COMMONWEALTH vs. RAFAEL MARTINEZ.
Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts
September 9, 2016. - January 5, 2017.
476 Mass. 186 (2017)
Present: GANTS, C.J., BOTSFORD, GAZIANO, LOWY, & BUDD, JJ.
At a murder trial, the judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting in evidence a recording of a news broadcast that included portions of a surveillance video recording showing the suspect, whose face was not discernible, where the judge ordered extensive redactions in several segments of the recording before permitting the jury to view it and, prior to their viewing of it, gave a limiting instruction on the reasons for which the jury could consider the recording, the nature of the redactions, and the reasons for them; where the evidence was relevant and probative to support testimony from a witness about the defendant‘s statements (made while watching the news broadcast) admitting to having been the shooter; and where the prejudicial effect of the evidence did not substantially outweigh its probative value. [189-195]
At a criminal trial, the judge had no duty to question, sua sponte, the members of the venire regarding the prejudicial impact of seeing a recording of a news broadcast that might be introduced as evidence at trial. [195-196]
At a murder trial, the judge did not err in allowing the jury to hear evidence about the defendant‘s statement that he had handled a firearm in a prior, unrelated incident, where the evidence showed consciousness of guilt, i.e., that the defendant sought to deceive his friend as to the reason for a police visit to his house. [196-197]
At a criminal trial, the judge did not abuse his discretion by declining to declare a mistrial following an improper reference by the prosecutor in his opening statement to “judgment day,” where the judge repeatedly instructed the jury that opening statements and closing arguments were not evidence [197-198]; further, no substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice arose from the prosecutor‘s closing argument, where the prosecutor did not improperly vouch for a witness‘s credibility, and where references to the defendant‘s having maintained a secret life and to the defendant‘s friend having recognized the defendant on a surveillance video recording were permissible inferences from the evidence presented at trial [198-201].
INDICTMENT found and returned in the Superior Court Department on June 29, 2011.
The case was tried before Timothy Q. Feeley, J.
Amy M. Belger for the defendant.
GAZIANO, J. The victim, Timothy Walker, was shot while seated and talking with two friends on the porch of his grandmother‘s house in the Tower Hill section of Lawrence. Despite two eyewitnesses, and surveillance video recordings of the incident obtained from nearby businesses, police were unable to identify a suspect. Nine months after the victim‘s death, a local television station featured the shooting in an “unsolved crime” series news broadcast that included portions of the surveillance footage showing the suspect, whose face was not discernible. The defendant watched the news broadcast with his girlfriend‘s mother and told her that he had been the shooter. At the defendant‘s trial, the Superior Court judge allowed the admission in evidence over the defendant‘s objection, of a redacted version of the news broadcast. The jury convicted the defendant of murder in the first degree on a theory of deliberate premeditation.
On appeal, the defendant‘s principal argument is that the news broadcast should not have been admitted in evidence or, alternatively, that it should have been more heavily redacted, because much of it was irrelevant, inflammatory, and highly prejudicial. The defendant also claims error in certain aspects of the judge‘s conduct of the voir dire of the venire and two of the judge‘s evidentiary rulings. Finally, the defendant contends that several statements in the prosecutor‘s opening statement and closing argument were improper.
We conclude that there was no abuse of discretion in the judge‘s decision to allow admission of the news broadcast, and no error requiring reversal in the defendant‘s other challenges. Having carefully examined the record pursuant to our duty under
1. Facts. We recite the facts the jury could have found, reserving other facts for our discussion of specific issues. On July 24, 2010, while the victim was sitting on the porch of his grandmother‘s house with his cousin and a friend, a man approached the porch, shot the victim in the head with a shotgun, and then fled back the way he had come, shooting as he ran.1 The shooter was wearing a dark baseball cap pulled low over his face, and neither
The shooter‘s movements immediately before and after the shooting were captured by four security cameras located at nearby business establishments. The edited footage constituted an approximately four and one-half minute video recording, which was admitted and played for the jury. This video recording showed an automobile arrive in the vicinity of the crime and stop for several minutes. During that time, the shooter got out of the passenger‘s side of the vehicle, approached the victim, fired a weapon, ran back toward the vehicle, and entered the passenger‘s side, upon which the vehicle was driven away.
