438 Mass. 808 | Mass. | 2003
The defendant was convicted of felony-murder in the first degree, with armed burglary as the predicate felony.
1. Facts. The defendant’s convictions stem from an incident in which a group of armed men stormed an apartment in a New Bedford housing project in retaliation for an earlier confrontation involving some of the apartment’s occupants. Three persons in the apartment — Robert Botelho, Matthew Grant, and Anthony Mullen — were stabbed in the course of the ensuing melee. Botelho died from his injuries. Grant and Mullen survived. The Commonwealth’s theory was that Rolon was the principal instigator of the group’s attack on the apartment and that he was the one who fatally stabbed Botelho during the course of that attack.
On the evening of January 20, 1996, Botelho, Mullen and Grant were visiting the apartment of Botelho’s girl friend, Natasha Azevedo. Azevedo lived in the apartment with her two-year old son, her sister Tiffany, and her cousin, Desiree Gibbs. After some period of drinking, the three men and three women decided to go to a party being held at a nearby apartment in the housing project. There was some concern about potential friction between Botelho and other guests who might be at the party, and the three men therefore armed themselves: Mullen with a “steak fork,” Grant with a hammer, and Botelho with a pistol. Botelho’s pistol, although it appeared real, had a plug in the barrel and was incapable of firing. After leaving Azevedo’s baby with a next door neighbor, the group proceeded to the party at around 11 p.m.
At the party, a fight erupted between Mullen and one of the other guests. During that altercation, Botelho pulled out his gun, waved it around, and told everyone to “get off [his] boy.” The defendant, Anthony Rolon, arrived shortly before the end of the fight and began arguing with Botelho. Rolon complained that Botelho would “bring the cops around” where he, Rolon, was “trying to make money.” During that argument, Botelho pulled his gun out, waved it around, and repeatedly pointed it at Rolon. In response, Rolon stretched out his arms and told Botelho to “come on, go ahead.” Various friends intervened, convinced Botelho to put the gun away and leave, and escorted Botelho and his companions back to Azevedo’s apartment to make
During that interval of time, Rolon’s group joined up with a larger group of some fifteen to twenty young men. Most of them were armed, carrying knives, bats, shovels, hammers, sticks, and frying pans. As they assembled slightly down the hill from Azevedo’s apartment, someone asked what they were doing. An unidentified member of the group replied, “We’re [going to] take care of something.” Others were heard asking who had pulled a gun on Rolon. Rolon said that he “was going to get the kid” with the gun. Various people who had been at the earlier party saw the armed group and attempted to dissuade Rolon, telling him and his companions that they should “just drop it . . . just leave it alone,” that “the person’s gone, he’s left,” and “[t]here’s no more reason to fight.” However, Rolon did not respond, and “nobody seemed to listen.” Anticipating trouble, one partygoer went to telephone the police.
Rolon, at the head of one group, proceeded up the hill in the direction of Azevedo’s apartment, while a smaller group broke off and approached the apartment by a different route. As they reached the apartment, one group went around to the back while the other remained in front. The attack began by smashing the apartment windows with a rock, a board, and a shovel. Botelho, Mullen, and Grant rushed out the back door. Botelho, carrying his inoperable gun, ran at one of his attackers and struck him with the gun. However, the gun fell to the ground, and someone called out that the gun was a “fake.” Grant grabbed Botelho and rushed back toward the apartment. Rolon and one of his companions, Hidekel “Kelly” Hernandez, chased after Botelho and caught up with him just outside the back door. Hernandez began hitting Botelho; Rolon stabbed him several times. Botelho
Meanwhile, other members of Rolon’s group were fighting with Mullen outside. Mullen was hit with a shovel and cut with a knife. When he made his way back inside the apartment, he was assaulted by yet another intruder with a knife. Others pushed their way through the back door and caught up with Grant, who had managed to get inside as far as the living room. Surrounded by attackers who had him pinned down on the couch, Grant was struck in the head with the handle of a hammer and stabbed in the buttocks and thigh, severing an artery. Versions differed as to the identity of the individuals who stabbed Mullen and Grant, and versions differed as to whether Rolon himself had ever been inside the apartment at any point.
The attack ended when one of the intruders yelled out “five-o” (a reference to the imminent arrival of the police) and the group fled. Rolon and several others regrouped at a friend’s apartment shortly thereafter. Hernandez, whose hands were bloody, reported that he had gotten “the kid inside the house good,” and Rolon bragged that “he got that kid good with the gun.”
