427 Mass. 336 | Mass. | 1998
The defendant was convicted on three indictments charging murder in the first degree, with each conviction based on the theories of deliberate premeditation and extreme atrocity or cruelty. The defendant was also convicted on three indictments charging assault by means of a dangerous weapon and one indictment charging unlawful possession of dangerous weapons, namely knives. These latter charges were contained in separate indictments returned by a different grand jury. The defendant claims that the judge erred in (1) denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to various search warrants; (2) denying his motion to sever the charges in the separate indictments against him; (3) admitting various hearsay statements in evidence; (4) instructing the jury on reasonable doubt; and (5) denying his request to poll the jurors. The defendant also claims that the prosecutor committed reversible error in his closing statement. Finally, the defendant requests that we exercise our plenary power under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, to order a new trial. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the convictions and decline to exercise our power under G. L. c. 278, § 33E.
We recount the Commonwealth’s evidence in some detail.
Two days prior to the murders, the defendant visited the victims’ apartment. While alone in one of the bedrooms with Zaborski, the defendant threatened to kill Zaborski, Bushey, Linehan, and another individual because the defendant thought that one or more of them had raped his wife. Zaborski denied the rape allegations. Linehan heard the threats and Zaborski’s denial from a nearby room. At some time later that evening, Zaborski told Linehan that the defendant also had placed a .25 caliber handgun to Zaborski’s head while making the threats.
At about 11:20 p.m. on June 12, an individual named William Curtis was driving home from work and stopped for a traffic light at a well-lit intersection on Washington Street, near the victims’ apartment building. He saw the defendant pacing back and forth near the pomer, about twenty feet away. Curtis then saw an elderly woman walking toward the defendant. Curtis’s mother had been mugged a few years earlier and Curtis was concerned for the safety of the elderly woman. Curtis remained at the corner for about two and one-half minutes, until the woman had passed safely.
At 5:27 a.m. on June 13, two Boston police officers responded to a radio report of a man passed out on the sidewalk in front of the victims’ building. The officers had driven past the building about twenty minutes earlier and had not seen anything then. On arriving, the officers found Bushey’s body lying on the sidewalk in a pool of blood. The autopsy report determined that Bushey had a shotgun wound from close range to his neck and jaw area and eight stab wounds to his chest, back, and legs, including a wound to his chest seven inches deep.
The officers followed a trail of blood back to the victims’ apartment. On entering, they found Zaborski’s body in a bedroom, face down in a pool of blood. His hands, feet, and head were bound with duct tape. The autopsy report determined
The officers then found McLaughlin’s body at the bottom of a flight of stairs, slumped against the back door of the building. The autopsy report determined that she had shotgun wounds from close range to her chest and abdomen, a gunshot wound to her right shoulder and right hand, and a stab wound to her arm. She also had several lacerations on her breasts. Shortly thereafter, the police located Linehan, who had spent the night at a friend’s home. After interviewing Linehan, the police immediately focused their investigation on the defendant.
Pursuant to a warrant, the police searched the victims’ apartment. They found three spent .25 caliber casings and a spent .25 caliber bullet. A spent .25 caliber bullet was later recovered from McLaughlin’s body. A police expert testified that the three casings and the two bullets had all been fired from the same gun. The police also found a piece of duct tape, with the fingertips from a pair of rubber surgical gloves stuck to it, in a wastebasket in the apartment. The police later found three more rubber surgical gloves in an old desk in an alley behind the apartment. The police also found evidence of type B blood in the apartment. All the victims had type O blood. The defendant has type B blood.
The defendant spent the night of June 13 at his mother’s house in West Roxbury. The next day at about 10:10 a.m., he called for a taxicab and instructed the driver to go toward a restaurant on Washington Street in Dedham. The defendant was carrying what appeared to be a gym bag and a duffel bag, both of which appeared to be full. Just after crossing into Dedham, the defendant told the driver to stop, at no apparent specific address. The defendant got out of the taxicab with his bags and shortly thereafter began walking toward Draper Field, a large wooded area that was a short distance away.
