GUSTAVO NARANJO et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. SPECTRUM SECURITY SERVICES, INC., Defendant and Appellant.
B256232
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION FOUR
Filed 10/10/19
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC372146)
THE COURT:
The opinion filed in the above-entitled matter on September 26, 2019, is ordered MODIFIED as follows:
On page 42, the first three sentences of the second paragraph of Part IV.A are deleted and replaced with the following:
At all times relevant to this action, Spectrum“s written policies did not authorize off-duty rest breaks. Pre-Memorandum 33, Spectrum“s SOP and SOPP advised, “This job does not allow for breaks other than using the hallway bathrooms for a few minutes.” Memorandum 33 stated, “rest periods are provided “On-Duty.“”
This modification does not change the judgment.
WILLHITE, Acting P. J., CURREY, J., DUNNING, J.*
* Retired judge of the Orange Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
GUSTAVO NARANJO et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v. SPECTRUM SECURITY SERVICES, INC., Defendant and Appellant.
B256232
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION FOUR
Filed 9/26/19
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. BC372146)
APPEAL and cross-appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, John A. Kronstadt and Barbara M. Scheper, Judges. Affirmed in part and reversed in part with directions.
Marsili Rapp, Howard Z. Rosen, Brianna M. Primozic and Jason C. Marsili for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Carothers DiSante & Freudenberger, Dave Carothers and Steven A. Micheli for Defendant and Appellant.
Named plaintiff and class representative Gustavo Naranjo and a certified class of former and current employees took their lawsuit against defendant Spectrum Security Services, Inc. (Spectrum) to trial. They alleged
We hold: (1) at-will, on-call, hourly, nonexempt employees who аre paid for on-duty meal periods are also entitled to premium wages if the employer does not have a written agreement that includes an on-duty meal period revocation clause (
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Spectrum contracts exclusively with federal agencies. Its officers take temporary custody of federal prisoners and ICE (Immigration and
Spectrum“s officers are at-will, on-call, hourly, nonexempt employees. Spectrum“s company policy has always required on-duty meal periods, for which the employees are paid at their regular rate. Althоugh Spectrum typically assigns two officers or an officer and supervisor to each post, Spectrum officers cannot leave the room or building where their post is located. On occasion, they can coordinate with other Spectrum officers and go nearby to eat or pick up food for themselves and colleagues, but they must remain on-call and within radio range.
For the relevant time period before October 1, 2007, Spectrum had two different employee manuals. The first was the Standing Operational Procedures (SOP) manual. The SOP was replaced in 2006 with the SOPP (Standing Operational Procedures and Policies) manual. The “Work Breaks” sections in both manuals contained the following introductory language: “This job does not allow for breaks other than using the hallway bathrooms for a few minutes.” The SOP and SOPP included similar meal break policy language, with a short list of “do“s” and a longer list of “don“ts.” Neither the SOP nor the SOPP included a written advisement that employees could revoke, in writing, the on-duty meal break policy agreement at any time.
“Memorandum 33” was issued on October 1, 2007, after this lawsuit was filed. This one-page document addressed only meal and rest breaks. Unlike the SOP and SOPP, Memorandum 33 advised, “Meal and rest periods must be taken.” It reaffirmed Spectrum“s longstanding policy that meal and rest periods were “on duty.” Memorandum 33 included the following paragraph above the employee signature line: “I agree to accept “paid On-Duty” meal periods during my employment with [Spectrum]. I understand that this agreement may be revoked in writing at any time. However, I also understand that due to the nature of work performed by Spectrum, agreeing to “On-Duty” meal periods is a condition of continued employment. I further understand that this agreement does not create a guarantee for continued employment and does not change my at-will employment status with Spectrum.”
Naranjo began working for Spectrum in December 2006. He was terminated in May 2007 after he left his post for a meal break.
Naranjo filed this lawsuit as a putative class action the following month, alleging Spectrum failed to provide its security personnel with meal and rest breaks, as required by
Naranjo“s class certification motion was heard before the Supreme Court issued its decision in Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004 (Brinker). The trial judge granted the motion in part and denied it in part. A class of ““all non-exempt detention officers and security officers employed by Spectrum in California during the Class Period of June 4, 2004 to the present“” was certified as to the first cause of аction (meal period violations (
The trial court declined to include the second cause of action for alleged rest break violations in the class certification order. The trial court acknowledged Spectrum“s companywide policy not to permit duty-free rest breaks; but nevertheless found that common questions did not predominate, which meant Naranjo“s claims were not typical and the class action format was not the superior means to resolve the rest break claim. The trial court was persuaded that common fact issues did not predominate because “some of the declarants on [Spectrum“s] side assert that [Spectrum] did permit duty-free rest breaks.” The following
The parties stipulated to try the lawsuit in three phrases.2 The first phase was a bench trial involving several Spectrum affirmative defenses. Spectrum lost. As the phase one rulings are not implicated in this appeal, we forgo a discussion of them.
