State v. Randall J. SheperdState v. Randall J. Sheperd
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for reargument under
James A. Hughes, Franklin County State’s Attorney, St. Albans, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Matthew F. Valerio, Defender General, and Sarah Star, Appellate Defender, Montpelier, for Defendant-Appellant.
¶ 2. The trial court made the following findings of fact. In February 2015, an animal control officer responded to a complaint concerning dogs at defendant’s home. When the officer arrived, she heard barking coming from the house. Defendant’s daughter answered the door and told the officer that defendant was not home, and the officer offered to leave a bag of dog food at the house. The officer retrieved the bag of food from her car, and when she returned to the house a dog appeared from under a blanket on the porch. The temperature was thirty degrees below zero, the porch was not protected from the elements, and the officer saw no sign of dog food or water nearby. According to the officer, the dog appeared emaciated and too weak or cold to stand. She knocked on the door to tell the daughter that she should take the dog inside, but nobody answered. At that time, the officer saw two more dogs in the house and heard barking coming from inside.
¶ 3. The officer’s observations at defendant’s home and her concerns for the dogs prompted her to first contact the state’s attorney and the state police, and then to obtain a search warrant for the house.1 The warrant authorized the search for and seizure of two specific dogs, a male and female pit bull, as well as “any additional pit bull or pit bull mix dogs on the premises.” The warrant also included the sentence, “I would like to search inside and outside the home for any additional animals.”
¶ 4. The officer executed the warrant on February 5, 2015 at around 4:00 p.m. She was accompanied by her supervisor and state troopers, but not a veterinarian. A veterinarian had been contacted, but was unable to be present. When they arrived at defendant’s home, the temperature was below zero and the officer noticed that the dog she saw during her previous visit was still on the porch; this dog was eventually taken from the house during the search. Defendant answered the door, the officer presented him with the search warrant, and he allowed them inside.
¶ 5. Once in the kitchen, defendant locked one dog in the bathroom after explaining that the dog had a propensity to bite. There was another dog in a crate. One of the troopers reported that the crated dog was extremely thin, with its ribs and hips visible through its skin, and was in need of medical attention. The animal control officer removed these two dogs from the house. The officer found two more dogs upstairs and took them from the house. The troopers later reported that the house smelled strongly of dog feces and urine. The troopers asked defendant if he had any more dogs and defendant told them there were two more in the basement. The basement was only accessible from the outside and when the troopers went to look for the dogs there were no fresh footprints in the snow, indicating that defendant had not checked on the dogs since the snow stopped falling that morning. The troopers opened the door to discover an unlit, cold basement with a cement floor covered in dog feces and urine. The troopers found and removed two dogs from the basement, both of whom were skinny, malnourished, and had patches of fur missing.
¶ 6. Altogether, the animal control officer found and took seven dogs from defendant’s house during the search. The officer and troopers reported that all were thin, appeared unhealthy, and had fleas. They observed that several had patchy fur and visible ribs, backbones, and hips. The dogs were taken to another location where the director of a nearby animal rescue organization examined them further. The director reported that the dogs were emaciated and dehydrated, and their appearance showed that they were being deprived of food, water, and medical care. The dogs were given food, water, and blankets for the night. The next morning, they were examined by a veterinarian who later testified that almost all the dogs were underweight and had skin conditions, patchy fur, very long nails, and fleas.
¶ 7. The State filed a motion for forfeiture of the dogs on April 3, 2015, and defendant filed a motion to suppress on April 10. The trial court held a hearing on August 19, 2015 to address both motions but continued the matter after hearing from several witnesses because the court had another hearing scheduled at that time. The next hearing was not held until February 3, 2016, at which time the court continued the case again to provide the State with additional time to organize and prepare witnesses. On March 2, 2016, the
¶ 8. The court denied defendant’s motion to suppress. Defendant’s motion argued that the warrant was not supported by probable cause, that the warrant was overly broad, and that the execution of the warrant was improper because there was no veterinarian present. The court rejected defendant’s argument that the warrant was not supported by probable cause because defendant did not submit to the court any of the supporting evidence underlying the warrant request; thus, defendant failed to meet his burden in showing that the warrant was not supported by probable cause. The court concluded that the warrant was not impermissibly broad because it limited the search to pit bulls and pit bull mixes after the issuing court received reliable information establishing probable cause to believe some number of pit bulls in the home were being subjected to cruelty. Lastly, it determined that the execution of the warrant was not unreasonable because, although
¶ 9. The court granted the State’s forfeiture motion with respect to all but one of the dogs pursuant to
¶ 10. At the April 5 hearing on costs, the court received uncontested evidence that the Franklin County Humane Society, which housed the forfeited dogs from February 5, 2015 until the court’s March 30, 2016 forfeiture, spent $1270 for testing, medication, and veterinary treatment for the dogs. The Humane Society also sought daily charges of $20 per day per dog for boarding the animals during that period. Defendant argued that the daily charges for boarding sought by the Humane Society were not direct “costs incurred,” since they represented primarily overhead costs to the Humane Society. He also contended that he should not be responsible for all 415 days the dogs were housed because much of the delay in this case was caused by the court and the State.