Botelho was still alive when police arrived at the scene, but he succumbed shortly thereafter. He had three deep stab wounds
2. Vouching for credibility of a witness. One of the participants in the storming of Azevedo’s apartment, Eddie Torres, was a juvenile at the time. Pursuant to a plea agreement, he pleaded to being delinquent by reason of murder in the second degree and testified for the prosecution at Rolon’s trial. Although other witnesses described Rolon’s role in the events leading up to the attack and confirmed his identity as one of the group of attackers, Torres was the only eyewitness to testify that it was Rolon who actually stabbed Botelho. On appeal, Rolon contends that the prosecutor improperly vouched for Torres in his direct examination and again in closing argument. We disagree.
During the direct examination of Torres, the prosecutor elicited the fact that Torres had a plea agreement. He then asked Torres whether he had agreed to provide “complete and truthful and accurate testimony,” to which Torres replied, “Yes.” In one subsequent question concerning the agreement, the prosecutor phrased the question in a fashion that made reference to the obligation to give “complete, truthful and accurate” testimony. The defendant objected to both questions; both objections were overruled.
Ordinarily, questions concerning an agreement’s requirement that a cooperating witness give “truthful” testimony should be reserved for redirect examination after cross-examination has attacked the witness’s credibility based on the plea agreement. See Commonwealth v. Rivera, 430 Mass. 91, 96-97 (1999); Commonwealth v. Ciampa, 406 Mass. 257, 264 (1989). However, there is not an absolute prohibition that prevents any and all direct examination reference to the agreement’s terms concerning “truthful” testimony. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Marrero, 436 Mass. 488, 498-500 (2002) (two references during direct examination to witness’s obligation to “tell the truth” and her understanding that she could still be prosecuted for perjury did not amount to improper vouching); Commonwealth v. Irving, 51 Mass. App. Ct. 285, 294-295 (2001) (reference during direct examination to obligation to give “truthful, complete and accurate testimony” was not premature in light of
Here, the attack on Torres’s credibility in connection with the plea agreement had been mounted in explicit terms in defense counsel’s opening statement. Defense counsel told the jury that the entire case depended on the credibility of Torres, that they could not convict Rolon unless they “believe[d] everything Torres tells [them] about what happened,” and that they would hear evidence of Torres’s agreement with the prosecution. Defense counsel then described the terms of that plea agreement as follows: “[H]e has got to tell you that Kelly Hernandez and Anthony Rolon killed Robert Botelho. If he doesn’t tell you that, he has no agreement.” Thus, by the time of Torres’s direct examination, the jury had already heard a significant mischaracterization of what his obligation under the agreement was, i.e., that the agreement identified specific details that Torres was required to include in his testimony. Such an express attack on Torres’s credibility, by way of a misstatement as to the contents of the plea agreement, opened the door sufficiently to justify allowing the prosecutor to elicit on direct examination the actual contents of the plea agreement. General references in an opening statement to a witness’s bias or motive because of the mere existence of a plea agreement would not be sufficient to avoid the requirement that questioning on the agreement’s stated obligation of “truthful” testimony await redirect examination. See Commonwealth v. Rivera, supra; Commonwealth v. Ciampa, supra. However, defense counsel’s own references to the purported contents of the plea agreement, particularly where those references included an erroneous characterization of the agreement’s terms, are sufficient.
Rolon also complains that the prosecutor’s direct examination of Torres referenced the fact that his plea agreement had been signed by both his lawyer and his mother. See Commonwealth
Separate and apart from his arguments concerning the use of the plea agreement, the defendant moved for a mistrial on the ground that the prosecutor’s closing argument contained impermissible vouching for Torres when the prosecutor acknowledged that Torres had “lied” about his own participation in the event.