Several witnesses saw the defendant early that afternoon in the Haymarket area of Boston, near the location of a methadone clinic that he regularly visited. He returned to his mother’s house at some point in time. At about 8 p.m., the police arrived
Over the next several days, the police obtained four search warrants, covering the defendant’s vehicle, his locker and work area at his place of employment, his house, and his mother’s house. The police recovered three rubber surgical gloves from the defendant’s house and one from his locker at work. A prosecution expert testified that the gloves found behind the apartment and two of the gloves found at the defendant’s house were similar in size and composition and could have come from the same source. The expert concluded that the other two gloves were from a different source.
The police recovered a spent .25 caliber casing at the defendant’s house. A police expert testified that the casing matched those found in the victims’ apartment and had been fired from the same gun. The police also found a carrying case for a shotgun or a rifle in the garage at the defendant’s mother’s house, and two knives in a closet inside the house. The knives were consistent with the victims’ wounds and abrasions, and one knife had blood on both sides of the blade. The police were not able to locate the guns used in the murders.
On June 23, 1993, a Suffolk County grand jury returned three indictments charging the defendant with assault by means of a dangerous weapon and one indictment charging him with the unlawful possession of knives. These indictments stemmed from his arrest at his mother’s house. One month later, another grand jury returned three indictments charging the defendant
The defendant filed pretrial motions to suppress evidence seized pursuant to the various search warrants and to sever the two sets of indictments. These motions were all denied. The defendant also filed a motion in limine to exclude as hearsay various statements made by his wife and by Zaborski. The judge excluded one statement that the defendant’s wife made to police after the murders, but denied the rest of the motion.
At trial, the defendant testified on his own behalf. The essence of his testimony was that he denied having threatened or killed the victims, that he was asleep at his place of employment while off duty at the time of the murders, and that the cut on his hand was work related.
At the close of the Commonwealth’s case, the judge allowed the defendant’s motion for a required finding of not guilty on the indictment charging the defendant with stalking. At the close of the evidence, the judge also allowed the defendant’s motion for a required finding of not guilty on the indictment charging the defendant with the illegal possession of a firearm. The remaining indictments went to the jury, and they found the defendant guilty on all the charges. This timely appeal followed.
1. Suppression of evidence. The defendant filed pretrial motions to suppress the evidence obtained pursuant to search warrants for his vehicle, his locker and work area at his place of employment, his house, and his mother’s house. Each motion was denied. The defendant now argues that all the warrants were invalid because their supporting affidavits failed to establish probable cause to believe that any evidence of the murders would be found at the places to be searched.
An affidavit must contain sufficient information for an issuing magistrate to determine that the items sought are related to the criminal activity under investigation, and that the items reasonably may be expected to be located in the place to be searched at the time the search warrant issues. See Commonwealth v. Cinelli, 389 Mass. 197, 213, cert. denied, 464 U.S. 860 (1983); Commonwealth v. Cefalo, 381 Mass. 319, 328 (1980). The nexus between the items sought and the place to be searched may be based on “the type of crime, the nature of the missing items, the extent of the suspect’s opportunity for concealment, and normal inferences as to where a criminal would be likely to hide [evidence of the crime].” Cinelli, supra, quoting United States v. Lucarz, 430 F.2d 1051, 1055 (9th Cir. 1970). See Commonwealth v. Allard, 37 Mass. App. Ct. 676, 678 (1994). Here, the affidavits for each warrant essentially set out the defendant’s motive to kill the victims, his threats to kill them, his standoff with the police prior to being arrested, the statements he made during that standoff, and other pertinent information. The police sought and obtained the four warrants in sequence, incorporating what they had found when executing preceding warrants into the subsequent affidavits.