Next, the meal break class cause of action was tried to a jury. The meal break class spanned the period from June 4, 2004 through the time of trial and consisted of two subclasses. The “pre-Memorandum 33” subclass included employees who worked through September 30, 2007; the “Memorandum 33” subclass included employees who signed that agreement, effective October 1, 2007.
The pre-Memorandum 33 subclass, insisting its members worked without a legally compliant meal break policy, filed a series of motions in limine. At the trial court“s invitation, Spectrum made an offer of proof. The trial court considered the arguments and documents and excluded the proffered evidence.
At the close of testimony, the trial court granted a directed verdict in favor of the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass: “Spectrum
With this ruling, and based on Murphy v. Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc. (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1094 (Murphy), the parties stipulated the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass was owed $1,393,314 in premium pay for the period from June 4, 2004 until September 30, 2007. The jury returned a verdict in Spectrum“s favor against the Memorandum 33 subclass.
The third phase, again а bench trial, concerned only the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass and the two
Because Spectrum failed to pay the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass a one-hour premium for each workday the noncompliant meal break policy was in effect, that sum was not reflected in employee“s paychecks. The trial court concluded this failure was “knowing and intentional,” pursuant to
Judgment was entered January 31, 2014. The trial court awarded prejudgment and postjudgment interest, each at 10 percent. As named plaintiff and class representative, Naranjo received a $10,000 service/enhancement payment. Class counsel Posner & Rosen were
Both sides appeal from the judgment. Spectrum challenges its liability for premium wages to the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass and for
DISCUSSION
I. At-will, On-call, Hourly, Nonexempt Employees who are Paid for On-duty Meal Periods also Are Entitled to Premium Wages if the Employer Does Not Have a Written Agreement with an On-duty Meal Period Revocation Clause
A. Overview and Standard of Review
California“s wage and hour protections for employees include guaranteed meal and rest periods. (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1017.) These guarantees are set forth in the
We review de novo trial court interpretations of the
Additionally, our review is assisted by Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) opinion letters. The DLSE enforces the
Mandatory meal and rest period laws and regulations are motivated by concerns for employee health and safety to ensure that employees have “time free from employer control . . . to be able to accomplish important personal tasks.” (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1113.) For this reason, meal breaks typically are “off the clock” and represent unpaid time during the employee“s workday. The traditional remedy for a meal break violation has been injunctive relief. (Id. at pp. 1113, 1105.)
With the enactment of
C. Governing Principles—On-Duty Meal Breaks
The Legislature and IWC recognize certain occupations do not lend themselves to providing employees with off-duty meal breaks. Wage Order 4 authorizes on-duty meal breaks if the conditions in subdivision 11(A) set forth above are met. The Supreme Court has described the on-duty meal period exception as “exceedingly narrow, applying only when (1) “the nature of the work prevents an employee from being relieved of all duty” and (2) the employer and employee have agreed, in writing, to the on-duty meal period. [Citation.] Even then, the employee retains the right to “revoke the agreement at any time.“” (ABM Security, supra, 2 Cal.5th at pp. 266-267.)
Brinker explained that once an employee has been on the job “for five hours, an employer is put to a choice: it must (1) afford an off-duty meal period; (2) consent to a mutually agreed-upon waiver if one hour or less will end the shift; or (3) obtain written agreement to an on-duty meal period if circumstances permit. Failure to do one of these will render the employer liable for premium pay. (
Pre-Memorandum 33, Spectrum employees did not sign a written agreement concerning the on-duty meal period. Nor were employees advised they could “in writing, revoke the agreement at any time.” (
Although the trial court rejected this argument, it did so only after reviewing the eight documents Spectrum submitted, none of which included the mandatory right-to-revoke language set forth in Wage Order 4. The trial court also did not permit Spectrum to present witness testimony as to any oral on-duty meal break agreements. At the close of evidence, the trial court granted a directed verdict in favor of the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass.
On appeal, Spectrum complains the evidentiary rulings and directed verdict were the result of the trial court“s erroneous conclusion that Wage Order 4 required “the on-duty meal period agreements [to] be contained in one document” and deprived it of the opportunity to show
Spectrum“s “single document” argument does not withstand scrutiny. Rather, it appears to be an effort to deflect attention from the uncontroverted fact that, regardless of the number of documents involved, none included a compliant written meal period break policy before the issuance of Memorandum 33. The colloquy between the trial court and Spectrum“s counsel is telling in this regard.6
Wage Order 4 requires that employer/employee agreements be in writing and include language expressly advising “the employee may, in writing, revoke the agreement at any time.” (
reiterated, however, that Spectrum“s various documents did not have all the required provisions and were not in compliance with the wage order.
Spectrum“s counsel continued to press the single-document issue and asked whether the trial judge took the position that the meal break policy had to be in “a separate written agreement that relates only to meal periods.” The trial judge again explained that a single document was not required and multiple agreements would “probably be fine . . . but I don“t think that“s what we have here.” She added, “I“m reading the documents [Spectrum submitted], and I am not finding language that either specifically or generally complies with the wage order, either in a single document or in a combination of documents.”
