JOHN W. MILLER, JR., PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, v. POTASH CORPORATION OF SASKATCHEWAN, INC., ET AL, DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.
CASE NO. 1-09-58
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT ALLEN COUNTY
September 13, 2010
[Cite as Miller v. Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan, Inc., 2010-Ohio-4291.]
Appeal from Allen County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. CV 2008 0863
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: September 13, 2010
APPEARANCES:
Ann-Marie Ahern for Appellant
Kevin E. Griffith and Franck G. Wobst for Appellee
{1} Plaintiff-Appellant, John W. Miller, Jr., (“Miller“), appeals the judgment of the Allen County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants-Appellees, Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan, Inc., et al. Miller contends that there were genuine issues of material fact entitling him to a trial on his claims of age discrimination. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment is affirmed.
{2} Miller filed a complaint against Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan, Inc. (“PCS“), and several other companies and individuals affiliated with PCS (hereinafter, collectively “Appellees“), claiming they discriminated against him based on his age, in violation of
{3} In 2007, defendant PCS Nitrogen Ohio, LP (“PCSNO“), owned the Plant; however, it was operated by INEOS USA (“INEOS“) pursuant to an operating agreement between PCSNO and INEOS. During 2007, Miller was an employee of INEOS, as was the entire hourly workforce at the Plant. In March
{4} Defendant Don Johnson (“Johnson“), who was age 61 at the time, was one of only five persons at the Plant who were employed by PCSNO in 2007. Johnson had been employed as a general manager and was selected by PCSNO to take a leadership role in guiding PCSNO through the transformation. Johnson then asked Todd Sutton (“Sutton“) to join PCSNO and assist Johnson in forming the new organization. Sutton, then 37 years old, was an INEOS-employed chemical engineer who had worked at the Plant his entire professional career, working in various units and holding several supervisory positions during his 15 years of employment. Danielle Good (“Good“) was hired in August 2007 as a human resources manager to coordinate the hiring process for the new PCSNO-operated facility.
{5} Johnson and Sutton testified that they had become very frustrated by the working conditions and attitudes that had developed at the Plant over the years, including a poor working relationship between hourly employees and management and a rigid organizational structure. They felt that the Plant‘s operating areas and units were overly segmented and rigid and some of the INEOS chemical operators had become too “silo-ed,” which meant they were often unwilling or reluctant to perform work tasks outside their own current bid job even though they were well
{6} Miller and his fellow chemical operators learned that their current employer, INEOS, would cease operating the plant and they would be required to apply for positions with the new PCSNO organization. Those who applied but were not offered positions with PCSNO would be offered severance packages. The severance pay benefit ranged from two months of pay for employees with less than three years credited service, up to 16.5 months of pay for employees with 30 or more years of service. Based upon his 28 years of service, Miller was entitled to receive 16 months of severance pay if he applied for, but did not receive a job offer. It was mandatory to apply for a job with PCSNO in order to receive a severance package, so all of the INEOS employees applied. However, many of the older INEOS employees had told Sutton or Johnson that they did not want jobs with the new organization but had applied in order to be eligible for the severance package.
{8} Miller maintains he should have been offered a position with PCSNO because he was a loyal, committed, capable and experienced operator who had received positive job reviews and earned numerous awards for outstanding job performance and safety-conscious behavior. Miller charges that Sutton and PCSNO created a new, younger culture, ridding themselves of some of the oldest and most experienced operators in the Plant.
{9} Miller was qualified to perform in several different operator roles and had constantly trained and tested to maintain his qualifications and licensures. In contrast, he claims that the eleven operators newly hired by INEOS in
{10} Appellees deny that age played any part in their hiring decision, and state that they did not extend an offer of employment to Miller because he did not possess the characteristics that they wanted for the new workforce. Johnson and Sutton were both familiar with Miller and his work before the interview process. Sutton had known and interacted with Miller since 1992 and he had developed serious concerns about Miller‘s negative attitude toward management and his “silo-ed” mentality. Although Sutton personally got along with Miller, Sutton felt he would not fit in well with the new operational and teamwork culture PCSNO wanted to establish. Sutton believed Miller was “usually very negative toward the company” and “didn‘t promote a positive morale at the plant.” Sutton was aware
{11} After much discovery and the taking of numerous depositions, Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment contending that Miller had no evidence to support his claim that he was not hired because of his age and he could not establish that Appellees’ stated reasons for not hiring him were pretextual. On October 16, 2009, the trial court granted Appellees’ motion for summary judgment, finding that no genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether Appellees committed age discrimination in declining to hire Miller. It is from this judgment that Miller appeals, presenting the following two assignments of error for our review.
