STATE OF OHIO v. CHADWICK PATTERSON
Case No. 2017CA00022
COURT OF APPEALS STARK COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
December 11, 2017
2017-Ohio-8970
Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J.; Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.; Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2016CR1713; JUDGMENT: Reversed and Remanded
For Plaintiff-Appellee
JOHN D. FERRERO, Prosecuting Attorney, Stark County, Ohio
By: KRISTINE W. BEARD Assistant Prosecuting Attorney 110 Central Plaza, South – Suite 510 Canton, Ohio 44702
For Defendant-Appellant
GEORGE URBAN 116 Cleveland Avenue NW, Suite 808 Canton, Ohio 44702
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Chadwick Patterson appeals the judgment entered by the Stark County Common Pleas Court convicting him of one count of rape (
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} On August 29, 2016, Appellant met K.L. at the SARTA bus stop in Canton. Although K.L. lived in a group home in Massillon, she was in Canton spending time with her boyfriend, an acquaintance of Appellant. Appellant gave K.L. a cigarette and talked with the couple.
{¶3} K.L. spent the remainder of the day at her boyfriend‘s mother‘s home. In the evening, she was waiting for a bus in front of the Save-a-Lot store on Tuscarawas Street. Appellant crossed the street to talk to her. She thought he was cute, and he told her he was going to be her boyfriend. Appellant told K.L. he knew a shortcut to the SARTA bus.
{¶4} K.L. followed Appellant into Dueber Park, formerly known as Mother Gooseland. They walked inside the blue whale, a structure left on the site from when the park was known as Mother Gooseland. Inside the whale, Appellant forced K.L. to perform
{¶5} K.L. followed Appellant out of the park to Tuscarawas Street, where she flagged someone down. She told the man she had been raped, and asked him to call 911.
{¶6} While driving down Tuscarawas Street in response to the call, Sgt. Joshua Coates of the Canton Police Department was flagged down by K.L. and the man who helped her call the police. K.L. told Sgt. Coates she met a man who was showing her a shortcut to the bus stop. She stated the man forced her to perform oral sex on him, then vaginally raped her. She described the man as 5‘6” tall, about 160 pounds, with a goatee. She told police the suspect wore shorts with a red or green stripe, and an ankle monitor.
{¶7} An ambulance transported K.L. to Mercy Hospital. A rape kit was performed, and the DNA profile from the vaginal swabs in the rape kit was a mixture consistent with contributions from K.L. and Appellant.
{¶8} Det. Michael Walker was assigned to investigate the case. During law enforcement roll call on August 30, 2016, Officer Amber Walters of the Adult Parole Authority was present. Because the suspect was reportedly wearing an ankle monitor, she contacted the monitoring agency and identified two individuals in the area of Mother Gooseland at approximately 8:00 p.m. on August 29, 2016. One of the individuals was a black male, and the other was Appellant. Because K.L. described her attacker as a white male, Det. Walker focused on Appellant as a possible suspect. After interviewing K.L. at the group home, Det. Walker believed her description of her attacker matched Appellant.
{¶9} Det. Walker obtained a search warrant for Appellant‘s residence, where he located the clothing described by K.L. Det. Guthrie administered a photo lineup, during which K.L. identified Appellant.
{¶10} Appellant was indicted by the Stark County Grand Jury with one count of rape in violation of
{¶11} Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence he was on post-release control at the time of the alleged incident. The State filed a motion to admit other acts evidence at trial, specifically the facts of a 2007 case in which Appellant was convicted of rape, attempted rape, and gross sexual imposition. After a hearing, the court granted Appellant‘s motion in part, holding the State could present evidence Appellant was subject to monitoring equipment at the time of the offense which led to his identification, but could not reference the specific charge. However, the court granted the State‘s motion as to specific evidence of other acts:
Having said that, I understand the prejudicial nature, but given the defense and given the, the issue of consent or non-consent the Court finds that there is a blueprint. The case would – major case that dealt with this type of thing was State versus McKnight, and the Court – in that case they
talk about a – basically the fingerprint that – almost that it‘s close to being identical when you‘re talking about August, 40-ish, white women, Sarta, evening, involving – happening at the location, the alleged force used in both cases, the differences being very small compared to the things that are in common as a result of which the Court is going to allow it with the limiting instruction. Motion Tr. 13-14.