The search warrant for the defendant’s vehicle primarily covered hairs, fibers, secretions, blood, fingerprints, ammuni
The search warrant for the defendant’s house covered only ammunition and rubber surgical gloves. The supporting affidavit contained no new information, except for the results of the previously executed warrant. The mere fact that the house was the defendant’s residence does not establish probable cause for a search warrant to issue. See Cinelli, supra at 213. However, the police here were seeking only items that were “durable [and] of continuing utility to the defendantf].” Commonwealth v. James, 424 Mass. 770, 778 (1997). It is reasonably likely that such items could be found in a defendant’s home after a crime, see id. (finding probable cause to search defendant’s residence for knives, sneakers, clothing, and face masks); Commonwealth v. Burt, 393 Mass. 703, 715-716 (1985) (same for coins, tools, clothing, keys, and bank books); Cinelli, supra at 213 (same for ammunition), and a defendant is unlikely to dispose of such items because they are not inherently incriminating, see James, supra. This was sufficient to allow the magistrate to draw a reasonable inference that the evidence sought under the warrant could be in the defendant’s house. We thus conclude that there was probable cause for this warrant to issue.
Further, even if we were to conclude that the term “ammunition” in the warrant did not also encompass used ammunition such as a spent casing (a question that we need not answer here), the police may seize evidence that they inadvertently find in plain view during the course of a search pursuant to a warrant, if they recognize the evidence to be plausibly related to
The search warrant for the defendant’s mother’s house covered ammunition, weapons, bloody clothing, and rubber surgical gloves. The accompanying affidavit stated in particular that the defendant had been arrested at his mother’s house on the day following the minders and that he had not returned to his own house since the murders. The affidavit also stated that the previously executed searches had failed to discover weapons or ammunition with any apparent connection to the murders. This was sufficient to allow the magistrate to draw a reasonable inference that (1) the defendant went to his mother’s house to clean up and change his clothes after committing the murders; and (2) evidence sought under the warrant could be in the defendant’s mother’s house. See Beldotti, supra at 557. We thus conclude that there was probable cause for this warrant to issue.
The warrant covering the defendant’s locker and work area at his place of employment is more problematic. The supporting affidavits merely established that the defendant had access to these areas after the murders, but did not include any evidence suggesting that the items sought (primarily weapons, ammunition, and bloody clothing) might be located there. The motion judge relied on a statement in one of the affidavits that the defendant’s wife had asked the defendant to remove his guns from their house and that, to her knowledge, the defendant had honored her request. From this, the motion judge concluded that the defendant might have stored these guns in one of his secured lockers at his place of employment.
We need not decide whether the affidavits were sufficient to establish probable cause for this warrant to issue. The only evidence seized from the defendant’s place of employment and
Because we have concluded that the search warrants in question were valid, and that any evidence that may have been improperly seized and introduced at the defendant’s trial constituted error that was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, there is thus no reversible error with respect to the warrants.
2. Severance. The defendant filed a pretrial motion to sever the trials of the two sets of indictments. The motion was denied. The defendant now argues that joinder was improper because the offenses in the two sets of indictments were not related and the failure to sever was highly prejudicial to him.
Rule 9 (a) (3) of the Massachusetts Rules of Criminal Procedure, 378 Mass. 859 (1979), provides that, where offenses are related, “[t]he trial judge shall join the charges for trial unless he determines that joinder is not in the best interests of justice.” Joinder is a matter “committed to the sound discretion of the trial judge.” Commonwealth v. Delaney, 425 Mass. 587, 593 (1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 714 (1998), quoting Commonwealth v. Montanez, 410 Mass. 290, 303 (1991). See Commonwealth v. Hoppin, 387 Mass. 25, 32 (1982). The defendant bears the burden of showing that joinder was improper. See Delaney, supra at 593-594; Commonwealth v. Gallison, 383 Mass. 659, 671 (1981).