Sensing a wind shift, Spectrum“s counsel tacked and launched a contract interpretation argument. The trial judge responded, “we“re not in a breach of contract case [where the intent of the parties would be relevant]“: “[A]ll we“re doing here is determining whether [Spectrum] complied with the wage order, and employees[“]. . . evaluation[s] of whether the language is sufficient [is not] relevant. The issue is . . . a legal issue, and I think it“s . . . pretty simple, although . . . you“re making it awfully complex. [¶] I“m not saying that your Memo 33 is the only way to do it, but that seems to be to be perfectly compliant with the rule. There may have been other ways to comply with the rule, but the way that you“rе proposing[,] I don“t believe, legally, is one of them.”
Additionally, Spectrum fails to offer any germane legal support for its position. Von Nothdurft v. Steck (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 524, upon which it relies, is distinguishable. Von Nothdurft addressed Wage Order No. 5-2001 (
The issue in Von Nothdurft was whether the written agreement complied with the wage order (id. at p. 530), not whether something other than a written agreement would suffice. Additionally, the wage order under consideration in Von Nothdurft did not “specify that any particular terms must be included in such an agreement to permit a valid lodging credit—it require[ed] only a “voluntary written agreement between the employer and the employee” [citation] without qualification.” (Id. at p. 532.) By contrast, Wage Order 4 not only
Spectrum‘s argument more closely resembles the one accepted by the Court of Appeal in Monzon v. Schaefer Ambulance Serv. (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 16 (Monzon), an overtime case, but subsequently criticized by the Supreme Court. The applicable wage order in Monzon provided that daily overtime provisions would not apply to ambulance drivers and attendants who worked 24 hour shifts and also agreed in writing to forgo pay for up to eight hours of sleep time per shift. (Id. at pp. 31-32.) The Court of Appeal framed the issue as follows: “[W]hether or not an employer of ambulance drivers and attendants can have an agreement, other than a written agreement, with such employees to exclude sleep time from compensable time.” (Id. at pp. 40-41.)
Notwithstanding the applicable wage order‘s requirement of a written agreement, the Monzon majority held ambulance drivers and attendants could orally waive up to eight hours of compensable time in any one shift. (Monzon, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 46.) The majority discounted the written agreement clause and relied instead on a federal regulation that had not been incorporated into the wage order. (Id. at pp. 31-32, 43.)
Although the Supreme Court has not disapproved Monzon, it has roundly questioned the decision‘s perspicuity and reasoning and expressly limited Monson‘s holding to its facts. (Mendiola v. CPS Security Solutions, Inc. (2015) 60 Cal.4th 833, 845.) Mendiola, in turn,
The trial court recognized as much. It neither ignored Wage Order 4 nor grafted additional provisions onto it. Spectrum‘s pre-Memorandum 33 on duty meal period policy failed not because it violated a supposed “single document” rule, but because it lacked an employee‘s written agreement to on-duty meal periods and written notice of an employee‘s right to revoke that agreement. The absence of a compliant written on-duty meal period agreement rendered Spectrum liable to the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass.
Spectrum‘s stipulation in the trial court that the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass was owed $1,393,314 in premium wages was made “[w]ithout waiving any arguments.” As Spectrum notes, it has “consistently argued that proof of causation and harm [are] necessary, and premium pay [is] not automatic.” The law is to the contrary. (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1108 [“an employee is entitled to the additional hour of pay immediately upon being forced to miss a rest or meal period“].)
II. Employees Entitled to Premium Wages Pursuant to Section 226.7 May Not, for that Reason Alone, Pursue Derivative Remedies Pursuant to Sections 203 (Waiting Time Penalties) and 226 (Itemized Wage Statement Penalties)
A. A Wage by any Other Name
Wages “are accorded ‘a special status’ under California law.” (Davis v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 1302, 1331.) The Legislature has defined “wages” as all “amounts for labor performed by employees of every description, whether the amount is fixed or ascertained by the standard of time, task, piece, commission basis, or other method of calculation.” (
1. Section 226.7
Before 2000, the term “premium wages” generally referred to overtime pay earned by employees for their labor. (See, e.g., California Manufacturers Assn. v. Industrial Welfare Com. (1980) 109 Cal.App.3d 95, 126.) In 2001, after section 226.7 became effective, the DLSE issued the first of several opinions applying the term “premium wages” to section 226.7‘s hour of pay for meal period violations. (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1105, fn. 7.)