3. Torres’s guilty plea. Rolon contends that the prosecutor’s closing argument impermissibly pointed to Torres’s promised guilty plea as substantive evidence of Rolon’s own guilt as a joint venturer. A codefendant’s guilty plea is not admissible to prove the guilt of the defendant. See Commonwealth v. Martinez, 425 Mass. 382, 398-399 (1997); Commonwealth v. Powell, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 430, 436 (1996). However, contrary to the defendant’s argument, that is not how Torres’s proposed plea was used or argued. Rather, it was used and argued to address a separate issue that had been raised during the cross-examination of Torres. Defense counsel had pointed out that, while Torres claimed that he had not stabbed Botelho, he had nevertheless agreed to plead guilty to murder in the second degree in connection with Botelho’s death. That ostensible discrepancy was then used repeatedly as an illustration of Torres’s willingness to “lie” in order to obtain the benefits of his plea agreement. To put that discrepancy in context, the prosecutor’s closing argument asked the jury to consider the concept of joint venture in connection with their assessment of “why it is that Eddie Torres is pleading guilty,” and reminded
4. Motion for required findings of not guilty, a. Felony-murder. The defendant contends that the judge erroneously denied his motion for required finding of not guilty on the charge of felony-murder, and claims that there was insufficient evidence that he had committed the predicate felony of armed burglary, as either a principal or a joint venturer.
Rolon also argues that, because the fatal stabbing occurred just outside the apartment without the need for him to enter the premises, Botelho’s death did not occur in connection with the predicate felony.
b. Other charges. Rolon contends that he was entitled to a required finding of not guilty on the other charges against him (assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon on Grant and Mullen, armed assault in a dwelling, and armed burglary). The defendant’s motion for required findings of not guilty focused mainly on the argument that there was insufficient evidence of joint venture liability, but did also assert that there was no evidence of Rolon’s liability as a principal for those other crimes.
With respect to the indictment charging assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon on Mullen and Grant, there was no evidence that Rolon himself struck either of those victims. With respect to the indictment charging armed assault in a dwelling, the statutory definition of that crime requires proof that the defendant “being armed with a dangerous weapon, enter[ed] a dwelling house and while therein assaulted] another with intent to commit a felony” (emphasis added). G. L. c. 265, § 18A. While the jury could infer that Rolon had “entered” the dwelling amidst the group observed by Azevedo (see note 3, supra), there was no evidence that Rolon himself
With respect to the remaining indictment charging armed burglary, that armed burglary served as the predicate felony for the felony-murder conviction, and it therefore must be vacated as duplicative. See Commonwealth v. Gunter, 427 Mass. 259, 275-276 (1998).
5. Rule 25 (b) (2) motion. The judge allowed in part Rolon’s rule 25 (b) (2) motion, reducing the verdict to murder in the second degree. The Commonwealth appeals from that order, seeking reinstatement of the jury’s verdict of murder in the first degree, and Rolon asks us to reduce the verdict further pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E. We agree with the Commonwealth that reduction of this verdict constituted an abuse of discretion. We therefore reinstate the verdict of murder in the first degree and decline to grant relief under G. L. c. 278, § 33E.
Pursuant to rule 25 (b) (2), a trial judge has the authority to reduce a verdict, despite the presence of evidence sufficient to support the jury’s original verdict. See Commonwealth v. Woodward, 427 Mass. 659, 666-667 (1998), and cases cited. That power is comparable to the power vested in this court pursuant to G. L. c. 278, § 33E, and a trial judge’s decision on a rule 25 (b) (2) motion “should be guided by the same considerations.” Commonwealth v. Gaulden, 383 Mass. 543, 555 (1981). The purpose behind the grant of such power to a judge is “to ensure that the result in every criminal case is consonant with justice.” Commonwealth v. Woodward, supra at 666. See Commonwealth v. Ghee, 414 Mass. 313, 321 (1993); Commonwealth v. Keough, 385 Mass. 314, 320 (1982). “[A] judge should use this power sparingly,” Commonwealth v.
A judge’s discretion to reduce a verdict pursuant to rule 25 (b) (2) is appropriately exercised where the weight of the evidence in the case, although technically sufficient to support the jury’s verdict, points to a lesser crime. Thus, for example, where evidence of premeditation was “slim,” the judge did not abuse his discretion in reducing a verdict of murder in the first degree to murder in the second degree. See Commonwealth v. Ghee, supra at 322. See also Commonwealth v. Millyan, supra at 188-189 (verdict reduction appropriate where evidence of intoxication undermined theory of deliberate premeditation).
We look, therefore, to determine whether there was some weakness in the evidence that Rolon committed felony-murder in the first degree, or evidence suggesting that he more likely committed some lesser form of homicide. If, as we conclude, the weight of the evidence is entirely consistent with felony-murder in the first degree, it is an abuse of discretion to reduce the verdict solely on factors unrelated to the weight of the evidence.