The defendant argues that the offenses were not related because they involved different times, locations, weapons, victims, and motivations. Under Mass. R. Crim. P. 9 (a) (1), 378 Mass. 859 (1979), offenses are related if they “arise out of a course of criminal conduct or series of criminal episodes connected together or constituting parts of a single scheme or plan.” Factors such as time and location play an important role in determining whether offenses are related. See Delaney, supra at 594. However, our cases have allowed considerable differences with respect to these factors and other factual circumstances. See id. (joinder proper where multiple offenses occurred in dif
In the factually similar case of Commonwealth v. Todd, 394 Mass. 791, 794 (1985), the defendant argued that his indictment for murder in the first degree should have been severed from three other indictments stemming from his arrest at a different location some four hours after the murder occurred. We concluded that it was not an abuse of the trial judge’s discretion to join the indictments.
The defendant also argues that the failure to sever the indictments was highly prejudicial to him, and thus not in the best interests of justice, because it impermissibly portrayed him as having a general propensity for crime, and because he wanted to testify regarding the indictments for murder, but did not want to testify regarding the indictments for assault.
The question whether the failure to sever the indictments resulted in undue prejudice must be decided “in the context of the guarantee of a fair trial for every defendant.” Commonwealth v. Sylvester, 388 Mass. 749, 758 (1983). The question turns, in large measure, on whether evidence of the defendant’s other offenses would have been admissible at a separate trial on each set of indictments. See Mamay, supra at 417, citing Gallison, supra at 672. However, this is not dispositive. See Sylvester, supra at 757-758. Nonetheless, a defendant must show that any prejudice resulting from a joint trial is so compelling that it prevented him from obtaining a fair trial. See Delaney, supra at 595, and cases cited. It is not enough for the defendant to show
Here, evidence of the defendant’s standoff with the police would have been admissible in a separate murder trial, because it would have strongly implied consciousness of guilt, especially in light of the incriminating statements the defendant made at that time. See Todd, supra at 794-795; Commonwealth v. Jackson, 391 Mass. 749, 758 (1984). Further, the defendant, by his own admission, would have testified at a separate murder trial and he has not indicated how (if at all) his testimony would have been different from that which he actually gave. The defendant has thus failed to show any prejudice, much less a compelling prejudice, with respect to the murder indictments.
Similarly, the defendant’s testimony at his murder trial would have been admissible in a separate assault trial. See P.J. Liacos, Massachusetts Evidence § 8.8.1, at 462-463 (6th ed. 1994). Additional evidence from the murder trial would have been admissible to the extent necessary to allow the prosecution “to present as full a picture as possible of the events surrounding the incident itself.” Commonwealth v. Marrero, ante 65, 67 (1998), quoting Commonwealth v. Bradshaw, 385 Mass. 244, 269-270 (1982). See Commonwealth v. Chalifoux, 362 Mass. 811, 816 (1973). There was substantial evidence to support the verdicts on the assault indictments. See Montanez, supra at 304. Further, the judge instructed the jury to consider each of the charges against the defendant separately, and there is no indication in the record that this instruction was inadequate to offset any possible prejudice from the joinder, or that the jury inappropriately applied evidence of one indictment toward another. Id. The defendant has failed to show compelling prejudice with respect to the assault indictments.
Because we have concluded that the defendant has not met his burden of showing that the indictments were unrelated or that the failure to sever was highly prejudicial to him, there was thus no abuse of the judge’s discretion with respect to joinder of the indictments.
3. Admissibility of hearsay evidence. The defendant argues that the judge erroneously allowed a number of hearsay state
The judge allowed Linchan to testify that Zaborski had told him three days before the murders that the defendant was constantly harassing Zaborski, that the defendant had gone to Zaborski’s place of employment and punched him in the mouth, that Zaborski was afraid of the defendant, and that Zaborski “couldn’t handle” the defendant. The judge admitted the testimony for the purpose of showing the victim’s state of mind only and gave a limiting instruction.