The Legislature did not characterize section 226.7‘s premium pay as either a wage or a penalty and did not prescribe the statute of limitations for a section 226.7 action. DLSE opinions waffled on the subject (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1105, fn. 7), and intermediate appellate courts were not of a single mind. The characterization was critical, as the statute of limitations for a wage action is three years, but only one year for a penalty. (Compare, e.g.,
Murphy acknowledged that section 226.7‘s language reasonably could be interpreted as either a wage or a penalty. (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1104.) Accordingly, the Court analyzed the wage-versus-penalty issue by examining section 226.7‘s “ostensible objectives [and] legislative history.” (Id. at p. 1105.) Although the premium wage for missed meal and rest breaks “act[ed] as an incentive for employers to comply with labor standards,” the primary objective was “to compensate employees,” suggesting the payment was more like a wage than a penalty. (Id. at p. 1110.)
Along these lines, Murphy contrasted Bill No. 2509‘s language, as it pertained to section 226.7, with the wording in the portion of Bill No. 2509 that amended section 226. The Legislature rewrote section 226 at the same time it added section 226.7, but maintained section 226‘s penalty language—“further evidence that the Legislature did not intend section 226.7 to constitute a penalty.” (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1108.) Murphy inferred from section 203‘s statute of limitations language “that, had the Legislature intended section 226.7 to be governed by a one-year statute of limitations, the Legislature knew it could have so indicated by unambiguously labeling it a ‘penalty.‘” (Id. at p. 1109.)
In Murphy, the Supreme Court noted “the Legislature intended section 226.7 first and foremost to compensate employees for their
Murphy‘s wage-versus-penalty debate was straightforward. Its context was the statute of limitations for a section 226.7 action. Recognizing the longstanding precept “that statutes governing conditions of employment are to be construed broadly in favor of protecting employees” (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1103), Murphy determined the additional hour of pay was a wage for statute of limitations purposes, giving workers three years to sue, instead of the one year applicable to penalties (id. at p. 1102).
Murphy and its rationale proved to be just a tip of the proverbial iceberg, however. Five years later, Kirby v. Immoos Fire Protection, Inc. (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1244 (Kirby) added dimension to the discussion.7 In Kirby, the trial court awarded attorney fees to the prevailing employer in an employee action for the alleged failure to provide section
The Supreme Court “granted review to consider when, if ever, a party who prevails on a section 226.7 action for an alleged failure to provide [meal and/or] rest breaks may be awarded attorney‘s fees” pursuant to sections 1194 or 218.5. (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1248.) The short answer is never: “We conclude, in light of the relevant statutory language and legislative history, that neither section 1194 nor section 218.5 authorizes an award of attorney‘s fees to a party that prevails on a section 226.7 claim.” (Ibid.)
The reasoning is that “a section 226.7 action is brought for the nonprovision of meal and rest periods, not for the ‘“nonpayment of wages.“‘” (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1255.) Kirby added, “[t]he ‘additional hour of pay’ provided for in subdivision (b) is the legal
Kirby did not perceive a need to reconcile the denial of attorney fees in section 226.7 actions with Murphy‘s conclusion that section 226.7‘s “remedy is a ‘wage’ for purposes of determining what statute of limitations applies.” (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1256, italics added.) Rather, Kirby concluded the holdings were “not at odds” with each other: “To say that a section 226.7 remedy is a wage, however, is not to say that the legal violation triggering the remedy is nonpayment of wages. As explained above, the legal violation is nonprovision of meal or rest breaks, and the object that follows the phrase ‘action brought for’ in section 218.5 is the alleged legal violation, not the desired remedy.” (Id. at p. 1257.)
When Kirby was decided, the attorney fees provision in section 218.5 was “a two-way fee-shifting statute, permitting an award of fees to either employees or employers who, as relevant here, prevail on an ‘action brought for the nonpayment of wages.‘” (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1251.) Post-Kirby, the Legislature added a figurative speed bump for employers: “Prior to 2014, section 218.5 did not
2. Post-Kirby Discord
Once Murphy established that the remedy for meal and/or rest period violations constituted a wage for statute of limitation purposes and after Kirby held that attorney fees could not be awarded to pursue those claims, attention turned in earnest to the applicability of section 226.7 remedies to the penalty provisions in sections 203 and 226.