Here, the judge provided a written memorandum outlining his reasons for reducing the verdict to murder in the second degree. See Commonwealth v. Gaulden, supra at 556 (judge should state reasons for reducing verdict). Those reasons were that Botelho had pointed a gun at Rolon earlier in the evening (such that the purpose of the armed burglary was “violent retaliation”), with Rolon only becoming aware of the fact that the gun was inoperable sometime after the attack on the apartment was underway; that Rolon stabbed Botelho outside the house “before the intruders entered” and never went inside the house himself; and that Rolon was only eighteen years of age at the time of the murder. These stated reasons do not provide an adequate basis for reducing the verdict to murder in the second degree.
The next factor cited by the judge is, in substance, a rejection of the doctrine of joint venture as it applies to felony-murder.
The judge’s final factor — Rolon’s age — is insufficient to justify reduction of the verdict. A defendant’s personal circumstances may be considered in conjunction with the evidence that points to a lesser degree of guilt, but personal circumstances alone do not justify reduction of a verdict. See Commonwealth v. Brousseau, 421 Mass. 647, 655-657 & n.7 (1996); Commonwealth v. Almon, 387 Mass. 599, 607-608 (1982); Commonwealth v. Haywood, 377 Mass. 755, 771 (1979); Commonwealth v. Burr, 33 Mass. App. Ct. 637, 642-643 (1992).
Although not relied on by the judge as a factor justifying reduction of the verdict, Rolon argues that none of the other defendants charged in connection with this homicide was convicted of murder in the first degree. The fact that separate trials against other defendants reached differing results does not by itself justify reduction of a defendant’s verdict. See Commonwealth v. Brousseau, supra at 656; Commonwealth v. Tavares, 385 Mass. 140, 159, cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1137 (1982), quoting Commonwealth v. Pisa, 372 Mass. 590, 597, cert. denied, 434 U.S. 869 (1977).
6. Conclusion. We therefore affirm the conviction of murder
So ordered.
The jury found the defendant not guilty on the alternative theory of deliberate premeditation.
The conviction of home invasion was placed on file with the defendant’s consent, and is therefore not before us. See Commonwealth v. Frey, 390 Mass. 245, 246 (1983), citing Commonwealth v. Delgado, 367 Mass. 432, 438 (1975).
Natasha Azevedo had run out the front door when the attack began, where she saw “people coming from everywhere” and one group headed around back. She followed them to the rear of the building, and saw a group of six people at the back door going into the apartment. She identified Rolon as one of those six, and testified that the entire group went inside. However, she did not specifically see Rolon go through the doorway “because there was a few people around him.” In her subsequent statement to police at the scene (introduced as a spontaneous utterance), Azevedo identified Rolon as one of the attackers “in” her house. However, when Azevedo herself went inside the apartment, she did not actually see Rolon anywhere in the apartment, nor did any other witness identify Rolon as one of the many intruders inside the apartment. At trial, Azevedo testified that she had never seen Rolon “in” the dwelling, and that her spontaneous utterance identifying him as having been “in” the apartment was incorrect. Eddie Torres, the sole witness who identified Rolon as the one who had stabbed Botelho, testified that the stabbing occurred just outside, up against the back door, and that Rolon “left” after the stabbing.
While it would be a better practice for the prosecutor to ask at sidebar for permission to elicit such testimony on direct examination, failure to seek permission in advance does not alter the fact that, on this record, ample grounds for eliciting the testimony on direct examination were present.
We are also satisfied that the evidence of the plea agreement introduced during the direct examination of Torres did not violate the fundamental concern of Commonwealth v. Ciampa, 406 Mass. 257, 264 (1989), namely, that the jury not be led to believe that the prosecution has some superior ability to ascertain whether the witness’s testimony is truthful. Here, the references to Torres’s obligation to give truthful testimony were few and fleeting, not repeated or dwelt upon; the agreement itself was not even admitted in evidence; the prosecutor’s opening statement and closing argument repeatedly and expressly disavowed any vouching for any of the witnesses; the prosecutor’s closing argument stressed that the jury should “take a good, hard look” at any testimony given pursuant to a plea agreement, because such an agreement can “completely color[]” that person’s testimony; and the judge gave a thorough and forceful instruction in accordance with Commonwealth v. Ciampa, supra at 266, admonishing them to consider Torres’s testimony with “particular caution and care” due to the potential “improper influence” of his plea agreement and telling them that the Commonwealth had no way of knowing whether a witness’s testimony was truthful.