The improperly admitted hearsay did not prejudice the defendant because it was merely cumulative of properly admitted evidence of the defendant’s hostility. See Commonwealth v. Semedo, 422 Mass. 716, 728 (1996); Commonwealth v. Zagranski, 408 Mass. 278, 284 (1990), citing Commonwealth v. Lowe, 391 Mass. 97, 106, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 840 (1984). Further, the defendant was not prejudiced in light of the other evidence of his guilt. See Andrade, supra at 239-242; Zagranski, supra at 283-284. The evidence against the defendant, though entirely circumstantial, was overwhelming, including the defendant’s threats against the victims, his presence at the scene hours before the murders, his mysterious taxicab ride and disap
The judge also allowed testimony from a police officer who had responded to a telephone call from the defendant’s wife, some three weeks prior to the murders, concerning a domestic incident. The officer was allowed to testify that he observed bruises on the face of the defendant’s wife, that she was hysterical, and that she stated that the defendant had struck her and accused her of having an affair. The judge admitted the testimony as an excited utterance. The defendant argues that the officer’s entire testimony should not have been admitted, on the basis of being either evidence of prior bad acts, irrelevant, or improper hearsay. We disagree.
Although “evidence of other criminal behavior may not be admitted to prove the propensity of the accused to commit the indicted offense ... it is admissible for other relevant probative purposes.” Commonwealth v. Martino, 412 Mass. 267, 280 (1992), quoting Commonwealth v. Gallison, 383 Mass. 659, 672 (1981). These other purposes include showing the defendant’s motive or state of mind. See Commonwealth v. Helfant, 398 Mass. 214, 224 (1986); P.J. Liacos, Massachusetts Evidence § 4.4.7, at 158-160 (6th ed. 1994 & Supp. 1995). Here, the testimony concerning the defendant’s wife established a motive for the killings, namely jealousy.
In addition, questions of relevancy “are entrusted to the trial judge’s discretion and will not be disturbed except for palpable error.” Commonwealth v. Azar, 32 Mass. App. Ct. 290, 300 (1992), quoting Commonwealth v. LaSota, 29 Mass. App. Ct. 15, 24 (1990). Evidence is relevant if it has any “rational tendency to prove an issue in the case.” Commonwealth v. Fayerweather, 406 Mass. 78, 83 (1989), quoting Commonwealth v. Chretien, 383 Mass. 123, 136 (1981). The evidence need not prove the point at issue, so long as it “render[s] the desired inference more probable than it would have been without it.” Fayerweather, supra, quoting Commonwealth v. Copeland, 375 Mass. 438, 443 (1978). Here, the statements of the defendant’s wife rationally tended to demonstrate the origins of the defendant’s motive to kill the victims, and were thus relevant. We note further that the judge gave a limiting instruction with respect to the officer’s testimony and that the defendant has
Finally, the judge allowed testimony from Curtis that he had remained at the comer observing the defendant for about two and one-half minutes because of Curtis’s fear for the safety of the elderly woman who had been passing by. The defendant argues, without citation to any authority, that this testimony was an impermissible statement of the witness’s subjective fear of the defendant. The defendant’s argument has no merit. Curtis’s testimony was clearly admissible to substantiate the reliability of his identification of the defendant and, in particular, to explain why he had remained at the intersection for an unusually long period of time. See Commonwealth v. Cuffie, 414 Mass. 632, 641 (1993), and cases cited (discussing factors for jury to consider in determining reliability of identification). The prejudicial effect, if any, of the testimony was minimal, because Curtis also testified that his concerns proved to be unwarranted. We thus conclude that Curtis’s testimony was properly admitted.
Because we have concluded that the questioned testimony was either not admitted erroneously or, if admitted erroneously, was not prejudicial to the defendant, there is thus no reversible error with respect to this testimony.