The trial court erred in granting summary judgment on Plaintiff-Appellant‘s disparate treatment age discrimination claim because Plaintiff-appellant raised genuine issues of material fact under the McDonnell Douglas method of proof and presented substantial evidence from which a jury could infer that Defendants’ stated justification for their decision not to hire Plaintiff-Appellant were pretextual.
Second Assignment of Error
Because Plaintiff-Appellant raised genuine issues of material fact as to each element of his claim for disparate impact, the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment on Plaintiff-Appellant‘s disparate impact age discrimination claim.
Summary Judgment
{12} Pursuant to
{13} The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 293, 1996-Ohio-107, 662 N.E.2d 264. Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmoving party must then produce competent
{14} When a court reviews the record, it is to draw all inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Byrd v. Smith, 110 Ohio St.3d 24, 2006-Ohio-3455, 850 N.E.2d 47, ¶25. Although the court is not to engage in weighing of the evidence, to survive summary judgment an appellant must produce more than a scintilla of evidence in support of his position. Schmitz v. Bob Evans Farms, Inc. (1997), 120 Ohio App.3d 264, 268, 697 N.E.2d 1037. Ultimately, the proper inquiry is whether the state of the evidence is such that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party.
Age Discrimination -- Disparate Treatment
{15} In his first assignment of error, Miller argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Appellees because the court impermissibly weighed the evidence and failed to construe the evidence in favor of Miller. Miller asserts that he successfully presented a prima facie case of disparate treatment age discrimination under
{16}
It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice: (A) For any employer, because of the race, color, religion, sex, military status, national origin, disability, age, or ancestry of any person, to discharge without just cause, to refuse to hire, or otherwise to discriminate against that person with respect to hire, tenure, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to employment.
In interpreting the Ohio anti-discrimination statutes, Ohio courts have consistently looked to federal cases interpreting federal civil rights and age discrimination
{17} When a plaintiff alleges disparate treatment discrimination, liability depends on whether the protected trait, i.e., age, actually motivated the employer‘s decision; that is, the plaintiff‘s age must have actually played a role in the employer‘s decision-making process and had a determinative influence on the outcome. Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prod., Inc. (2000), 530 U.S. 133, 141, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105. “Disparate treatment *** captures the essence of what Congress sought to prohibit in the ADEA. It is the very essence of age discrimination for an older employee to be fired because the employer believes that productivity and competence decline with old age.” Hazen Paper Co. v. Biggins (1993), 507 U.S. 604, 610, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 123 L.Ed.2d 338.
{18} There are two methods by which a plaintiff-employee may establish a prima facie case of disparate treatment age discrimination: (1) with direct evidence that the termination or other adverse action was motivated by age, or (2) in the absence of direct evidence, through a special burden-shifting means, often
{19} Because discriminatory intent is seldom evidenced by overt actions and direct evidence, plaintiffs are more likely to raise a presumption of discrimination by utilizing the McDonnell Douglas evidentiary framework to establish a prima facie case. The initial burden is upon the plaintiff-employee to demonstrate by a preponderance of evidence that: (1) the plaintiff was a member of the statutorily protected class; (2) the plaintiff applied and was qualified for the position; (3) that, despite his or her qualifications, the plaintiff was rejected; and, (4) after the rejection, the position remained open and the employer continued to seek applicants from persons of complainant‘s qualifications. McDonnell
{20} Once a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, a presumption of age discrimination is created. The burden of production then shifts to the defendant-employer to overcome the presumption of discrimination by coming forward with evidence of a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its actions. See Allen v. Totes/Isotoner Corp., 123 Ohio St.3d 216, 2009-Ohio-4231, 915 N.E.2d 622, ¶4. If the employer articulates a nondiscriminatory reason, then the employer has successfully rebutted the presumption of discrimination that was raised by the prima facie case. Weiper v. W.A. Hill & Assoc. (1995), 104 Ohio App.3d 250, 263, 661 N.E.2d 796.