¶ 11. In its written decision the next day, the court rejected both arguments. On the first, it reasoned that caring for animals requires more than just food and veterinarian bills. The Humane Society must pay their heating bill, staff salaries, and property taxes to keep the animals warm and cared for. Regarding the second argument, the court concluded that the statute required payment for all the reasonable costs incurred by a custodial caregiver and
¶ 12. On appeal, defendant challenges the court’s denial of his motion to suppress on three bases: (1) the warrant was unconstitutionally broad because it allowed for the search for and seizure of any animals found at defendant’s home; (2) execution of the warrant was unlawful because there was no veterinarian present; and (3) the trial court improperly placed the burden of proof on defendant with respect to his probable cause challenge. He also argues that the court failed to exercise its discretion in determining the reasonableness of the total costs of the dogs’ care. We consider each issue in turn.
¶ 13. When reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we review a trial court’s findings of fact under a clearly erroneous standard and its legal conclusions without deference. State v. Bryant, 2008 VT 39, ¶ 9, 183 Vt. 355, 950 A.2d 467. Here, defendant is challenging only the trial court’s legal conclusions so our review is plenary and nondeferential. Id.
I. Scope of the Warrant
¶ 14. We reject defendant’s argument that the warrant was unconstitutionally broad because it authorized the officers to search for and remove any animals, although the warrant only listed two specific pit bulls. Probable cause in this case supported the warrant’s full scope and the warrant’s language was sufficiently particular. We conclude on the record of this case that once the animal control officer established probable cause concerning the dog on the porch, she had probable cause to search for and seize all dogs at defendant’s home.
¶ 15. The United States and Vermont Constitutions require warrants to particularly describe the places to be searched and the things to be seized.
¶ 16. To be sufficiently particular, the scope of a warrant must not exceed the probable cause upon which it is based, United States v. Zimmerman, 277 F.3d 426, 432 (3d Cir. 2001), and it “must enable the executing officer[s] to ascertain and identify with reasonable certainty those items that the magistrate has authorized [them] to seize.” United States v. George, 975 F.2d 72, 75 (2d Cir. 1992). Warrants that authorize the police to search for evidence of any crime, without linking the evidence to a particular illegal activity for which there is probable cause, are unconstitutionally broad. See id. at 75-76 (holding warrant allowing search for “any other evidence relating to the commission of a crime” too broad because “[n]othing on the face of the warrant tells the searching officers for what crime the search is being undertaken”). On the other hand, the particularity requirement must be considered within the context of the surrounding circumstances; a warrant’s description “ ‘will be acceptable if it is as specific as the circumstances and nature of the activity under investigation permit.’ ” State v. Dorn, 145 Vt. 606, 619, 496 A.2d 451, 458 (1985) (quoting United States v. Wuagneux, 683 F.2d 1343, 1249 (11th Cir. 1982)),
¶ 17. Additional considerations come into play when a warrant calls for the search for and seizure of animals. This Court has recognized that nonhuman animals occupy a unique legal status in that they have traditionally been regarded as property but are nonetheless “different from other property.” Hament v. Baker, 2014 VT 39, ¶ 8, 196 Vt. 339, 97 A.3d 461. Accordingly, animals “generally do not fit neatly within traditional property law principles,” but instead “occup[y] a special place somewhere in between a person and piece of personal property.” Morgan v. Kroupa, 167 Vt. 99, 103, 702 A.2d 630, 633 (1997) (quotation omitted). Various laws limit peoples’ ownership rights over animals, requiring them to provide a minimum level of care to animals in their possession and prohibiting them from treating animals the same way they might treat true, nonsentient property. See, e.g.,
¶ 18. Other states have considered the role of animals’ special legal status in the context of searches and seizures. These cases establish that the treatment of animals is different from that of other types of property in this area of the law and that animal welfare is a factor we must consider when determining whether a search or seizure was lawful. For example, the Oregon Supreme Court in State v. Newcomb, 375 P.3d 434, 444-45 (Or. 2016) recently held that a warrant is not needed to draw and test the blood of a dog lawfully seized based on probable cause that the dog was neglected. The purpose of the blood test was to determine whether an unknown medical condition or starvation caused the dog’s malnourishment, and therefore to ensure that the dog received proper treatment. The defendant argued that the blood test was an unlawful search, as Oregon law requires the state to obtain a warrant before searching the interior of lawfully seized property, when the contents are not apparent from the property’s exterior. The court examined the animal’s legal status in depth and declined to view the dog as “an opaque inanimate container in which inanimate property or effects were being stored.” Id. at 442. Instead, the court reasoned that although a dog is legally considered personal property,
Oregon law simultaneously limits ownership and possessory rights in ways that it does not for inanimate property . . . . Live animals under Oregon law are subject to statutory welfare protections that ensure their basic minimum care, including veterinary treatment. The obligation to provide that minimum care falls on any person who has custody and control of a dog or other animal. A dog owner simply has no cognizable right, in the name of [his or] her privacy, to countermand that obligation.