4. The prosecutor’s closing statement. The defendant argues that the prosecutor committed reversible error in his closing statement, because he appealed excessively to the jury’s sympathy, vouched repeatedly for the Commonwealth’s case, and argued facts not in evidence. On the defendant’s objection, the judge indicated that the prosecutor’s statement was “appropriate” and thus did not give any additional instructions at that time.
A prosecutor is entitled to argue forcefully for the defendant’s conviction. See Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 516 (1987), citing Commonwealth v. Earltop, 372 Mass. 199, 205 (1977) (Hennessey, C.J., concurring). “[Ejnthusiatic rhetoric, strong advocacy, and excusable hyperbole” are not grounds for reversal. Commonwealth v. Sanna, 424 Mass. 92, 107 (1997), quoting Commonwealth v. Costa, 414 Mass. 618, 628 (1993). The jury are presumed to have a certain measure of sophistication in sorting out excessive claims on both sides. See Sanna, supra, quoting Kozec, supra at 517.
“whether defense counsel seasonably objected to the arguments at trial . . . whether the judge’s instructions mitigated the error. . . whether the errors in the arguments went to the heart of the issues at trial or concerned collateral matters . . . whether the jury would be able to sort out the excessive claims made by the prosecutor . . . and whether the Commonwealth’s case was so overwhelming that the errors did not prejudice the defendant” (citations omitted).
Santiago, supra at 500.
The defendant argues that the prosecutor improperly made excessive appeals to the jury’s sympathy by emphasizing the gruesome nature of the crimes. Such appeals are improper because they may “sweep the jurors beyond a fair and calm consideration of the evidence.” Commonwealth v. Perry, 245 Mass. 520, 531 (1926). However, the prosecutor’s references to the gruesomeness of the crimes were not improper here, because the gruesomeness of the crimes and the suffering of the victims were relevant to the issue whether the defendant’s actions constituted extreme atrocity or cruelty. See Commonwealth v. Raymond, 424 Mass. 382, 389-390 (1997). Also, the prosecutor did not gratuitously exploit or dwell on the gruesomeness, but made only a few passing references to it. By contrast, in Santiago, supra at 494, we concluded that the prosecutor acted improperly where he stated seven times that the victim of a fatal shooting (who was an innocent bystander) had been pregnant and four times that her birthday would have been the day after the shooting, as well as noting that closing arguments were coincidentally scheduled for the day that would have been her twentieth birthday.
The defendant further argues that the prosecutor improperly
The prosecutor’s references to the defendant as a triple murderer came close to constituting improper argument. However, the jury are presumed to know “that the prosecutor is an advocate” and to be able to recognize his arguments as advocacy and not statements of personal belief. Commonwealth v. Coleman, 366 Mass. 705, 714 (1975). We thus conclude that these references “did not cross the line between fair and improper argument.” Sanna, supra at 107, 108 & n.19 (prosecutor’s remark during closing statement that “defendant is responsible for this vicious act and no one else” not improper).
Similarly, the prosecutor did not improperly attempt to link the defendant to other murderers in general. The defendant’s argument here is based on remarks by the prosecutor that were mere platitudes.
In addition, the defendant insinuated that someone other than he might have had a motive to commit the murders, but there was no evidence that anyone other than the defendant actually had such a motive. We thus conclude that the prosecutor’s remark concerning the defendant’s being the only person with a motive was not improper, especially when considered in the light of the judge’s clear instruction that the closing statement was not evidence. Id. at 324.
The defendant also argues that the prosecutor referred to
We are more troubled, however, by two other statements that the prosecutor made during his closing argument. The prosecutor stated, “We know surgical gloves were used in this murder.” The defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence for the prosecutor to draw that conclusion. We agree. The only facts in evidence were that the fingertips from one surgical glove had been found at the scene, and that similar surgical gloves had been found nearby and at some of the sites that were searched pursuant to warrants. Contrary to the Commonwealth’s argument, this is not enough to support a compelling inference that the murderer had used surgical gloves. In addition, the prosecutor stated that the murder weapon was “essentially” found in the defendant’s hand, because a shell casing matching the murder weapon was found in the defendant’s home. In fact, the guns used in the murder were never found. The Commonwealth’s argument, that this was simply a “smoking gun” metaphor that could not confuse a reasonable jury, is unconvincing.