In the spring of 2011, the defendant was dating Tesseana Wilson and stayed frequently at the home of her mother, Michelle Wilson,2 up to five nights per week.3 Approximately nine months after the shooting, on the evening of May 2, 2011, sometime between 11 and 11:30 P.M., the defendant walked into the living room where Michelle was watching television and asked her to change the station to a particular channel. She did so. The station was airing a broadcast of an unsolved crime series; the program that evening was titled “Who Killed Timothy Walker?” Michelle recognized the name “Timothy Walker” as a “distant cousin” of her children, whom she knew had been shot the previous summer.
The defendant watched the broadcast with Michelle. While they were watching, she looked at the defendant and said, “That‘s you” or “Is it you?” while he said, “I killed him.” The defendant thereafter described his actions, narrating events as they were shown on the surveillance footage. When Michelle asked him why he was shooting as he ran from the scene, the defendant said that he had been concerned that he would be shot at or pursued. At another point in the broadcast, when the victim‘s mother described being told of her son‘s death, the defendant said that she was incorrect in stating that the bullet had passed through the
Michelle told the defendant to tell Tesseana and then to leave her house. The defendant spoke with Tesseana privately, telling her that he had been the shooter, and Michelle then drove him to a house in Lawrence where he had requested to be taken. Shortly thereafter, in the early morning hours of May 3, 2011, Tesseana watched a rebroadcast of the news program and recognized the shooter‘s walk and build as the defendant‘s. Later that day, Michelle contacted police and told them of the defendant‘s confession. Police also spoke with Tesseana, who initially denied recognizing the shooter on the news broadcast. She later said that she had recognized the defendant, but did not want to believe it was him, and described her conversation with the defendant.
Four days after the news broadcast aired, on Friday, May 6, 2011, police went to Dolores‘s house; Max was home and spoke briefly with them. Later that day, Max gave the defendant a ride home and noticed that the defendant was holding a pair of sneakers. When they arrived at the house, the defendant asked Dolores for a plastic bag, which she gave him. Max later drove the defendant to a bridal shower; en route, Max asked the defendant why the police had been at the house looking for him. The defendant explained that a friend of his from Lawrence had shot a gun into the air and then had dropped it, and that the defendant had picked it up; he said that the police probably wanted to ask why his fingerprints were on the gun.
The next day, Saturday, when taking out the trash, Dolores noticed the bag containing the sneakers in an otherwise empty trash can. On Sunday, she contacted police and gave them the sneakers. Max also identified them as those the defendant had with him while in Max‘s vehicle on May 6.
2. Discussion. The defendant challenges the introduction of the redacted recording of the news broadcast, the judge‘s decision not to conduct a voir dire of the venire concerning the news broadcast, the judge‘s evidentiary rulings with respect to Max‘s testimony, and several of the prosecutor‘s remarks in his opening statement and closing argument. We address each argument in turn.
a. The news broadcast. The defendant argues that the audio-video recording of the news broadcast should not have been admitted in its redacted form; he contends that it should have
A judge has broad discretion in making evidentiary rulings. Commonwealth v. Bell, 473 Mass. 131, 142 (2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 2467 (2016). In determining whether the judge erred in allowing introduction of the redacted recording,4 we consider whether the judge took “care to avoid exposing the jury unnecessarily to . . . material that might inflame [their] emotions and possibly deprive the defendant of an impartial jury.” Commonwealth v. Berry, 420 Mass. 95, 109 (1995). This analysis requires us to review the redactions themselves, the limiting instructions, and the probative value of the news broadcast in light of its likely prejudicial effect. Bell, supra at 142-143.
We conclude that there was no abuse of discretion in allowing the introduction of the redacted recording, given its significant probative value, the redactions made, and the judge‘s instructions before the recording was played for the jury and during his final charge.
i. Redactions. The four-minute and twenty-second news broadcast, asking for the public‘s assistance in locating a killer, was narrated by a station news reporter. It contains his introductory and closing comments, the surveillance video footage of the shooter approaching and running from the scene of the shooting, statements made during an interview by the district attorney, statements from the victim‘s mother, and photographs of the victim and his belongings.