{¶12} The case proceeded to jury trial on the charges of rape and kidnapping, with the repeat violent offender and sexually violent predator specifications tried to the court.
{¶13} At trial, Victoria Patrick, a former SANE (sexual assault nurse examiner) nurse at Mercy Medical Center, testified on August 22, 2007, she treated a woman named S.F., a forty-seven year old white female, in the emergency room. S.F. told Patrick she was standing at a bus stop in Massillon, and she was sexually assaulted. Det. Bobby Grizzard, a former detective with the Massillon Police Department, testified he was assigned to investigate the assault of S.F. in 2007. He testified Appellant initially admitted asking S.F. for sex, and then engaging in a “conflict” with her in which he struck her. He eventually admitted the sexual assault, telling Grizzard he wanted to go to jail where he would have no worries. The trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction to only consider the evidence of the 2007 sexual assault as it relates to the “modus operandi” of Appellant, and not to demonstrate the character of Appellant or that he acted in conformity with such character in the instant case.
{¶14} Appellant testified at trial. Appellant stated he met K.L. and her boyfriend, who he had known about three months, at the SARTA station. He was unaware they
{¶15} The jury found Appellant guilty on all counts. The Court found Appellant guilty on the specifications. For purposes of sentencing, the court merged the kidnapping by force charge with the charge of rape. The court found the other kidnapping count constituted a separate act and animus, whereby Appellant moved K.L. to Mother Gooseland by deception. Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of imprisonment of forty-one years, and found to be a Tier III sex offender.
{¶16} Appellant prosecutes his appeal from the judgment of conviction and sentence entered by the court on February 2, 2017, assigning as error:
“I. APPELLANT‘S CONVICTIONS WERE AGAINST THE SUFFICIENCY AND/OR MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.
“II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT MERGING COUNT ONE WITH COUNTS TWO AND THREE FOR SENTENCING PURPOSES.
“III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY PERMITTING THE STATE TO INTRODUCE EVIDENCE REGARDING THE FACTS OF APPELLANT‘S PRIOR RAPE CONVICTION AND EVIDENCE REGARDING APPELLANT‘S POST-RELEASE CONTROL STATUS.”
{¶17} We address Appellant‘s third assignment of error first, as it is dispositive of the majority of the remaining issues in his appeal.
{¶18} Appellant argues the court erred in admitting evidence he previously committed a sexual assault on S.F. 2 The State argues the evidence was admissible as proof of a scheme, plan, or system, as the evidence demonstrates how appellant goes about raping women.
{¶19} Over objection, Victoria Patrick, a former SANE (sexual assault nurse examiner) nurse at Mercy Medical Center testified on August 22, 2007, she treated a woman named S.F., a forty-seven year old white female, in the emergency room. S.F. told Patrick she was standing at a bus stop in Massillon, and she was sexually assaulted. Det. Bobby Grizzard, a former detective with the Massillon Police Department, testified he was assigned to investigate the assault of S.F. in 2007. He testified Appellant initially admitted asking S.F. for sex, and then engaging in a “conflict” with her in which he struck her. He eventually admitted the sexual assault, telling Grizzard he wanted to go to jail where he would have no worries. The trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction to only consider the evidence of the 2007 assault as it relates to the modus operandi of Appellant, and not to demonstrate the character of Appellant or that he acted in conformity with such character in the instant case.
{¶20} Evid. R. 404(B) provides:
(B) Other crimes, wrongs or acts. Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.
{¶21}
In any criminal case in which the defendant‘s motive or intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant‘s scheme, plan, or system in doing an act is material, any acts of the defendant which tend to show his motive or intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant‘s scheme, plan, or system in doing the act in question may be proved, whether they are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto, notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another crime by the defendant.
{¶22} “Because
{¶23} The Ohio Supreme Court has set forth a three-part test for determining the admissibility of other acts evidence:
The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Evid.R 403. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, ¶ 20 (2012).