Section 203, enacted during the Depression, imposes a penalty on an employer willfully failing to timely pay wages upon an employee‘s discharge or voluntary separation from employment.9 (See fn. 4.) Section 203, subdivision (a) calculates the penalty as the employee‘s per diem wages from the date they are due until paid, for a period not to exceed 30 days. Informally dubbed the “waiting time penalty,” section 203, subdivision (b) expressly provides that any suit to recover those
Section 226 is a World War II-era statute. (See fn. 4.) Subdivision (a) imposes a penalty on employers who knowingly and intentionally fail to provide itemized wage statements for, inter alia, gross and net wages “earned.” The method to calculate a section 226 penalty is specified in subdivision (e). Unlike sections 203 and 226.7, section 226 expressly authorizes attorney fees to a prevailing “employee suffering injury as a result of a knowing and intentional failure by an employer to comply with” the itemized wage statement requirements. (
Causes of action for waiting time and itemized wage statement penalties (§§ 203, 226) generally are referred to as derivative of an employee‘s right to the wages themselves: An employee‘s right to wages accrues at the time work is performed, but “[t]he right to a penalty . . . does not vest until someone has taken action to enforce it.” (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1108.) As this court previously has held, causes of actions for waiting time and itemized wage statement penalties, like causes of actions pursuant to section 226.7 for the nonprovision of meal or rest breaks, “do not seek to collect due and unpaid wages.” (Lane v. Francis Capital Management LLC (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 676, 684 (Lane).) Claims for “interest, costs and attorney fees under sections
Although wage and hour lawsuits are ubiquitous in state courts, most settle before trial. Consequently, our appellate courts have not had much opportunity to publish decisions addressing the derivative wage claim issue vis-à-vis section 226.7 actions. Moreover, to the extent an overtime or minimum wage issue also exists, there is no need to consider “whether violations of meal period regulations give rise to claims for waiting time penalties under section 203 [because the employer will owe] minimum wages for time worked [and that] is a proper basis for . . . waiting time penalties under section 203.” (Kaanaana, supra, 29 Cal.App.5th at p. 810; see also Maldonado v. Epsilon Plastics, Inc. (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 1308, 1336-1337 [in an overtime case, there is no itemized wage statement violation where the hours worked are accurate, but the wages earned are not; “only the absence of the hours worked will give rise to an inference of injury; the absence of accurate wages earned will be remedied by the violated wage and hour law itself“].)
Ling v. P.F. Chang‘s China Bistro, Inc. (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 1242 (Ling) is a notable exception. There, a terminated employee‘s overtime and meal period claims were sent to arbitration. The employee lost the overtime claim, but was awarded premium wages and section 203 waiting time penalties for missed meal periods. (Id. at p. 1248.) Kirby had already been decided when the employee asked the arbitrator to award her section 218.5 attorney fees; that request was
The Court of Appeal affirmed. The appellate panel first noted no “legislative public policy” justified judicial interference with the arbitrator‘s decision to deny the employee attorney fees based on section 203 waiting time penalties. (Ling, supra, 245 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1259-1260.) The appellate panel then concluded that “[e]ven if the arbitrator‘s ruling here—that plaintiff cannot recover attorney fees on a derivative section 203 waiting time penalty for a section 226.7 violation—is reviewable,” there was no error. (Id. at p. 1261.)
Although Ling framed the issue as involving the recovery of attorney fees, its analysis focused on whether section 203 penalties were derivative of a section 226.7 claim: “We understand that the remedy for a section 226.7 violation is an extra hour of pay, but the fact that the remedy is measured by an employee‘s hourly wage does not transmute the remedy into a wage as that term is used in section 203, which authorizes penalties to an employee who has separated from employment without being paid. . . . Kirby concluded that ‘a section 226.7 action is brought for the nonprovision of meal and rest periods, not for the “nonpayment of wages.“’ [Citation.] Following Kirby, section 226.7 cannot support a section 203 penalty because section 203, subdivision (b) tethers the waiting time penalty to a separate action for wages. Because a section 203 claim is purely derivative of ‘an action for
Most of the citable decisions discussing whether section 226.7 supports section 203 and 226 penalties are unpublished federal district court opinions (
The federal district court in Singletary v. Teavana Corporation (N.D.Cal., May 2, 2014, No. 5:13-CV-01163-PSG) 2014 U.S.Dist. Lexis 62073 concurred: “The case law on this question is murky at best. . . . [¶] Section 203, like the attorney fee provision in Kirby, is concerned with a particular type of wrong, not a particular type of remedy. The first clause of the section clarifies that its penalties only attach ‘if an employer willfully fails to pay any wages of an employee.’ This clause demonstrates that the wrong [s]ection 203 is concerned with is the prompt payment of wages to a terminated employee. Kirby clarified that the wrong at issue in [s]ection 226.7 is the non-provision of rest breaks, not a denial of wages.” (Id. at p. *4.)
Other federal district courts have held to the contrary. For example, Finder v. Leprino Foods Co. (E.D.Cal., Mar. 12, 2015, No. 1:13-CV-2059 AWI-BAM) 2015 U.S.Dist. Lexis 30652 concluded, “Section 226.7 premiums should qualify as wages that are governed by
Parson v. Golden State FC, LLC (N.D.Cal., May 2, 2016, No. 16-CV-00405-JST) 2016 U.S.Dist. Lexis 58299 dealt with a derivative claim pursuant to section 204, but the federal district court concluded a section 203 and 226 analysis applied: “[P]ayments required by section 226.7 should be considered wages, and that Plaintiffs may therefore bring a derivative claim under section 204. . . . [A]lthough an employee who successfully brings a section 226.7 claim is challenging a failure to provide rest breaks, the remedy for that failure is additional wages. . . . Nothing in Murphy or Kirby suggests that wages awarded under section 226.7 be treated any differently than other wages earned by the employee. . . . “‘If an employee is entitled to the additional hour of pay “immediately” upon being forced to miss a rest or meal period, it appears inconsistent to conclude that an employee is not also
Still other federal district courts, noting that section 203 uses the term “wages,” while section 226 employs the phrase “wages earned,” have found that section 226.7 claims give rise to a derivative claim under section 203, but not under section 226. (Pena v. Taylor Farms Pac., Inc. (E.D.Cal., Apr. 22, 2014, No. 2:13-CV-01282-KJM-AC) 2014 U.S.Dist. Lexis 56792, at pp. *8-*10; Dawson v. Hitco Carbon Composites, Inc. (C.D.Cal., Aug. 3, 2017, No. CV 16-7337 PSG FFMx) 2017 U.S.Dist. 221866, at p. *7.)