Id. at 443. The court emphasized the importance of providing appropriate medical care to the dog, ultimately holding that “[a]n examination of the dog’s physical health and condition in that circumstance, pursuant to a medical judgment of what is appropriate for diagnosis and treatment, is not a form of government scrutiny that, under legal and social norms and conventions, invades a dog owner’s protected privacy rights.” Id.
¶ 20. The warrant in this case allowed the animal control officer to search for and seize two particular pit bulls and “any additional pit bull or put bull mix dogs.”4 The officer, who had held that position for two years and had fifteen years of prior experience as a veterinary technician, observed one pit bull on defendant’s porch during an exceptionally cold day. The dog appeared emaciated and unable to stand, and there was no food or water in sight. She also saw two dogs inside the home and heard barking coming from additional, unseen dogs inside, providing evidence that the apparently neglected dog on the porch was only one of several dogs at defendant’s home.5 The exceptionally neglected condition of the dog on the porch reasonably supported a probable cause finding to support a search for and seizure of not only that dog, but also the others reasonably believed to be at the home. See Schulz v. Gendregske, 544 F. App’x 620, 624 (6th Cir. 2013) (concluding, in § 1983 suit, that observing some mistreated animals in poor conditions is sufficient for officer to “reasonably believe [defendants] were likely mistreating all the animals in their care” because “common sense suggests” that evidence of mistreatment of some animals suggests owners are likely mistreating all their animals); cf. E.J.R. v. Young, 162 Vt. 219, 224, 646 A.2d 1284, 1287 (1994) (holding that in some cases evidence of a pattern of abuse or neglect as to one sibling can support finding that another is at risk of abuse or neglect). On these facts, it was not necessary for the warrant to limit the search to a particular dog breed, although, as noted above, the seized dogs all fit within the breed specified in the warrant.
¶ 21. Given this context, the language was sufficiently particular. The warrant was far from those found unconstitutional because they allow the unfettered search for evidence of unknown crimes. See, e.g., Cassady v. Goering, 567 F.3d 628, 635 (10th Cir. 2009) (holding warrant allowing search for “all other evidence of criminal activity” unconstitutionally broad because it “did not confine the scope of the search to any particular crime”); United States v. Stefonek, 179 F.3d 1030, 1032 (7th Cir. 1999) (holding warrant allowing search for “evidence of crime” unconstitutionally broad). On the contrary, this warrant authorized the search and seizure of pit bulls and pit bull mixes, and was “no broader than the probable cause on which it [was] based.” Zimmerman, 277 F.3d at 432 (quotation omitted). It did not allow an unconstitutional “general, exploratory rummaging” of defendant’s belongings. Dorn, 145 Vt. at 621, 496 A.2d at 459 (quotation omitted).6 For these reasons, we conclude that the warrant in this case was not unconstitutionally broad.
II. Execution of the Warrant Without a Veterinarian
¶ 22. We conclude that suppression is not the appropriate remedy for the animal control officer’s failure to include a veterinarian in the execution of the warrant, as required by
¶ 23. Evidence obtained in violation of certain state statutes may be suppressed at trial. State v. Gilman, 173 Vt. 110, 115, 787 A.2d 1238, 1243 (2001). We have held that suppression may be appropriate even when a statute does not explicitly call for this remedy. Id. at 115, 787 A.2d at 1242. The purpose of our state exclusionary rule is to discourage official misconduct, protect individual rights, and preserve the integrity of the judicial process. State v. Oakes, 157 Vt. 171, 173-74, 598 A.2d 119, 121 (1991).