{21} The plaintiff must then present evidence that the employer‘s proffered reason was a mere pretext for unlawful discrimination. Manofsky v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (1990), 69 Ohio App.3d 663, 668, 591 N.E.2d 752. The plaintiff‘s burden is to prove that the employer‘s reason was false and that discrimination was the real reason for the employer‘s actions. Weiper v. W.A. Hill Assoc., 104 Ohio App.3d at 263, 661 N.E.2d 796. The ultimate inquiry in an employment-based age discrimination case is whether an employer took adverse
{22} In Miller‘s case, there was no direct evidence of age discrimination, but the trial court found, and Appellees do not appear to dispute, that Miller has satisfied his burden of setting forth a prima facie case of age discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas model. Construing the evidence in favor of Miller, this Court finds that (1) Miller, being over 40, belonged to a protected class; (2) he was qualified for the job for which he applied (“At the prima facie stage, a court should focus on a plaintiff‘s objective qualifications to determine whether he or she is qualified for the relevant job.” Wexler v. White‘s Fine Furniture, Inc. (C.A.6, 2003), 317 F.3d 564, 575); (3) PCSNO declined to hire Miller; and (4) the position remained open and the employer continued to seek other candidates.
{23} After Miller established a prima facie case, the burden of production shifted to Appellees to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for not hiring Miller. See Kohmescher v. Kroger Co., 61 Ohio St.3d at 505, 575 N.E.2d 439. We agree with the trial court, and Miller does not appear to dispute, that Appellees satisfied their burden of production when they
{24} If the employer can articulate a nondiscriminatory reason, then the presumption of discrimination raised by the prima facie case is rebutted and the employee‘s burden is to prove that the employer‘s reason for the adverse employment action was false, and that discrimination was the real reason. Weiper, 104 Ohio App.3d at 263, 661 N.E.2d 796, citing St. Mary‘s Honor Ctr., 509 U.S. at 511, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407. Therefore, Miller bears the burden of rebutting Appellees’ proffered reasons for not hiring him by pointing to evidence that proves that Appellees’ reasons were a pretext designed to mask age discrimination. To survive a summary judgment motion, Miller must show that a reasonable jury could conclude that the actual reasons offered by Appellees were a mere pretext for unlawful age-discrimination, not that other reasonable decision makers might have retained Miller. See Rowan v. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc., (C.A.6, 2004), 360 F.3d 544, 550. The issue is not whether PCSNO made the best possible decision in not hiring Miller, but whether it made a discriminatory decision. Stein v. National City Bank (C.A.6, 1991), 942 F.2d 1062, 1065 (“It is not the function of courts to judge the wisdom of particular business policies“).
{26} Miller argues that he satisfied his burden of proving that PCSNO‘s reasons for not hiring him were a pretext for age discrimination because he proffered: (a) evidence that younger, unqualified workers were hired instead of Miller; (b) evidence that PCSNO‘s reasons for its failure to hire Miller were factually false, contrived, and exaggerated; (c) evidence of alleged age-related comments by Johnson and Sutton; and (d) statistical evidence demonstrating Appellees’ systematic elimination of older workers.
{27} First, Miller maintains that evidence that his knowledge and skill levels were superior to those outside the protected class who were retained should be sufficient to create an inference that Appellees’ reasons for not hiring him were
{28} When asked to explain the criteria for the hiring decisions as to who would be retained, the HR manager, confirmed, “[b]asically [PCSNO] wanted to move forward with creating a new culture at the plant, with safety and teamwork as not all but mainly top priorities and wanted to foster teamwork, working well with their coworkers, a positive work environment ***.” (Good Depo., p. 77). The twenty-five guideline questions that were used for interviewing the INEOS operators for positions with the new organization contained ten questions pertaining to teamwork and personality traits, while only half as many questions pertained to technical skills and knowledge.