B. Statutory Interpretation and Standard of Review
California‘s laws regulating wages, hours, and working conditions reflect our state‘s strong commitment to safeguard workers. (Linton v. DeSoto Cab Co., Inc. (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1208, 1220.) Our laws are
To the extent the Supreme Court has not resolved an issue, our review of statutory provisions is de novo. As Kirby, quoting liberally from Murphy, held, “We independently review questions of statutory construction. [Citation.] In doing so, ‘it is well settled that we must look first to the words of the statute, “because they generally provide the most reliable indicator of legislative intent.” [Citation.] If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous our inquiry ends. . . . “[W]e presume the Legislature meant what it said and the plain meaning of the statute governs.” [Citations.] In reading statutes, we are mindful that words are to be given their plain and commonsense meaning.‘” (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1250.)
Additionally, the Supreme Court has long admonished, “‘the judicial role in a democratic society is fundamentally to interpret laws, not to write them. The latter power belongs primarily to the people and the political branches of government . . . .’ [Citation.] It cannot be too оften repeated that due respect for the political branches of our government requires us to interpret the laws in accordance with the expressed intention of the Legislature. ‘This court has no power to rewrite the statute so as to make it conform to a presumed intention which is not expressed.‘” (California Teachers Assn. v. Governing Bd. of Rialto Unified School Dist. (1997) 14 Cal.4th 627, 633 (California Teachers Assn.).)
With these precepts in mind—and in order to determine whether a section 226.7 lawsuit supports derivative claims for section 203 and 226 penalties—we independently assess the language of the relevant statutes, within the boundaries of the Supreme Court‘s decisions in Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th 1094 and Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th 1244.10
C. Analysis
California employment law and public policy perspectives have changed dramatically in the past 80 years, but the 1937 statutory definitions of “wages” and “labor” remain intact.11 By statute, “wages” are defined only in terms of “labor performed by employees.” (
Although Murphy characterized the remedy for an employer‘s meal and rest break violation as a premium wage for the purpose of the statute of limitations, the Legislature did not amend sеction 200 to accommodate the holding, i.e., the statutory definition of “wages” was not expanded to include the payment of a remedy rather than simply the payment for labor. In the same vein, Kirby‘s holding that an employee‘s lawsuit for meal and rest break violations is not an “action brought for the nonpayment of wages,” did not prompt the Legislature to amend section 218.5 to add section 226.7 lawsuits to the list of actions for which the prevailing party may recover reasonable attorney fees.
Significantly, when the Legislature amended section 218.5 post-Kirby to make it more difficult for a prevailing employer to be awarded attorney fees, it did not disturb Kirby‘s core holding that section 226.7
As the Supreme Court instructs, “‘the plain meaning of the statute governs’ . . . [and] words are to be given their plain and commonsense meaning.‘” (Kirby, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1250.) Section 203 penalizes an employer that willfully fails “to pay . . . any wages” owed to a fired or voluntarily separating employee. The penalty is paid to the employee, not for “labor, work, or service . . . performed personally by the [employee]” (
The result is the same for section 226. Section 226, subdivision (e)(1) entitles an employee to minimum fixed penalties or “actual damages” “not to exceed . . . $4,000,” plus attorney fees if the itemized statement omits gross and net “wages earned.” Section 226.7‘s premium wage is a statutory remedy for an employer‘s conduct, not an amount “earned” for “labor, work, or service . . . performed personally by the [employee].” (
The language in sections 200, 203, and 226 “is clear and unambiguous, . . . [and there is] nothing for [this] court to interpret or construe.” (MacIsaac, supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 1083.) Accordingly,
It would be naïve to discount the role that statutory penalties and attorney fee awards play in promoting—and chilling—wage and hour litigation.13 This century, and especially the past decade, has seen a surge in wage and hour lawsuits. The traditional class action format increasingly is giving way to arbitrations and representative actions pursuant to the Private Attorneys General Act (
These lawsuits present statutory interpretation challenges beyond what is typically seen in overtime and minimum wage litigation. They also can be expensive and time-consuming for workers and businesses: Many employers are not individuals or sole proprietorships, so they have no choice but to retain counsel. While it can be fiscally feasible—and in some cases, lucrative—for an attorney to pursue wage and hour claims for classes of workers where the potential for penalties and an attorney fees award exists, the incentive to do so diminishes greatly when penalties and attorney fee awards are foreclosed. Employees whose recoveries would be diverted to pay for representation also might be less likely to pursue meritorious claims. An employer‘s motivation to settle a meal and rest break action with an agreement to pay penalties and attorney fees is similarly diminished.
