State v. LeggState v. Legg
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Chief Justice PLEICONES.
Appellant was convicted of lewd act on a minor. He was sentenced to twelve years’ imprisonment, ordered to be placed on the sex offender registry, and subjected to GPS monitoring. Appellant argued at trial and before this Court that
ISSUE
Is section 17-23-175 (2014), unconstitutional in that it arbitrarily allows an alleged victim‘s testimony to be presented twice, depriving a defendant of his Due Process right to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment?
ANALYSIS
Appellant contends section 17-23-175 offends Due Process because it arbitrarily allows an alleged victim‘s “testimony”
Section 17-23-175 provides, in pertinent part:
(A) In a general sessions court proceeding or a delinquency proceeding in family court, an out-of-court statement of a child is admissible if:
(1) the statement was given in response to questioning conducted during an investigative interview of the child;
(2) an audio and visual recording of the statement is preserved on film, videotape, or other electronic means, except as provided in subsection (F);
(3) the child testifies at the proceeding and is subject to cross-examination on the elements of the offense and the making of the out-of-court statement; and
(4) the court finds, in a hearing conducted outside the presence of the jury, that the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of the statement provides particularized guarantees of trustworthiness.
(B) In determining whether a statement possesses particularized guarantees of trustworthiness, the court may consider, but is not limited to, the following factors:
(1) whether the statement was elicited by leading questions;
(2) whether the interviewer has been trained in conducting investigative interviews of children;
(3) whether the statement represents a detailed account of the alleged offense;
(4) whether the statement has internal coherence; and (5) sworn testimony of any participant which may be determined as necessary by the court.
(C) For purposes of this section, a child is:
(1) a person who is under the age of twelve years at the time of the making of the statement or who functions cognitively, adaptively, or developmentally under the age of twelve at the time of making the statement; and....
Although not posited in these precise terms, appellant brings a facial challenge to section 17-23-175 under procedural Due Process.
Due Process is not a technical concept with fixed parameters unrelated to time, place, and circumstances; rather, it is a flexible concept that calls for such procedural protections as the situation demands. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976) (citation omitted). Procedural Due Process contemplates a fair hearing before a legally constituted impartial tribunal. Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 337, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986) (“[A] guarantee of fair procedure, sometimes referred to as ‘procedural due process‘: the State may not execute, imprison, or fine a defendant without giving him a fair trial” (footnoted citation omitted)); Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 500, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 63 L.Ed.2d 552 (1980); State v. Houey, 375 S.C. 106, 113, 651 S.E.2d 314, 318 (2007).
A facial challenge is an attack on a statute itself as opposed to a particular application. City of Los Angeles, Calif. v. Patel, — U.S. —, 135 S.Ct. 2443, 2449, 192 L.Ed.2d 435 (2015). When a party challenges a statute arguing it can never be applied constitutionally, the party is bringing a facial challenge. Id. at 2450 (citing United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987)); Black‘s Law Dictionary 261 (9th ed.2009) (defining facial challenge as “[a] claim that a statute is unconstitutional on its face—that is, that it always operates unconstitutionally.“). A facial challenge is “the most difficult ... to mount successfully,” as it requires the challenger show the legislation
Because we find appellant‘s challenge fails to meet the Salerno standard, we find section 17-23-175 is not facially unconstitutional as a violation of procedural Due Process. In making this decision, we find persuasive the rationale articulated by the Texas Criminal Court of Appeals in Briggs v. State, 789 S.W.2d 918 (Tex.Crim.App.1990) (en banc). Relying on Salerno, the Briggs court overturned its prior holding that the statute allowing at trial both live testimony of an alleged child sexual abuse victim, and the videotaped forensic interview, unfairly permitted the State to present its case in chief twice thereby violating Due Process. Id. (overruling Long v. State, 742 S.W.2d 302 (Tex.Crim.App.1987) (en banc)). The Briggs court first established that duplication of the state‘s evidence did not ipso facto render a trial fundamentally unfair. Id. at 922. The Briggs court noted that the State could choose
We agree with the Texas court‘s finding that there would be no grounds for a Due Process duplication of testimony argument if the State only questioned the minor as to the creation of the videotape prior to its publication to the jury and cross-examination. Therefore, we find the statute can be applied constitutionally and appellant‘s facial challenge is without merit. See Salerno, 481 U.S. at 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095 (“A facial challenge to a legislative Act is, of course, the most difficult challenge to mount successfully, since the challenger must establish that no set of circumstances exists under which the Act would be valid” (emphasis supplied)). Moreover, we find it notable that in the instant case, appellant extensively cross-examined the minor as to prior inconsistent statements given during the videotaped interview, and during closing statements, argued those inconsistencies damaged the minor‘s credibility.5 We find appellant‘s utilization of the prior inconsistent
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial judge‘s ruling, and hold section 17-23-175 is not facially unconstitutional as a violation of procedural Due Process.
BEATTY, KITTREDGE, HEARN, JJ., and Acting Justice ALISON RENEE LEE, concur.
Notes
Appellant cross-examined the minor regarding: discrepancies between the sequence of abuse she provided on direct examination versus the video interview; ambiguous responses she gave during the videotaped interview; why she continued to return to appellant‘s home if he were abusing her; why she delayed disclosing the abuse; the circumstances surrounding her disclosure, and whether she was really just upset because appellant had told her to “shut the F up“; whether some of her recollections mentioned in the interview were in fact based on a movie; whether games mentioned during the interview were actually played with her uncle as opposed to being played with appellant; and whether she had been coached or discouraged from using certain words while testifying at trial. As to discrepancies between her statements during the videotaped interview and her trial testimony, the minor stated she was “a little bit confused today.”
During closing argument, appellant relied on the videotaped interview to argue the minor‘s conduct of repeatedly returning to appellant‘s home on her own volition was inconsistent with her allegations, stating, “If you want to, that video is available to look at if you don‘t believe or trust me.” Appellant further referenced the videotape when pointing out that the minor‘s testimony at trial regarding which instance of abuse was most traumatic, was an event the victim did not mention in the videotape until almost the conclusion of the interview, long after discussing numerous other instances of inappropriate touching. Finally, appellant challenged the minor‘s demeanor during the interview, stating, “You look at that video and I would submit to you that child was happier then than she is now, and if she were traumatized, it would have shown on that video.”