[I]n mapping out how PCSNO would staff all of the chemical operator positions and be ready to go effective January 1, 2008, I had identified a number of entry level, “utility worker” positions that needed to be filled. I recommended that PCSNO offer employment to each of the chemical operators hired by INEOS in September 2007, because, in my opinion and based upon my knowledge of how long it takes a newly hired employee to become qualified in at least one position, I thought they would all be qualified to work safely and effectively for PCSNO as of January 1, 2008. Further, everything that I had heard about them indicated that they had positive attitudes towards the Company, their supervisors and managers, so I thought this also would allow them to be a good fit for the team-work oriented culture we were trying to build for PCSNO.
{30} Although Miller had many talents and a great deal of experience, that was not the primary focus that motivated PCSNO‘s hiring decisions for all of the positions that needed to be filled. Furthermore, Miller‘s extensive experience would not have been a good match for the “utility worker” positions. It is well-settled that “[c]ourts do not sit as super personnel departments to second guess an employer‘s facially legitimate business decisions.” (Citations omitted.) Bush v Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc. (S.D. Ohio 2002), 227 F.Supp.2d 780, 797; see, also, Jackson v. Gonzales (D.C. Cir. 2007), 496 F.3d 703 (“given the dynamic nature of the hiring process *** we will not second guess how an employer weighs
{31} Next, Miller alleges that he created a material issue of fact concerning Appellees’ stated reasons for not hiring him because he provided affidavits of former co-workers concerning Miller‘s positive attributes, stating that he was “respected *** for his knowledge and commitment to safety,” “helpful and cooperative,” “knowledgeable and helpful in explaining complex procedures,” and was the “go-to guy” for those with questions in the unit. Miller also provided positive performance reviews (which, we note, were primarily from 1996 through 2000, when BP operated the Plant) which stated that Miller was “one of the most knowledgeable and experienced operators,” along with records of many awards and commendations.
{32} However, these documents do not constitute evidence that would prove that Appellees’ stated criteria were a pretext. The affidavits appear to be from friends of Miller who shared Miller‘s point of view.6 These comments did not reflect the mind-set of the management members who were in charge of
I would not hire [Miller] if it were up to me. I said this to [Sutton] because I had supervised and worked around [Miller] for at least 14 years. In my opinion [Miller] had a bad attitude toward his job and his employer. He also tended to be negative toward management. I also found [Miller] to be very moody. When he came to work in a bad mood, it often had a very negative impact on the entire operations of the area. I expressed my views about [Miller] to [Sutton] because even though [Miller] had many years of experience as a chemical operator, I thought PCSNO would be far better off not having him as part of its workforce.
(Poling Affidavit, June 18, 2009.)
{34} Miller further claims that comments made by Sutton and Johnson represented evidence of age stereotyping and demonstrated pretext. Johnson had apparently made a comment referencing the “aging workforce” at the Plant. Sutton allegedly stated that “the mindset around here must change, we have got to get rid of some of these older people.” (Klink Aff., ¶11.) Sutton also expressed concern about the “BP/INEOS heritage” and the “old” INEOS “culture.”
{36} Additionally, age-related comments which are “isolated, ambiguous, or abstract” cannot support a finding of age discrimination. Byrnes, 77 Ohio St.3d at 130, 672 N.E.2d 145. See, also, Phelps v. Yale Security, Inc. (C.A.6, 1993), 986 F.2d at 1020, 1025. In Cooley v. Carmike Cinemas, Inc (C.A.6, 1994), 25 F.3d 1325, 1330, the Sixth Circuit Court held that in age discrimination cases, statements allegedly showing an employer‘s age bias are to be evaluated by considering four factors: (1) whether the statements were made by a decision-maker or by an agent within the scope of his employment; (2) whether the
{37} We do not find that these isolated and stray remarks, which were far removed from the decision-making process, were evidence of a discriminatory animus. Johnson explained that in 2002 or 2003, he requested information about the age of the workforce to try to show the union that lay-offs could be avoided because required cost savings would likely be achieved through expected retirements and attrition. This one remark by Johnson, made years earlier, was an objective and accurate description of the Plant‘s workforce and was not evidence of age discrimination. Courts have recognized that it is not unlawful for employers to take pending retirements into account. See Rowan v. Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (C.A.6, 2004), 360 F.3d 544 (employer‘s concern about pending retirements is not the same as bias against age).