The judge conducted several hearings during the first two days of trial on the Commonwealth‘s motion in limine to introduce the recording. After having viewed the recording several times, the judge provided the parties with a document dividing the news broadcast into twenty-one segments, setting forth his ruling as to each. He ordered audio redaction in a number of segments and, in one section, both audio and video redactions. The audio portion was muted approximately fifteen times, for a total of two
The redacted recording of the news broadcast was played for the jury during Michelle‘s testimony, immediately before she testified about the defendant‘s confession. Before the recording was played, the judge gave a limiting instruction on the reasons for which the jury could consider the recording, the nature of the redactions (both audio and visual), and the reasons for the redactions (so that the recording the jury would “hear and see is admissible under our rules of evidence“).
ii. Probative value. The defendant argued in his opposition to the Commonwealth‘s motion in limine to introduce the audio-video recording of the news broadcast that the recording included statements by police officers, “commentary” from the district attorney, and “heartfelt” pleas from the victim‘s family that “this crime must be solved,” all of which would be unduly prejudicial and highly “inflammatory.” He also argued that the witnesses would be able to provide relevant context through their testimony, rendering the news broadcast unnecessary. In addition, counsel argued that the quality of the announcer‘s voice was itself inflammatory.5
To be admissible, evidence must be both relevant and probative. See Commonwealth v. Carey, 463 Mass. 378, 386-390 (2012). While the audio-video recording of the news broadcast, as redacted, well may have tended to arouse an emotional response from the jury, that is not the extent of the question. Even where relevant, evidence is not admissible if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice” to the defendant. Id. at 387-388, quoting
Here, the judge concluded that the audio-video recording was relevant and probative to support Michelle‘s testimony about the defendant‘s statements admitting to having been the shooter. Shortly before the broadcast aired, the defendant asked Michelle to turn to the channel on which it would air. The defendant confessed to the shooting while he and Michelle watched the news broadcast. During the broadcast, the defendant provided a detailed narrative of the events unfolding on the surveillance video footage, described his actions after the surveillance footage ended, and responded to Michelle‘s questions about his reasons for having undertaken some of the actions depicted. He then referenced the news broadcast in his confession to Tesseana. Within a few hours, she saw a rebroadcast of the news program and recognized the shooter‘s walk and build as the defendant‘s. This evidence was central to a case in which there was no physical evidence connecting the defendant to the shooting and no apparent motive, and the defendant‘s confessions to Michelle and Tesseana were at the heart of the Commonwealth‘s case.6 Given this, we discern no abuse of discretion in the judge‘s conclusion that the redacted recording of the news broadcast was relevant and probative.
iii. Prejudicial effect. We turn to consider whether the judge erred in concluding that the probative value of the news broadcast was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. “Relevant evidence is not rendered inadmissible by its potential to arouse feelings of sympathy in a jury. The evidence remains admissible if its probative value outweighs its potential for sympathy.” Commonwealth v. Mendes, 441 Mass. 459, 467 (2004). In that case, we concluded that there was no abuse of discretion in the judge‘s decision to allow introduction of evidence that the victim, the defendant‘s wife, had been pregnant at the time of her
In this case, the audio-video recording of the news broadcast was relevant to support Michelle‘s testimony about the defendant‘s confession to her while watching it, and was particularly probative given the absence of physical or eyewitness evidence, and the apparent lack of any motive.7 Because of the extensive redactions, the jury did not hear the most inflammatory portions of the broadcast. The victim‘s mother‘s remarks during the interview at her kitchen table, potentially highly inflammatory, were all muted, with the exception of her statement regarding the bullet penetrating her son‘s skull. This statement corroborated Michelle‘s testimony concerning the defendant‘s statement about the hollow-point bullet used. Although the news broadcast contained family photographs of the victim, they were of a type that we have deemed admissible at a murder trial. See Commonwealth v. Holliday, 450 Mass. 794, 816, cert. denied sub nom. Mooltrey v. Massachusetts, 555 U.S. 947 (2008) (“Commonwealth may properly tell the jury ‘something of the person whose life [has] been lost in order to humanize the proceedings’ ” [citation omitted]).