These two statements by the prosecutor constituted error and we must now decide if the error was prejudicial. For that determination, our answer depends heavily on the strength of the evidence against the defendant, which, as noted earlier, was overwhelming. Cf. Santiago, supra at 501; Commonwealth v. Clary, 388 Mass. 583, 591 (1983). Accordingly, we conclude that the prosecutor’s error did not prejudice the defendant. If the evidence in this case had been closer, the possibility of a reversal would have been considerably stronger.
We thus conclude that nothing in the prosecutor’s closing statement constituted reversible error.
The defendant did not object to the judge’s reference to decision-mating in everyday life. Our review is thus limited to whether there was a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. See Commonwealth v. Goudreau, 422 Mass. 731, 735-736 (1996); Commonwealth v. Giguere, 420 Mass. 226, 232 (1995). In Commonwealth v. Bonds, 424 Mass. 698, 701 (1997), we determined that such a likelihood existed where the judge instructed the jury that reaching a verdict of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt was similar to the type of decision-mating that jurors do in their everyday Uves. However, in the instant case, the reference to mating decisions in everyday life appears in the judge’s instructions on drawing inferences from circumstantial evidence. Such instructions are closely related to the instructions on reasonable doubt, but they are not identical and we have upheld such instructions. See Commonwealth v. Rosa, 422 Mass. 18, 28 & n.11 (1996). There was no error in this instruction, much less a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice.
The judge’s analogy to a jigsaw puzzle is more problematic. The defendant objected to this part of the judge’s instructions and our review is thus based on whether the instructions, if considered as a whole, might have misled a reasonable juror. See Rosa, supra at 27, citing Commonwealth v. Torres, 420 Mass. 479, 490-491 & n.10 (1995). In Commonwealth v. Brooks, 422 Mass. 574, 579 (1996), and in Rosa, supra at 25-29 & n.8, we were critical of similar instructions. However, in each of these cases, we held that the trial judge negated any possible confusion by otherwise properly reciting the classic reasonable doubt instruction from Commonwealth v. Webster, 5 Cush. 295, 320 (1850), including its caveat that even a strong probability of guilt is insufficient to satisfy the reasonable doubt standard. Here, the judge not only recited the Webster charge, but also gave an immediate supplemental instruction in response to the defendant’s objection. In the supplemental instruction, the judge
The defendant also argues that the judge committed reversible error by using the traditional “moral certainty” language in his Webster instruction. In the defendant’s written request for jury instructions, he had asked the judge not to use this language and the defendant timely objected to the instruction. The defendant argues that the use of “moral certainty” is falling into disfavor, see Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1, 16 (1994), and notes correctly that we have recently questioned the continued use of this language in our own cases. See Commonwealth v. Bonds, 424 Mass. 698, 702-703 (1997), and cases cited.
However, the defendant concedes that the use of “moral certainty” is, in and of itself, not error. Our cases have also upheld the use of that language, “if it is linked with language that lends content to the phrase.” Id. at 703, quoting Commonwealth v. Pinckney, 419 Mass. 341, 345 (1995). See Commonwealth v. Smith, ante 245, 251-254 (1998). Here, the judge used “moral certainty” in the context of the traditional Webster instruction. This is sufficient. See Commonwealth v. Latimore, 423 Mass. 129, 140 (1996). We are not prepared to say, as the defendant appears to be asking us, that the use of “moral certainty” is per se incorrect. There was thus no error in the judge’s use of this language.