{38} Likewise, Sutton‘s comments referring to the “heritage” and the “old” INEOS culture were referencing the former regime‘s way of doing things, and were not necessarily an age-related comment. Sutton testified in his deposition that the goal was to “get rid of the BP heritage or INEOS heritage *** and make a different plant, make a better plant to work in, a plant that ain‘t negative ***” The comment that Klink attributed to Sutton was referring primarily to the “mindset” of doing things the way they had been done in the past, under previous management. This isolated statement was made in 2003, long
{39} And lastly, Miller presented evidence from a statistical expert, Dr. Burke, who calculated that from the pool of 72 chemical operators employed by INEOS, PCSNO chose to hire 95% of the chemical operators under the age of 40, while only 58% of the operators over age 40 were hired. Miller‘s expert stated that it was virtually certain that these results were not obtained by chance.
{40} However, we agree with the trial court‘s finding that the expert‘s statistical evidence was unreliable and inaccurate because it failed to take into account the fact that some of the chemical operators who were over the age of 40 had informed management that they did not want to be hired. Johnson and Sutton testified that at least eight chemical operators (with a range of 27 to 42 years of service) specifically told them that they did not want a job with PCSNO and would prefer to take the severance payments. However, the conditions placed upon the severance required them to apply. Statistical evidence is rendered suspect when the sample includes persons leaving their employment under incentive programs. Tinker v. Sears, Roebuck & Co. (C.A.6, 1997), 127 F.3d 519, 524.
{42} Miller‘s conclusory statistical evidence was insufficient to establish pretext or prove discrimination because the analysis did not explain, consider, or eliminate whether other INEOS employees were not hired for the same or similar reasons Miller was not hired. Furthermore it did not distinguish between employees who did not want to be hired and those who PCSNO decided not to hire. And finally, the statistics showed that 71% of those who were hired by PCSNO were over the age of forty. The statistical evidence did not provide evidence of a discriminatory intent to eliminate older workers.
{43} Miller relies heavily on the United States Supreme Court‘s opinion in Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing, 530 U.S. 133, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105, to support his case and for the proposition that it is permissible for the trier of fact to infer the ultimate fact of employment discrimination from the falsity of the
{44} In Reeves, the 57-year-old plaintiff was fired after forty years of service, allegedly due to his failure to maintain accurate attendance records. At trial, Reeves established a prima facie case of discrimination, introduced evidence that he had accurately recorded the attendance and hours of the employees under his supervision, and also produced additional evidence that his employer was motivated by age-based animus. Id. The jury found in favor of Reeves and the trial court denied the employer‘s
{45} As the Supreme Court in Reeves was careful to note, a prima facie case coupled with evidence of a false proffered reason “may permit” a fact-finder to infer a discriminatory purpose, “although such a finding will not always be adequate to sustain” a finding of liability. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105.
{46} The ultimate inquiry in an employment-based age discrimination case is whether the plaintiff was a victim of intentional discrimination and was subject to an adverse employment decision because of his or her age, i.e., whether age was the “but for” cause of the employer‘s adverse decision. Id., 530 U.S. at 153; Gross v. FBL Financial Svcs., -- U.S.--, 129 S.Ct. 2343, 2350, 174 L.Ed.2d 119;
Age Discrimination — Disparate Impact
{47} In his second assignment of error, Miller maintains that Appellees’ policy of “changing the culture” to eliminate the “heritage” caused a disparate impact on older workers. He argues that his statistical evidence is proof that Appellees’ hiring policies had a disproportional effect on older workers.
{48} There are, essentially, two theories of employment discrimination: disparate treatment and disparate impact. See Hazen Paper, 507 U.S. at 609, 113 S.Ct. 1701, 123 L.Ed.2d 338. In his first assignment of error, Miller argued that he was a victim of disparate treatment, i.e., the employer treats some people less favorably than others because of their race, gender, age, religion, nationality, or other protected characteristics. See id., quoting Intl. Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States (1997), 431 U.S. 324, 335-336, fn.15, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396.
{49} To establish a prima facie case of disparate impact, a plaintiff must: (1) identify the “particular employment practice“; (2) show a disparate impact on a protected group; and (3) prove that the employment practice caused the disparity. See Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab. (2008), 554 U.S. 84, 128 S.Ct. 2395, 2405, 171 L.Ed.2d 283. “The plaintiff is obliged to do more” than “merely alleg[e] a disparate impact, or point to a generalized policy“; the plaintiff is responsible for “isolating and identifying the specific employment practices that are allegedly responsible for any observed statistical disparities.” Wards Cove Packing Co. (1989), 490 U.S. 642, 656-57, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 104 L.Ed.2d 733.