Moreover, during cross-examination and in closing argument, the defendant relied on the recording of the news broadcast to support his theory that Michelle fabricated the confession to get the defendant out of the house and out of Tesseana‘s life.8
“You may only consider the broadcast for a limited purpose. You may not consider the statements that you hear for the truth of the matter asserted in those statements. You may only consider the statements you hear for the fact that they were made and as the context to permit you to understand certain testimony that you will then hear from this witness.”
He reminded them of this instruction during his final charge.9 He also instructed during his charge that the jury were not to base their decision “on sympathy, anger, passion, prejudice or pity for or against either party in this case.”
“We presume, as we must, that a jury underst[and] [and follow] limiting instructions.” Commonwealth v. Jackson, 384 Mass. 572, 579 (1981). See Commonwealth v. Stegemann, 68 Mass. App. Ct. 292, 306 n.25 (2007) (presuming juries obey instructions “to base their verdicts solely on the evidence and to exclude emotion or sympathy for either side from their deliberations“). Further, the prosecutor did not seek to exploit the emotional effect of the audio-video recording. His closing remarks about the news broadcast were limited to its effect on the defendant and the statements he made to Michelle while watching it (“when that video aired and [the defendant] was out there and he saw it, it came out. It just all came flooding out“). See Holliday, 450 Mass. at 816 (prosecution did not emphasize or exploit emotional testimony elicited from family members of shooting victims).
In sum, while clearly prejudicial to the defendant, the record does not support a conclusion that introduction of the audio-video recording was unfairly prejudicial. In light of the extensive re-
trial is that she was evasive. She got caught in [lies], which leads to one conclusion. She was not telling the truth. . . . And then on May 2nd, when there is a [network] [n]ews broadcast, she wants you to believe that all of a sudden, out of the blue, he volunteers a confession. . . . Ladies and gentlemen, it‘s the confession of all confessions. And, if it seems too good to be true, it‘s because it is.”
b. Voir dire. The defendant argues that the judge abused his discretion by failing to question the members of the venire regarding the prejudicial impact of seeing the news broadcast at trial. On appeal, the defendant suggests that the judge, sua sponte, should have asked potential jurors “whether viewing media coverage of this exact case would affect their ability to be fair and impartial.” We conclude that the judge was not required to make such an inquiry.
“The scope of voir dire rests in the sound discretion of the judge . . . .” Commonwealth v. Lopes, 440 Mass. 731, 736 (2004). It is well established that “the requirement for individual voir dire arises upon the defendant‘s request for such inquiry; it is not automatic.” Commonwealth v. DiRusso, 60 Mass. App. Ct. 235, 238 (2003). See Commonwealth v. Kater, 432 Mass. 404, 412-414 (2000), and cases cited. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Reavis, 465 Mass. 875, 888-890 (2013), and cases cited. Here, while the defendant did submit a request that the judge ask nineteen specific questions “on an individual basis,” he did not request that any questions be posed with regard to the news broadcast.10
The defendant argues on appeal that the audio-video recording was extraneous and that the judge therefore was required to conduct voir dire with respect it. We do not agree. Evidence that does not lie outside the record or that is “fully relevant and probative” of an issue at trial is not extraneous. Kater, 432 Mass. at 413-414, discussing
That the judge had yet to rule on the admissibility of the news
Moreover, there is no suggestion that any juror saw the news broadcast at any time other than in the court room. See Reavis, 465 Mass. at 890 (“The defendant has not indicated, nor does the record suggest, that any of the jurors selected were not fair and impartial“). Indeed, two members of the venire responded affirmatively to the question regarding prior knowledge of the case because they each recalled reading an article in a local newspaper and one of them had a spouse who owned a business in Lawrence. Although the potential jurors did not remember any specifics about the case, and did not state that their prior knowledge rendered them unable to be fair and impartial, the judge ordered each of them excused. Accordingly, there was no abuse of discretion in the judge‘s decision not to conduct voir dire of the venire with respect to the news broadcast.
c. Introduction of defendant‘s statement about handling a firearm. The defendant contends that the judge committed reversible error by allowing the jury to hear prejudicial evidence about the defendant‘s handling of a firearm in a prior, unrelated incident. In particular, the defendant objects to the introduction of Max‘s testimony concerning the defendant‘s statement that the police “probably want[ed] to talk to him why his fingerprints were on” a gun that he had handled and that a friend of his from Lawrence purportedly had fired. The judge allowed this testimony to be introduced, over objection, on the ground that it showed consciousness of guilt (i.e., that the defendant sought to deceive Max as to the reason for the police visit to his house).
