 Conn. 597, 637,
In this case, the defendant maintains that, for two reasons, the court’s admission of the photograph into evidence was reversible error. First, the court misstated the applicable provision of the Connecticut Code of Evidence. Second, the court improperly underestimated the prejudicial
A
Section 4-3 of the Connecticut Cоde of Evidence provides: “Relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or surprise, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.” The court misstated this test, stating that the defendant was required to establish that the photograph’s probative value was far outweighed by its potential for prejudice. The defendant maintains that this misstatement was reversible error. We disagree.
We note, at the outset, that the defendant did not object, at trial, to the court’s misstatement of the eviden-tiary standard. As a rule, we require an appellant to demonstrate that he has distinctly raised a claim of evidentiary error at trial in order to give the trial court the opportunity to correct any error that may have occurred. See Praсtice Book § 60-5; State v. Collins,
The record demonstrates that the court’s misstatement was harmless in light of the circumstances of this case. The photograph in question did not relate to any issue that, at trial, was seriously in dispute. The central issue was the identity of the driver of the truck that struck and killed the victim, not the traumatic injuries that the victim sustainеd. Significantly, the defendant did not object to the graphic description of the victim’s injuries given at trial by Harold Wayne Carver II, the chief medical examiner, who conducted the autopsy on the victim.
Under these circumstances, we are not persuaded that the court’s misstatement of the test for admission of the photograph into evidence had a substantially adverse impact on the jury’s deliberations in this case. Accordingly, we conclude
B
Alternatively, the defendant claims that the court abused its discretion when it admitted the photograph of the victim’s body into evidence because the probative value of the photograph was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. We disagree.
“A potentially inflammatory phоtograph may be admitted if the court, in its discretion, determines that the probative value of the photograph outweighs the prejudicial effect it might have on the jury. . . . The determination of the trial court will not be disturbed unless the trial court has abused its discretion.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Williams,
The same reasons that persuaded us that the defendant was not prejudiced by the court’s misstatement of § 4-3 of the Connecticut Code of Evidence also persuade us that this single photograph, although extremely graphic, was not more prejudicial than it was probative. This was only a single image. The court did not allow the photograph to be published on or through projection, but permitted it only to be handed to the jury to view.
“Even photographs depicting gruesome scenes that may prejudiсe the jury are admissible, so long as, in the court’s discretion, they are more probative than prejudicial. . . . There is no requirement in this state that a potentially inflammatory photograph be essential to the state’s case in order for it to be admissible; rather, the test for determining the admissibility of the challenged evidence is relevancy and not necessity.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Sanchez, 69 Conn. App. 576, 593,
Ill
CONCLUSION
The central issue in this case was the identity of the driver of the truck who, having struck and killed the victim, failed to comply with the mandate of § 14-224 (a) to “promptly stop, render any necessary assistance and identify himself . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Perkins, supra,
The defendant’s failure to comply with § 14-224 (a) may well be attributable to an understandable human reaction to deny participation in an unanticipated and unpleasant encounter, espеcially late at night. Until this accident, the defendant apparently had been a good citizen. Nonetheless, whatever his role in causing the accident and even if he was persuaded that he was not at fault, the defendant was obligated, under the unequivocal command of the statute, to stop at the scene of the accident to render assistance to those who had suffered injury. He failed to do so.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Notes
General Statutes § 14-224 (a) provides in relevant part: “Each person operating a motor vehicle who is knowingly involved in an accident which causes serious physical injury, as defined in section 53a-3, to or results in the death of any other person shall at once stop and render such assistance as may be needed and shall give his name, address and operator’s license number and registration number to the person injured or to any officer or witness to the death or serious physical injury of any person . . .
Although the defendant earlier was charged with negligent homicide with a motor vehicle in violation of General Statutes § 14-222a and reckless driving in violation of General Statutes § 14-222, he was not tried on those charges.
We note that the defendant has not challenged the propriety of any evidentiary ruling of the court other than the court’s admission of the photograph of the victim. Furthermore, the defendant has not challenged the propriety of the court’s instructions to the jury.
The defendant does not contest that the accident caused the victim’s death. As he did at trial, the defendant denies that he knowingly was involved in the accident and maintains, for this reason, that he was not obligated to stop and render assistance to those who had accidentally been iivjured.
The defendant acknowledges that, at trial, the court charged the jury that the fact that the defendant сhanged a headlight after the accident was evidence of consciousness of guilt. In his appeal to this court, the defendant has not challenged the propriety of that charge.
Section 4-3 of the Connecticut Code of Evidence provides: “Relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or surprise, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue dеlay, waste of time or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
The defendant had objected the previous day to the state’s offer of the same photograph during Dos Santos’ testimony. At that time, the defendant argued: “The picture is inflammatorily prejudicial, Your Honor. It is intended ... to raise the sympathies and the emotions of the jury in this matter, and it should be excluded on those grounds.” The court sustained that objection, stating: “The photogrаph is relevant; however, at this stage in the proceedings, the probative value of the photograph is far outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. And the reason is that the witness [Dos Santos] did not testify as to the physical condition other than the victim was dead.” We assume that, in ruling on whether to admit the photograph during Caruso’s testimony, the court considered the entire record.
Carver testified: “[The victim] suffered a very severe, blunt traumatic injuries as opposed to cutting or bullets. . . . [T]he injuries were distributed on the upper half of his body, so, from about halfway between your ribs and the nipple on up, tremendous damage; from there down, nothing, except one small skin tear. There [were] multiple fractures of each of the ribs . . . from the tenth rib up. . . . There was a fracture of the neck at the bottom part of the neck. . . . [T]he heart and right lung had been tom completely off their attachments and lying loose in the chest cavity. The left lung also was very badly damaged. And the head, basically, suffered extreme failure. The bones were broken into multiple small fragments. The skin of the scalp had tom completely off the top of the head and the brain had been pushed out. We got it [the brain] separately, or most of it.” Carver further testified that the victim’s face “from the cheekbones on up . . . essentially exploded,” and that the force from the track’s tire rolling over the victim caused brain matter to “burst” out of the victim’s head.
The jury asked for a replay of (1) testimony by Olson concerning the location the defendant was alleged to have stopped his track after the accident and any change in the defendant’s statement about where he stopped the track, and (2) testimony by Dos Santos concerning his attempts to communicate with the driver of the track immediately following the accident.