Nevertheless, the power to write laws “‘belongs primarily to the people and the political branches of government;‘” the judiciary‘s role is “‘interpret laws, not to write them.‘” (California Teachers Assn., supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 633.) Although courts construe “statutes governing conditions of employment . . . broadly in favor of protecting employees” (Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 1103), we do not rewrite them to effectuate that policy. Instead, we must respect the plain mеaning of words chosen by an equal and independent branch of our government. (Voris v. Lambert (2019) 7 Cal.5th 1141, 1162 [“the history of wage payment regulation in this state, beginning more than a century ago and continuing through the present day, shows us both that the
III. Prejudgment Interest
The trial court awarded the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass prejudgment interest at the rate of 10 percent, per
Reliance by the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass on Bell v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1138 to uphold the award of 10 percent interest is unavailing. Bell held that
However, we also reject Spectrum‘s position that the pre-Memorandum 33 subclass is not entitled to any prejudgment interest. The argument, based on the notion the premium wage is a penalty that could not be determined until Spectrum‘s liability was established, runs counter to Murphy, supra, 40 Cal.4th 1094. As Murphy explained, “an
The award of prejudgment interest at 10 percent is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to calculate prejudgment interest for the pre-Memorandum 33 meal break subclass at seven percent.
IV. Certification of a Rest Break Class
A. Class Certification Hearing
Naranjo sought to pursue on a classwide basis his claim for violation of the right to a duty-free rest break. Naranjo alleged it was Spectrum‘s policy and practice to routinely deny nonexempt employees duty-free rest periods and compound the violation by failing to pay employees for them. (
At all times relevant to this action, Spectrum never authorized or permitted off-duty rest breaks. Pre-Memorandum 33, Spectrum‘s SOP and SOPP advised, “This job does not allow for breaks other than using the hallway bathrooms for a few minutes.” Memorandum 33 provided only for “on-duty” rest breaks. Naranjo supported his motion for certification of a rest break class with excerpts from the deposition of John Oden, a Spectrum director and vice-president, as well as, inter
Spectrum opposed the motion to certify a rest break class with declarations of its own by Spectrum supervisors and other personnel. In the main, the declarants stated they were not denied rest breaks; but they also conceded the rest breaks were not duty free: “I have been aware that the job requires that I be available during my break, if needed“; “I understood that I need[ed] to be available if called on during a break“; “When I have supervised, I allow people to take the breaks they wish, but only . . . if they [can be] called back for an emergency“; “Officers . . . cannot leave the premises for their breaks in case it is necessary to call them back to assist with any emergency situation“; “the job requires that we be available even if we are on a break.”
The trial court announced its tentative ruling at the beginning of the hearing and adhered to it. The reasons for the class certification rulings were stated on the record: “With respect to the basic elements of determining the propriety of a class,” the trial court found ascertainability, numerosity, typicality of Naranjo‘s claims vis-à-vis the class members, Naranjo‘s adequacy as a class representative, the
Naranjo‘s counsel asserted the issue was not whether some employees took rest breaks and others did not; rather, it was that Spectrum‘s uniform policy did not authorize off-duty rest breaks and “common evidence [would] show the violation.” The trial court was not persuaded: “If you tried the case with respect to the rest break issue, the issue is whether common questions would predominate. I‘m not focusing on the policy. I‘m focusing on what actually happened. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [S]o the concern that I have is, what happened seems to not be consistent with respect to each employee.”
After the trial court denied certification for a rest break class, Naranjo neither litigated nor voluntarily dismissed his individual rest break cause of action.
Spectrum contends Naranjo‘s failure to litigate or dismiss the denial of the class certification ruling as to the rest break class has resulted in a forfeiture of his challenge on appeal. Alternatively, Spectrum asserts Naranjo is attempting to raise a new rest break theory for the first time on appeal. We disagree with both arguments.