Out-of-court statements are not hearsay, and may be admissible substantively when offered to show consciousness of guilt or liability. See Commonwealth v. Chappell, 473 Mass. 191, 207 (2015) (consciousness of guilt evidence is “relevant to an assessment of the defendant‘s mental state and whether he was criminally responsible“);
Because the defendant preserved the objection, we review for prejudicial error. See Commonwealth v. Dargon, 457 Mass. 387, 399 (2010). We discern no error in the admission of this consciousness of guilt evidence. The Commonwealth was entitled to show the jury that the defendant sought to deceive his friend regarding the nature of the police investigation. Further, even if there were error in allowing the introduction of this testimony, any error would have had little, if any, effect on the jury, given the defendant‘s other, far more explicit statements of guilt. See Delaney, supra. In addition, in his closing the prosecutor made no mention of the disputed consciousness of guilt evidence. See id.
d. Prosecutor‘s opening statement. At the end of his opening statement, the prosecutor said:
“Ladies and gentlemen, this crime went unsolved for months. This crime went unsolved for months. Well, judgment day is here. And, at the end of this case, I‘d suggest that you will find that on July 24th of 2010, the defendant murdered Timothy Walker in cold blood.”
The defendant immediately sought a mistrial. The judge denied the motion. The defendant contends that this denial was error because the prosecutor‘s use of the phrase “judgment day” “suggested to the jury the [prosecutor‘s] long road to victory was expected to end with the jury‘s guilty verdict.”
We review the denial of a motion for a mistrial for abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Lao, 460 Mass. 12, 19 (2011). The trial judge is in the best position to assess any potential prejudice and, where possible, to tailor an appropriate remedy short of declaring a mistrial. See Commonwealth v. Amran, 471 Mass. 354, 360 (2015). “[T]he burden of demonstrating an abuse of discretion is a heavy one.” Commonwealth v. Medeiros, 395 Mass. 336, 351 (1985).
In opening statements and closing arguments, prosecutors may not “play . . . on the jury‘s sympathy or emotions, or comment on the consequences of a verdict” (footnote omitted). Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 516-517 (1987). “It is improper
In framing the defendant‘s trial as his “judgment day,” the prosecutor improperly invoked a biblical reference to a day of reckoning and created the impression that it was the jury‘s duty to bring closure to a long-unsolved killing by rendering a guilty verdict. This was improper and impermissible. We conclude, however, that the judge did not abuse his discretion in denying the defendant‘s motion for a mistrial in light of his repeated instructions to the jury that opening statements and closing arguments are not evidence. See Commonwealth v. Thomas, 429 Mass. 146, 158 (1999).
e. Prosecutor‘s closing argument. The defendant contends that certain unobjected-to statements in the prosecutor‘s closing argument created a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. In particular, he maintains that the prosecutor improperly vouched for Michelle‘s credibility, and presented three arguments that were not supported by the evidence: that the defendant led a “secret life“; that he did not want Tesseana to meet his friends; and that Max recognized the defendant when police showed him surveillance footage.
Because the defendant did not object at trial, we consider whether any of the challenged statements was improper and, if so, whether it created a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. See Commonwealth v. Penn, 472 Mass. 610, 626-627 (2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 1656 (2016). We review the statements in the context of the entire closing, the jury instructions, and the evidence introduced at trial. See Commonwealth v. Costa, 414 Mass. 618, 628 (1993).
i. Improper vouching. The defendant argues that certain of the prosecutor‘s statements constituted improper vouching for the credibility of a witness:
“You have to believe Michelle is one of the most evil people on this planet to think that she‘s going to set this guy up for a murder she knew he didn‘t commit just so he wouldn‘t see her daughter anymore. That‘s what defense counsel wants you to believe. That is almost wors[e] than shooting [the victim] yourself, to set this guy up for a murder he didn‘t
commit. For what good reason? For no good reason, no good reason. But they talked. And she asked questions and he let it out. That is the reality. That‘s what happened. It‘s not pretty but it‘s true.