{¶24} The trial court‘s admission of other acts evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528. In order to find an abuse of discretion, we must find the trial court‘s decision was arbitrary, unconscionable, or unreasonable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
{¶26} Generally, other acts evidence demonstrating a modus operandi, scheme, plan or system evincing a “behavioral fingerprint” is limited to the purpose of establishing the perpetrator‘s identity. State v. Pruitt, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2009 CA 00082, 2009-Ohio-6119, ¶ 20. The Ohio Supreme Court explained modus operandi evidence in State v. Lowe, 69 Ohio St. 3d 527, 531, 1994-Ohio-345, 634 N.E. 2d 616:
A certain modus operandi is admissible not because it labels a defendant as a criminal, but because it provides a behavioral fingerprint which, when compared to the behavioral fingerprints associated with the crime in question, can be used to identify the defendant as the perpetrator. Other-acts evidence is admissible to prove identity through the characteristics of acts rather than through a person‘s character. To be admissible to prove identity through a certain modus operandi, other-acts evidence must be related to and share common features with the crime in question.
{¶28} The Eighth District applied Williams in a case involving admission of a prior delinquency adjudication in which the State argued, similar to the instant case, the other acts evidence “proved that he had a specific method of how he rapes young women.” In re C.T., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97278, 2013-Ohio-2458, 991 N.E.2d 1171, ¶ 23. In distinguishing Williams, the Court of Appeals for the Eighth District held:
Second, the state claims the two cases show similar modus operandi, or behavioral fingerprint, on the part of C.T., in that in both cases he found an opportunity to be alone with a young female, and forcibly engaged in oral sex and digital penetration of the girl. The state argues this shows C.T. had a specific method of raping young women, and this modus
operandi demonstrates a pattern of conduct that is excepted in Evid.R. 404(B). In sharp contrast to Williams, C.T.‘s conduct in both incidents hardly constituted a unique behavioral footprint. Finding an opportunity to be alone with another is a necessary part of engaging in sexual conduct, whether lawfully or not. As to the allegation of engaging in unconsented oral sex and digital penetration, this is conduct that goes to an element of the rape offense itself, not a “scheme,” “plan,” or “method.” In addition, in Williams, the defendant spent an extended period of time grooming the victim for the eventual purpose of sexual gratification. Here the entire incident involving two teen-aged schoolmates occurred, seemingly spontaneously, during the time span of one evening in a jointly arranged encounter. They were acquaintances of similar age. Unlike Williams, there is no evidence here demonstrating a unique behavioral footprint, and therefore, the previous adjudication of delinquency is not relevant to making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of whether C.T. engaged in sexual conduct with K.W. without consent. Id. at ¶ 32-33.
{¶29} In addressing the second part of the Williams test, the court concluded, “Essentially, the state asked the trial court to infer a lack of consent through the consideration of the prior case, where C.T. was found to engage in unconsented sexual conduct,” which is exactly what the rule prohibits. Id. at ¶ 34. Finally the Eighth District
{¶30} In the instant case, evidence of the 2007 assault on S.F. did not establish a unique behavioral footprint. While Appellant encountered both women in the month of August waiting at a bus stop and they were similar in age4 and race, the similarities end there. We find more material dissimilarities between the two encounters than similarities. The case of S.F. involved Appellant physical forcing her from the bus stop in Massillon and violence between the two of them, while in the instant case the State alleged he led K.L. away from a Canton bus stop by deception. The case of S.F. was more violent than the instant case, and involved only digital penetration. The attack on S.F. occurred after dark, where the incident with K.L. occurred during daylight hours. While Appellant appears to have been a stranger to S.F., he had been previously introduced to K.L. by her boyfriend thereby establishing an obvious link to his identity. Significantly, there is no suggestion in the record S.F. was impaired due to a mental condition, as was the allegation in the instant case pursuant to
{¶31} Turning to the second prong of the Williams test, we find the admission of the evidence invited the jury to infer a lack of consent through the fact Appellant admittedly had engaged in sexual conduct without consent in the 2007 case. Because consent was the only issue at trial, admission of evidence concerning Appellant‘s assault of S.F. invited the jury to conclude because the last woman Appellant met at a bus stop did not consent to sex, K.L. also did not consent to sex. Because consent was the only issue, evidence of S.F.‘s lack of consent was relevant to an issue in the instant case only to demonstrate Appellant acted in conformity with his past behavior.