Torres denied that he had carried any weapon and denied that he had stabbed Grant, claiming that he had been pulled away by Tiffany Azevedo when he tried to “hit” Grant. However, eyewitnesses saw Torres on top of Grant on the couch and saw a knife in his hand, and that same hand was bloody.
At the reference to Torres’s lawyer, the judge interrupted the closing argument and told the prosecutor to “move on.”
The statute, G. L. c. 266, § 14, defines two forms of armed burglary. Both forms require proof that the defendant committed a breaking and entering of a dwelling at night, with intent to commit a felony, while a person is lawfully within the dwelling. The remaining element consists of either of the following: (1) that the defendant was armed with a dangerous weapon (or became armed after entering), or (2) that the defendant actually assaulted a person who was lawfully in the dwelling. G. L. c. 266, § 14. See Commonwealth v. Gordon, 42 Mass. App. Ct. 601, 603 (1997).
Contrary to his argument, there was some evidence to support the inference that Rolon had entered the dwelling at some point during the incident. See note 3, supra.
The judge gave the jury oral and written instructions, both of which described only a joint venture theory for felony-murder; and the heading on the written instructions for felony-murder entitled that section “FIRST DEGREE FELONY MURDER: BY JOINT VENTURE PARTICIPATION IN
In his brief, Rolon cites to cases requiring that the killing be a “natural and probable consequence” of the defendant’s commission of the predicate felony. See Commonwealth v. Nichypor, 419 Mass. 209, 215 (1994); Commonwealth v. Ortiz, 408 Mass. 463, 469 (1990); Commonwealth v. Matchett, 386 Mass. 492, 505 (1982). In the Model Jury Instructions on Homicide, the court has recommended that that language not be used, as it is superfluous to the other elements of felony-murder. Model Jury Instructions on Homicide at 67-68 n.8 (1999). Using the terminology of the Model Instructions, the killing must occur “in connection with the felony and at substantially the same time and place,” and the felony itself must be either inherently dangerous to human life or committed with a conscious disregard for the risk to human life. Id. at 16, 17-18.
“[A] generally phrased motion for [required finding of not guilty] does not preserve for review the denial of the motion on a specific theory of liability when there was sufficient evidence to withstand the motion on an alternative theory.” Commonwealth v. Berry, 431 Mass. 326, 331 (2000).
Both the oral instructions and the written instructions pertaining to these indictments defined the elements in terms of principal liability, and the jury were generally instructed that a joint venture theory could be considered as to all crimes charged. Unlike the instructions on felony-murder, nothing in the instructions operated to limit the jury to a joint venture theory for these indictments.
The indictment specified that the occupants of the dwelling allegedly assaulted were Mullen, Grant, and Botelho. Again, there was no evidence that Rolon himself had struck either Mullen or Grant, and his assault on Botelho occurred outside the dwelling.
Weakness in the evidence of deliberate premeditation has similarly prompted this court to exercise its authority under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, and reduce convictions of murder in the first degree to murder in the second degree. See Commonwealth v. Lanoue, 392 Mass. 583, 591-592 (1984); Commonwealth v. Dalton, 385 Mass. 190, 196-197 (1982); Commonwealth v. King, 374 Mass. 501, 507-508 (1978); Commonwealth v. Cadwell, 374 Mass. 308, 316-318 (1978).
Where the weight of the evidence suggested that a defendant did not act with malice, this court has reduced murder verdicts to manslaughter under G. L. c. 278, § 33E. See Commonwealth v. Seit, 373 Mass. 83, 95 (1977) (weight of evidence was that killing occurred as result of excessive force in self-defense or on provocation and was therefore not murder); Commonwealth v. Mahnke, 368 Mass. 662, 701-702 (1975), cert. denied, 425 U.S. 959 (1976) (where death caused by victim’s head hitting curb after single blow from defendant, evidence was weak "with respect to any prong of malice); Commonwealth v. Kinney, 361 Mass. 709, 711-713 (1972) (defendant under attack by crowd at time he fired weapon); Commonwealth v. Ransom, 358 Mass. 580, 583 (1971) (evidence was that killing occurred during “heat of a sudden affray”); Commonwealth v. Baker, 346 Mass. 107, 119 (1963) (same).