We note further that the judge’s “moral certainty” instruction contained one deviation from the traditional language, which defines “moral certainty” as “a degree of certainty that satisfies the judgment and consciences of a jury as reasonable men and women and leaves in their minds the clear, settled conviction of guilt” (emphasis added). See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Gagliardi, 418 Mass. 562, 568 n.3 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1091 (1995). The judge’s instruction here changed this final phrase to “the clear, subtle conviction of guilt.” The defendant did not bring this difference to the attention of the judge, nor did the defendant argue it in his brief. Accordingly, we shall consider only whether this error created a substantial likelihood of a miscarriage of justice. See Goudreau, supra at 736; Giguere, supra at 232.
6. Polling of jurors. The defendant requested that the jurors be polled after the verdicts were delivered. The judge denied the request, which the defendant claims was error. The decision to poll the jurors is within the trial judge’s discretion. See Commonwealth v. Dias, 419 Mass. 698, 700-701 (1995), citing Mass. R. Crim. R 27 (d), 378 Mass. 897 (1979). We have concluded that “the better practice is to obtain ‘a clear sign of each juror’s assent to the announced verdict, by polling the jurors or otherwise.’ ” Commonwealth v. Lawson, 425 Mass. 528, 532 (1997), quoting Dias, supra at 703. However, we have never required the judge to poll the jurors unless there is specific evidence that the verdicts are not unanimous. See Lawson, supra at 530-532; Dias, supra at 700-701. Absent such evidence, the judge may properly deny an explicit request by the defendant for a poll. See Dias, supra. The defendant has pointed to no evidence on the record indicating a lack of unanimity. The jury returned the verdicts in open court. See Mass. R. Crim. P. 27 (a), 378 Mass. 897 (1979). The foreperson affirmed the verdicts as read by the clerk. See Lawson, supra at 530-532; Lawrence v. Stearns, 11 Pick. 501, 502 (1831). The process here was thus legally sufficient and there was no error.
7. Review under G. L. c. 278, § 33E\ The defendant argues that even if individual errors in his trial were not substantial enough to warrant reversal, the combination of errors indicates that a new trial is required. We disagree. The defendant’s convictions, in our opinion, are supported by overwhelming evidence. We have reviewed the entire record on both the law and the facts, see G. L. c. 278, § 33E, and see no basis for granting relief of any kind.
Judgments affirmed.
Curtis related his observations to the police on June 30, 1993, after he had seen a photograph of the defendant in the newspaper.
Expert testimony at the trial indicated that about 10% to 12% of the Caucasian population has type B blood.
The stalking charge related to allegations that the defendant went to various places on June 14 looking for Linehan and threatening to get even with him. The defendant was never indicted for the charges upon which his arrest warrant was issued, namely the threats to Zaborski on June 11. See supra at 340.
One of the defendant’s coworkers testified that he saw the defendant at his place of employment at about 10:15 p.m. on June 12. Another coworker testified that he saw the defendant at his place of employment at about 8:30 a.m. on June 13. The defendant testified that he often cut his hands because of the nature of his work repairing tires.
Although the defendant in Commonwealth v. Todd, 394 Mass. 791, 794 (1985), argued only that his indictments should have been severed because joinder was unduly prejudicial, our holding that joinder was proper contains a necessary inference that the indictments were related.
The judge also allowed similar testimony from another witness (Peter Smith). Our discussion and conclusion with respect to Linehan’s testimony apply to Smith’s testimony as well.
Although these cases were decided after the defendant’s trial, he is entitled to the full benefit of any changes in the law while his case is on direct review. See Commonwealth v. Beauchamp, 424 Mass. 682, 685 (1997), citing Griffith v. Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 320-328 (1987).
For example, the prosecutor stated in his closing that “the common theme amongst murderers- is that they want to get away with it.” He went on to say that “[m]ost murderers, including [the defendant], leave clues behind” and that it is “usually the little things that trip these guys up.”