{50} The burden of identifying a specific-practice requirement is
As we held in Wards Cove, it is not enough to simply allege that there is a disparate impact on workers, or point to a generalized policy that leads to such an impact. Rather, the employee is responsible for isolating and identifying the specific employment practices that are allegedly responsible for any observed statistical disparities. *** [The] failure to identify the specific practice being challenged is the sort of omission that could result in employers being potentially liable for the myriad of innocent causes that may lead to statistical imbalances.
(Emphasis in the original; citations and internal quotation marks omitted.) City of Jackson, 544 U.S. at 241, 125 S.Ct. 1536, 161 L.Ed.2d 419.
{51} Miller has only pointed to the generalized hiring goals of PCSNO, including some of the qualifications that PCSNO was hoping to find in its workforce. These were the same criteria that Miller used in support of his disparate treatment claim in an attempt to prove that Appellees demonstrated a discriminatory intent. These attributes do not constitute a facially neutral, specific hiring practice, as found in other cases, where certain testing, educational, or physical requirements served to disproportionally affect a protected group. These
{52} Courts have repeatedly held that a plaintiff generally cannot establish a prima facie case under a disparate impact theory by showing only that the cumulative impact of the employer‘s selection procedures resulted in an adverse impact on members of a protected group. As one court noted, “[s]imply gesturing towards the hiring process as a whole will not satisfy the requirement that the plaintiff identify a ‘specific employment practice’ that is the cause of the statistical disparities.” Byrnie v. Town of Cromwell Bd. Of Educ. (C.A.2, 2001), 243 F.3d 93, 111. Miller has failed to meet his threshold obligation of identifying a specific employment practice.
{53} Even if it could be found that Miller did identify a specific practice, he must then offer competent statistical evidence showing that the challenged practice caused an adverse effect. Miller‘s statistical evidence fails to reliably prove disparate impact. As we discussed above, Dr. Burke‘s statistical analysis was not accurate because it failed to take into account a large percentage of workers over the age of forty who did not want an offer of employment. Although Dr. Burke‘s affidavit made a brief, conclusory statement that even excluding those eight workers, the results were not likely to have happened by chance, he did not
{54} While plaintiffs frequently show a disparate impact by the use of statistics, courts must be careful to evaluate the proffered statistical analyses in light of the total circumstances present in a given case. Teamsters, 431 U.S. at, 339-40, 97 S.Ct. 1843, 52 L.Ed.2d 396. Incomplete or inapplicable analyses, simplistic percentage comparisons, and small sample sizes produce statistical analyses with little probative value. See, e.g., New York City Transit Auth. v. Beazer (1979), 440 U.S. 568, 582-87, 99 S.Ct. 1355, 59 L.Ed.2d 587.
{55} In addition to Dr. Burke‘s failure to take into account the older workers who did not want to be hired, there was no identification or analysis of any particular component of the selection process that allegedly caused the disparity. In a disparate impact case, the plaintiff must prove a causal link between a specific employment practice and disparities observed. Wards Cove Packing, 490 U.S 642, 109 S.Ct. 2115, 104 L.Ed.2d 733. Dr. Burke has acknowledged that he neither identified nor analyzed any particular aspect of Appellees’ selection process, nor did he consider any other non-discriminatory variables which may have played a role in the decision making process.10 Courts have consistently
{56} Miller has not set forth a prima facie case of disparate impact employment discrimination because he has failed to specifically identify a particular employment practice that, although facially neutral, had a disparate impact on older workers.11 Further, his statistical evidence was incomplete and conclusory and was insufficient to establish his prima facie case. For the reasons stated above, Miller‘s second assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{57} The broad issue before this Court is whether Miller presented sufficient evidence to withstand a motion for summary judgment. After reviewing the entire record, and considering the briefs, supplemental authority, and points raised at oral argument, and making all reasonable inferences in favor of Miller, we find that Miller has failed to do so with either his claim of disparate treatment
Judgment Affirmed
ROGERS and PRESTON, J.J., concur.
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