Moreover, even if provocation were relevant to a charge of felony-murder, the weight of the evidence does not suggest that there was adequate provocation. While the earlier confrontation with Botelho, which included Botelho’s pointing a gun at Rolon, would ordinarily constitute adequate provocation, Rolon was apparently unafraid of Botelho’s weapon — he taunted Botelho to shoot, followed him up the hill with further taunts, and sought (unsuccessfully) to lure this ostensibly armed man out to fight. This evidence does not suggest fright, panic, or sudden impulsive conduct on Rolon’s part. Rolon’s reason for being upset at the earlier fight and at Botelho’s pulling a gun during that fight — namely, that it would bring police to the scene and interfere with Rolon’s ability to “make money” — would obviously not constitute adequate provocation. Then, the confrontation between Rolon and Botelho (which Rolon had sought to prolong, not to end) broke off when Botelho refused to come out and fight. Rolon withdrew for the purpose of joining up with a large number of armed young men, vastly outnumbering his intended victims, and deliberately ignored those who sought to convince him that Botelho’s departure from the scene should end the matter without further violence. Rolon’s “violent retaliation” occurred only after a lengthy opportunity — and after repeated advice — to “cool down.” See Commonwealth v. Andrade, 422 Mass. 236, 237 (1996), quoting Commonwealth v. Schnopps, 383 Mass. 178, 180 (1981), S.C., 390 Mass. 722 (1984) (killing must follow provocation “before sufficient time had elapsed for the accused’s temper to cool”); Commonwealth v. McLeod, 394 Mass. 727, 738, cert. denied sub nom. Aiello v. Massachusetts, 474 U.S. 919 (1985) (provocation evidence must show that reasonable person “would not have ‘cooled off by the time of the homicide”). In similar situations, where a defendant has left the scene of an earlier confrontation only to return later with a weapon in order to exact vengeance, we have repeatedly declined to grant relief under G. L. c. 278, § 33E. See Commonwealth v. Whipple, 377 Mass. 709, 715 (1979); Commonwealth v. Stillwell, 366 Mass. 1, 5-6 (1974), cert. denied sub nom. McAlister v. Massachusetts, 419 U.S. 1115 (1975), and cases cited.
Nor is there any issue of the predicate felony merging with the assault that caused the homicide, as there were multiple intended victims of the armed burglary. See Commonwealth v. Kilburn, ante 356, 358-359 (2003).
This court has reduced convictions of murder in the first degree predicated on felony-murder only where the evidence suggested that the felony intended by the defendant would not suffice for felony-murder in the first degree. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 364 Mass. 145, 146, 151-152 (1973) (evidence that defendant distracted victim while codefendant sought to remove money from victim’s pocket, with killing occurring suddenly when victim realized what defendants were doing, suggested that defendant intended “to steal surreptitiously, not by violence as in a robbery,” thus making conviction of felony-murder in first degree contrary to weight of evidence); Commonwealth v. Rego, 360 Mass. 385, 394-396 (1971) (evidence suggested breaking and entering to steal money from vending machines after hours when factory building would likely be vacant; murder of security guard occurring during that breaking and entering would be only murder in second degree; reduction of verdict of murder in first degree appropriate, especially where judge failed to give jury option of felony-murder in second degree). See also Commonwealth v. White, 353 Mass. 409, 424-425 (1967), cert. denied, 391 U.S. 968 (1968) (reducing verdict where theories of felony-murder in both first and second degrees submitted to jury without defining elements of predicate felonies for either degree of murder). This court’s power under G. L. c. 278, § 33E, has never been exercised to relieve a defendant of the consequences of participation in a felony that does qualify as the predicate for felony-murder in the first degree.
The record indicates that the evidence of other participants’ involvement — and even their identification — was sketchy. This may well explain why two defendants were acquitted of all charges, two were convicted of manslaughter, one was convicted of murder in the second degree (which the judge reduced to manslaughter), one pleaded guilty to manslaughter, and another pleaded guilty to a delinquency complaint of murder in the second degree. This court has considered inconsistent results as a factor in the decision to reduce a verdict where a more clearly culpable codefendant has been convicted of (or pleaded guilty to) a lesser offense. See Commonwealth v. Tavares, 385 Mass. 140, 158-159, cert. denied, 457 U.S. 1137 (1982); Commonwealth v. Vanderpool, 367 Mass. 743, 750 (1975). Rolon, however, was