“And she told you on the stand she was conflicted about what to do, too. And where did we hear that before? We heard it just by our last witness, Dolores, when she found those sneakers. She was conflicted. She didn‘t know what to do. It‘s [the defendant]. And she eventually called the police.
“And so when Michelle sat in front of the Lawrence [p]olice [s]tation, not knowing what to do and eventually not going in, going home and then going to the police the next day, that just made sense to her. And who can judge that? What do you do? She ended up doing the right thing.” (Emphases supplied.)
Prosecutors may “argue forcefully for the defendant‘s conviction.” Commonwealth v. Wilson, 427 Mass. 336, 350 (1998). The jury are presumed to understand that a prosecutor is an advocate, and statements that are “[e]nthusiastic rhetoric, strong advocacy, and excusable hyperbole” will not require reversal. Id. at 351. Prosecutors may not, however, appeal to the jury‘s sympathy, argue facts not in evidence, or give their own opinion of the evidence or the credibility of a witness. See Commonwealth v. Sanders, 451 Mass. 290, 296-297 (2008). A prosecutor engages in improper vouching if he or she “expresses a personal belief in the credibility of a witness, or indicates that he or she has knowledge independent of the evidence before the jury.” Wilson, supra at 352.
The prosecutor‘s statements here, while they could have been better phrased, do not rise to the level of improper vouching. A prosecutor properly may comment on and urge the jury to draw inferences from the trial evidence, Commonwealth v. Chavis, 415 Mass. 703, 713 (1993), and may state logical reasons based on inferences from the evidence why a witness‘s testimony should be believed. Commonwealth v. Rolon, 438 Mass. 808, 816 (2003). See Commonwealth v. Caillot, 454 Mass. 245, 259 (2009), cert. denied, 559 U.S. 948 (2010) (no improper vouching because, “in the context in which the remark was made, the jury would have understood that the prosecutor intended to convey not that he knew what [the witness] had stated was truthful, but that
In the context of the argument as a whole, the prosecutor‘s remarks here did not express a personal belief in Michelle‘s credibility. The statements were made in response to the defendant‘s contention, during cross-examination and in closing argument, that Michelle was not credible and that she fabricated the defendant‘s confession in order to force an end to the defendant‘s relationship with Tesseana. Defense counsel argued in his closing that Michelle “was not telling the truth,” and that she had persuaded Tesseana to corroborate her story. The prosecutor permissibly could respond to these challenges. See Commonwealth v. Bol Choeurn, 446 Mass. 510, 522 (2006) (where credibility is at issue, it is proper for counsel to argue from evidence why witness should be believed).
ii. Arguing facts not in evidence. Prosecutors may not “misstate the evidence or refer to facts not in evidence.” Kozec, 399 Mass. at 516-517. They may, however, argue “forcefully for a conviction based on the evidence and on inferences that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence.” Id. at 516. “Remarks made during closing arguments are considered in the context of the entire argument, and in light of the judge‘s instructions to the jury and the evidence at trial.” Commonwealth v. Viriyahiranpaiboon, 412 Mass. 224, 231 (1992).
The defendant contends that the prosecutor‘s statements that the defendant maintained a secret life in Lawrence and that the defendant did not want to meet Tesseana‘s friends or allow her to meet any of his friends were not supported by the evidence. Evidence was introduced at trial, however, that the defendant rarely saw Tesseana other than at her mother‘s house, she rarely met any of his friends, she had not met any member of his family, and his mother was unaware that he had a girl friend in Lawrence. There was also evidence that Max, the defendant‘s friend and housemate, whom he had known since high school, never met Tesseana or any of the defendant‘s friends from Lawrence.
With respect to the defendant‘s challenge to the prosecutor‘s statement that Max had “recognized” the defendant on a recording of the video surveillance footage that police played for him, Max‘s testimony supported this inference. Max, the defendant‘s former football teammate, testified that, when police showed him a copy of the surveillance footage, he said that the shooter‘s walk was “similar” to the defendant‘s, his build was a “lot similar,” and
f. Review pursuant to
Judgment affirmed.