¶ 24. Whether suppression is the appropriate response to the violation of a statutory requirement is a question of legislative intent. See Gilman, 173 Vt. at 117, 787 A.2d at 1244 (holding that suppression was appropriate when “[n]oncompliance with the statute produced exactly the situation the Legislature sought to avoid”); State v. Bean, 163 Vt. 457, 465, 658 A.2d 940, 946 (1995) (holding that suppression was appropriate when “the consequences of the violation are exactly what the rule was intended to prevent.”). Other states likewise look to legislative intent to determine the proper remedy for statutory violations. See People v. Sobczak-Obetts, 625 N.W.2d 764, 768 (Mich. 2001); State v. Smith, 908 A.2d 786, 788 (N.H. 2006); State v. Popenhagen, 2008 WI 55, ¶ 68, 749 N.W.2d 611.
¶ 25. In contrast to the statutes at issue in the above-cited Vermont cases, the statute outlining the process for executing a search warrant does not evince a legislative intent that failure to have a veterinarian at the execution of the warrant should result in suppression. Defendant argues that the purpose of the veterinarian requirement is to protect the privacy interests of those suspected of animal cruelty. Defendant’s theory seems to be that the veterinarian can step in and prevent seizure of an animal in the veterinarian’s discretion. However, a closer reading of the statute suggests otherwise. As
¶ 26. In addition, another provision in the statute,
¶ 27. Therefore, noncompliance with the veterinarian requirement of
III. Burden at the Suppression Hearing
¶ 28. Next, we conclude that the trial court was correct in placing the burden of proof on defendant during the suppression hearing. Before the trial court, defendant contended that the search warrant was not supported by probable cause. However, defendant supplied the court only with the warrant itself and did not offer into evidence the affidavit or any supporting documents on which the warrant was based. The court concluded that the burden of proof was on defendant during the suppression hearing, and that defendant failed to carry that burden. Defendant argues that the trial court erred in placing the burden on him.
¶ 30. Additionally, other courts have generally accepted that the defendant bears the burden of proving that a warrant is not supported by probable cause. See United States v. Esser, 451 F.3d 1109, 1112 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Generally, the defendant has the burden of showing a constitutional infirmity if a search or seizure was carried out pursuant to a warrant”); United States v. Rodriguez-Suazo, 346 F.3d 637, 643 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding that, when defendant challenges probable cause determination, “[i]t is well settled that in seeking suppression of evidence the burden of proof is upon the defendant to display a violation of some constitutional or statutory right” (quotation omitted)); United States v. Richardson, 943 F.2d 547, 548 (5th Cir. 1991) (“The defendant challenging a search must show the warrant to be invalid by a preponderance of the evidence”).
¶ 31. The reasoning behind these decisions is sound. When the police conduct a search pursuant to a warrant, “an independent determination on the issue of probable cause has already been made by a magistrate, thereby giving rise to a presumption of legality.” 3 W. LaFave, et al., Criminal Procedure § 10.3(b) (4th ed. 2016) (quotation omitted). As the proponent of the motion, defendant must rebut this presumption.
¶ 32. Therefore, we conclude that defendants do bear the burden of proof when arguing that evidence should be suppressed because a warrant was not supported by probable cause. Defendant argues that the court wrongly “shifted” the burden to him because it did not inform him that it did not have the warrant’s supporting documents. Even if defendant was under the impression that the court possessed the necessary documents, the burden was always on him to ensure that that belief was accurate. Defendant did not even satisfy his burden of production, let alone his burden of proof.
IV. Reasonableness of the Repayment Order
¶ 33. Finally, we conclude that the trial court erroneously failed to exercise its discretion when it held that it could not consider the length and reason for substantial delays in the forfeiture case in imposing on defendant the cost of caring for the dogs pursuant to
¶ 34. We review questions of statutory interpretation without deference. See Wright v. Bradley, 2006 VT 100, ¶ 6, 180 Vt. 383, 910 A.2d 893. If the language of a statute is clear, we “apply the statute in accordance with its plain meaning.” Id.
¶ 35. The statute at issue provides that, “if an order of forfeiture is entered against an owner under this section, the defendant or owner shall be required to repay all reasonable costs incurred by the custodial caregiver for caring for the animal, including veterinary expenses.”
The trial court’s order as to defendant’s motion to suppress is affirmed. The trial court’s order as to the costs for the care of defendant’s forfeited animals is vacated and remanded for reconsideration consistent with the above.
FOR THE COURT:
Associate Justice