Spectrum‘s first contention is based on the “death knell” doctrine. A trial court‘s decision to sustain a demurrer to class allegations without leave to amend, deny a motion for class certification, or grant a motion to decertify a class sounds a “death knell” for the lawsuit. The ruling, though technically interlocutory, is immediately appealable because it essentially ends the litigation. (Daar v. Yellow Cab Co. (1967) 67 Cal.2d 695, 699; In re Baycol Cases I & II (2011) 51 Cal.4th 751, 754 (Baycol).) Additionally, because “California follows a ‘one shot’ rule . . . , [an] appeal must be taken or the right to appellate review is forfeited. (See
The death knell doctrine does not apply here. The trial court certified meal break, waiting time penalty, and itemized wage statement penalty classes, but denied certification for a rest break class. This ruling was “not similarly tantamount to dismissal and [did] not qualify for immediate appeal under the death knell doctrine; only an
Nor was Naranjo required to litigate his individual rest break claim in order to preserve, in an appeal from the final judgment, his challenge to the interlocutory order denying certification of a rest break class. Quite the contrary. Had Naranjo litigated his individual rest break claim—and regardless of whether he won or lost—the putative rest break class would have been left “headless” and unable to secure appellate review of the class certification ruling. Under these circumstances, the order denying class certification as to a rest break class constituted an “intermediate ruling” reviewable on appeal by Naranjo from the final judgment. (
Additionally, Spectrum asserts that, in the trial court, Naranjo sought to certify a rest break class only on the basis that Spectrum prohibited rest breaks, but failed to present any evidence to support the claim. Spectrum further contends Naranjo is attempting to argue for the first time on appeal that a rest break class should have been certified because only “on-call” rest breaks were authorized. As just discussed, the record reveals otherwise. The SOP and SOPP, which forbade rest breaks, were presented to the trial court, and the issue of on-call rest breaks, which are prohibited under state law (ABM Security, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 260), was raised in the trial court. There has been no forfeiture.14
The party seeking to proceed by way of a class action has the burden to “demonstrate the existence of an ascertаinable and sufficiently numerous class, a well-defined community of interest, and substantial benefits from certification that render proceeding as a class superior to the alternatives. (
D. Analysis
“California law requires employers to relieve their employees of all work-related duties and employer control during 10-minute rest periods. . . . Wage Order 4, subdivision 12(A)15 and
Spectrum opposed the motion with evidence suggesting employees took rest breaks, but remained on call in the event of an emergency. That evidence does not support the denial of class certification. (Lubin, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th 926.) In Lubin, the employer did not rebut the employees’ evidence concerning a uniform policy to deny rest breaks, but “challenged whether requiring employees to remain on the premises or be reachable by phone or radio, in the event that the rest period had to be interrupted in case of an emergency, meant that the rest period was on-duty [and] also argued . . . ‘[the employees] overwhelmingly were able to take rest breaks.‘” (Id. at p. 954.) Persuaded, the trial court decertified the rest break class on the basis “that ‘analyzing whether any restrictions placed on rest periods made them on duty would require unmanageable individualized inquiries into the nature of the rеst periods for each distinct worksite, shift, and security officer position.‘” (Id. at p. 955.)
This court reversed: “The proper inquiry for a predominance analysis is whether ‘“questions of law or fact common to the class predominate over the questions affecting the individual members” [and] . . . does not require plaintiffs to show that an employer‘s policy affected all members of the class.” (Lubin, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 955.) Additionally, because an employer does not have a “due process right to prove on an individualized basis that it provided off-duty rest periods to every class member[,] . . . [i]ndividualized inquiries into whether an employee had a required break on a specific day is relevant to damages,
Naranjo‘s “theory of liability—that [the employer] has a uniform policy, and that that policy, measured against wage order requirements, allegedly violates the law—is by its nature a common question eminently suited for class treatment.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1033.) Individualized issues will relate only to damages. Commonality for a rest break class established, the typicality and superiority conditions are also satisfied. Thе order denying class certification of a rest break class must be reversed.
DISPOSITION
That portion of the judgment awarding the meal break subclass premium wages, but denying
In the interests of justice, the meal break subclass and Naranjo are awarded costs on appeal.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
DUNNING, J.*
We concur:
WILLHITE, Acting P. J.
CURREY, J.
*Retired judge of the Orange Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
Notes
When Kirby was decided, section 218.5 provided in pertinent part: “In any action brought for the nonpayment of wages, fringe benefits, or health and welfare or pension fund contributions, the court shall award reasonable attorney‘s fees and costs to the prevailing party if any party to the action requests attorney‘s fees and costs upon the initiation of the action. . . . [¶] This section does not apply to any action for which attorney‘s fees are recoverable under Section 1194.”
Section 1194 provides in relevant part: “Notwithstanding any agreement to work for a lesser wage, any employee receiving less than the legal minimum wage or the legal overtime compensation applicable to the employee is entitled to recover in a civil action the unpaid balance of the full amount of this minimum wage or overtime compensation, including interest thereon, reasonable attorney‘s fees, and costs of suit.”
There is no law of the case to apply in this appeal. Naranjo I, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th 654 held the Service Contract Act did not preempt claims pursuant to sections 203 and 226, but did not determine whether Naranjo was entitled to those statutory penalties.
Also, this lawsuit does not involve overtime or minimum wage issues, where the derivative penalties in sections 203 and 226 would be triggered. (E.g., Kaanaana, supra, 29 Cal.App.5th at p. 810.) Nor are we presented with an employer that failed to pay for on-duty meal periods or unilaterally deducted 30 minutes of pay pеr day for employees who were required to work through their meal periods; those unpaid amounts also would qualify as wages owed for work performed. The issues in this appeal concern premium wages, not unpaid regular wages.