{¶32} The difficulty in separating the use of the prior incident for legitimate purpose, rather than as evidence of Appellant‘s propensity to act in a certain manner, is demonstrated by the State‘s argument in the motion hearing:
And I know it‘s prejudicial, but it goes to show that, especially because he‘s alleging consent, that this is not in any way, shape or form a consensual encounter. That he—he‘s violent, that he is forceful, that he is aggressive, and that there is no mistake regarding consent versus brutality. Motion Tr. 10-11.
{¶33} In this statement to the trial court, the State argued the evidence of the past assault is admissible because it shows Appellant acted in conformity with his violent,
{¶34} Finally, we turn to the third prong of Williams, whether the probative value of the evidence was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. As in C.T., supra, this case presented the classic “he said she said,” with the case hinging on credibility. The court gave the following instruction after the testimony of Victoria Patrick:
Ah, anything relating to an incident in 2007 is not to be considered for purposes of judging the character of this defendant or that he acted in conformity with that character on all times relevant for this case.
To the extent that testimony is, ah, offered, it‘s offered for limited purposes of any modus operandi on the part of this defendant, ah, and for no other purpose.
Tr. 326.
{¶35} The court gave a substantially similar instruction after the testimony of Det. Bobby Grizzard (Tr. 334-335). However, we find the limiting instruction insufficient to cure the prejudicial effect. As discussed earlier, the evidence in the instant case was not proper modus operandi evidence, as the 2007 case involving S.F. did not establish a behavioral fingerprint on the part of Appellant, and thus was of little to no probative value.
{¶36} Further, the danger the jury will convict the defendant solely because it assumes he or she has a propensity to commit criminal acts, or deserves punishment regardless of whether he or she committed the crime charged in the indictment, is particularly high when the other acts are of an inflammatory nature, as is true in this case involving a prior attack on a random victim at a bus stop, and the instant allegations of an attack on a woman alleged to suffer from diminished mental capacity. See State v. Miley, 5th Dist. Richland Nos. 2005-CA-67 and 2006-CA-14, 2006-Ohio-4670, ¶ 58, citing State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 60, 1992–Ohio–31, 600 N.E.2d 661, 669. In the instant case, we find the danger of unfair prejudice outweighed the probative value of the evidence.
{¶37} Based on the three-prong test set forth by the Ohio Supreme Court in Williams, supra, we find the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of the 2007 sexual assault on S.F.
{¶38} Error in admitting other acts evidence may be deemed harmless where there is overwhelming evidence of guilt. State v. Thomas, Slip Opinion No. 2017-Ohio-8011, ¶ 39. In the instant case, there was not overwhelming evidence of guilt. The case turned solely on a determination of credibility, and there is a substantial danger the evidence of the past sexual assault on S.F. tipped the scale toward conviction.
{¶39} The third assignment of error is sustained.
I.
{¶40} In his first assignment of error, Appellant argues his convictions are against the manifest weight and sufficiency of the evidence.
{¶41} Based on our disposition of the third assignment of error, Appellant‘s conviction is reversed and the case is remanded for new trial. However, this assignment
{¶42} An appellate court‘s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is to determine whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492, paragraph two of the syllabus (1991).
{¶43} Appellant was charged with one count of rape in violation of
(A)(1) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living separate and apart from the offender, when any of the following applies:
(c) The other person‘s ability to resist or consent is substantially impaired because of a mental or physical condition or because of advanced age, and the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that the other person‘s ability to resist or consent is substantially impaired because of a mental or physical condition or because of advanced age.
(2) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender purposely compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.
{¶44} Appellant first argues the State failed to prove K.L. was substantially impaired because of a mental condition. He argued she lived independently at the time of trial, and had never engaged in services from MRDD. He argued she demonstrated an ability to resist as by her own testimony she told Appellant to stop, and she knew what he did to her was called “rape.”
{¶45} Substantial impairment is established by demonstrating a present reduction, diminution or decrease in the victim‘s ability to either appraise the nature of his conduct or to control his conduct. State v. Zeh, 31 Ohio St.3d 99, 103-104, 509 N.E.2d 414. “This is distinguishable from a general deficit in ability to cope, which condition might be inferred from or evidenced by a general intelligence or I.Q. report.” Id. at 104. “‘Substantial impairment’ need not be proven by expert medical testimony; it may be proven by the testimony of persons who have had some interaction with the victim and by permitting the trier of fact to obtain its own assessment of the victim‘s ability to either appraise or control her conduct.” State v. Brady, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87854, 2007-Ohio-1453, ¶ 78.
{¶47} K.L. testified she was mentally ill, and she did not know “distance” because she was mentally retarded. She testified she was not involved with MRDD, but had been diagnosed as bipolar. She testified she was on disability, and a payee center handles her bills. Further, the jury had the opportunity to view K.L. on the witness stand and determine whether she was substantially impaired. From the transcript of her testimony, it is apparent she was not always capable of following questioning and answering appropriately. For example, when asked who her caseworkers are to her, she responded, “He raped me.” Tr. 238. The finding she was substantially impaired is supported by sufficient evidence.
{¶48} Appellant also argues there is insufficient evidence he had reasonable cause to believe she was substantially impaired. Jason Smith, Appellant‘s cellmate at the Stark County Jail, testified Appellant told him the victim was “retarded,” and told him she was “like MRDD retarded.” Tr. 383. This is sufficient evidence if believed by the jury to support a finding Appellant had reasonable cause to believe K.L. was substantially impaired.
{¶49} Appellant also argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he compelled her to submit by force or threat of force.
{¶51} Appellant was convicted of two counts of kidnapping in violation of
(A) No person, by force, threat, or deception, or, in the case of a victim under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by any means, shall remove another from the place where the other person is found or restrain the liberty of the other person, for any of the following purposes:
(4) To engage in sexual activity, as defined in section
2907.01 of the Revised Code, with the victim against the victim‘s will;(B) No person, by force, threat, or deception, or, in the case of a victim under the age of thirteen or mentally incompetent, by any means, shall knowingly do any of the following, under circumstances that create a substantial risk of serious physical harm to the victim or, in the case of a minor victim, under circumstances that either create a substantial risk of serious physical harm to the victim or cause physical harm to the victim:
(2) Restrain another of the other person‘s liberty.
{¶53} Once inside the whale, K.L. testified that Appellant made her perform fellatio, and she told him to stop. She testified he hit her in the head and demanded she get on all fours, at which point he vaginally raped her. Her testimony was sufficient evidence to support the finding Appellant violated
{¶54} The first assignment of error is rendered moot by our disposition of assignment of error three as to Appellant‘s claim the judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence. The assignment of error is overruled as to his claim the judgment was not supported by sufficient evidence.
II.
{¶55} The second assignment of error is rendered moot by our disposition of assignment of error three.
By: Hoffman, J.
Wise, Earle, J. concurs,
Delaney, P.J. dissents
{¶57} I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion in regards to the disposition of Appellant‘s third assignment of error.
{¶58} I disagree with the majority‘s conclusion the evidence of the 2007 incident was not proper modus operandi evidence, particularly under an abuse of discretion standard. There were certainly enough similarities between the 2007 and the 2016 incident to establish a behavioral fingerprint on the part of Appellant (approaching woman standing alone at the bus stop, the similar age and race of the victims, same time of year, outdoor sexual activity). It also showed Appellant‘s plan or motive in obtaining sexual gratification from women he meets at bus stops, and the opportunity he finds in locating them at the bus stop and then isolating them. Likewise, the evidence was probative of the Appellant‘s claim that the encounter between him and K.L. was consensual.
{¶59} Moreover, the trial court twice provided the jury with cautionary instructions on the 2007 incident. In view of these instructions and the probative value of the testimony of the 2007 incident, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this “other acts” evidence.
{¶60} I would overrule the third assignment of error and then address the remaining assignments of error in total.