Aulson v. BlanchardAulson v. Blanchard
Joyce Frank, with whom Michele E. Randazzo and Kopelman and Paige, P.C. were on brief, for appellees.
SELYA, Circuit Judge. This appeal demands that we mull the prerequisites for liability under the Ku Klux Klan Act,
I. BACKGROUND
Whether or not it is true that all politics is local, this case bears witness that local politics, no less than national politics, can become meanspirited. From 1984 to 1990, plaintiff-appellant Alan Aulson served as a selectman in Georgetown, Massachusetts. In his complaint, he alleges that the defendants (a cadre of elected and appointed municipal officeholders) are members of an incumbent group of “old guard politicians” who more or less run things in the town. In contrast, he is a “member[] of a political group which supports candidates who oppose the politics of the `old guard.\‘” The complaint charges that Aulson paid a stiff price for his opposition: the members of the old guard collogued against him and wreaked their vengeance by such nefarious means as conducting illegal searches pursuant to sham prosecutions. This course of conduct, he asserts, gives rise to a cause of action under
Inasmuch as the trial judge dismissed the complaint for failure to state an actionable claim, we review his decision de novo, accepting as true all well-pleaded factual averments and indulging all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff‘s favor. See Leatherman v. Tarrant County N. I. & C. Unit, 507 U.S. 163, 164 (1993); Correa-Martinez v. Arrillaga-Belendez, 903 F.2d 49, 52 (1st Cir. 1990). We hasten to add, however, that this deferential standard does not force an appellate court to swallow the plaintiff‘s invective hook, line, and sinker; bald assertions, unsupportable conclusions, periphrastic circumlocutions, and the like need not be credited. See Correa-Martinez, 903 F.2d at 52; Dartmouth Review v. Dartmouth Coll., 889 F.2d 13, 16 (1st Cir. 1989). It is only when the facts alleged, if proven, will not justify recovery that an order of dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) may stand. See Gooley v. Mobil Oil Corp., 851 F.2d 513, 514 (1st Cir. 1988).
A
Section 1985(3) proscribes certain enumerated conspiracies.2 To state a claim under 1985(3) a plaintiff must allege the existence of (1) a conspiracy, (2) a conspiratorial purpose to deprive a person or class of persons, directly or indirectly, of the equal protection of the laws or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws, (3) an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy, and (4) either (a) an injury to person or property, or (b) a deprivation of a constitutionally protected right or privilege. See Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 (1971). In Griffin, the Supreme Court placed a gloss on these four elements, effectively adding a fifth requirement. It construed the statute‘s references to “equal protection” and “equal privileges and immunities under the laws” to signify that a plaintiff may recover thereunder only when the conspiratorial conduct of which he complains is propelled by “some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus.” Id.
This added requirement looms as an insurmountable obstacle to the plaintiff‘s attempted embrace of 1985(3). He seeks to ameliorate this difficulty in two different ways: he strives first to detour around the obstacle, and, failing, he then tries to climb over it.
1. Public/Private Conspiracies.
The plaintiff‘s effort to bypass the point entirely centers around his insistence that the requirement of a class-based discriminatory animus applies only to wholly private conspiracies (that is, conspiracies that do not involve public officials acting as such), and that he need neither allege nor prove a class-based animus in this action (which is directed at a conspiracy that allegedly involves public officials doing the public‘s business).
This gambit has been tried in several other circuits and has uniformly been found wanting. See Bisbee v. Bey, 39 F.3d 1096, 1102 (10th Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2577 (1995); Haverstick Enterps., Inc. v. Financial Fed. Credit, Inc., 32 F.3d 989, 994 (6th Cir. 1994); Gagliardi v. Village of Pawling, 18 F.3d 188, 194 (2d Cir. 1994); Burrell v. Board of Trustees of Ga. Military Coll., 970 F.2d 785, 794 (11th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 1018 (1993); Munson v. Friske, 754 F.2d 683, 694-95 & n.8 (7th Cir. 1985). Although this court has never squarely repudiated the gambit, we have on at least two occasions required (albeit without substantive comment) that a class-based animus be shown notwithstanding that public officials were alleged to be active participants in the particular conspiracies there at issue. See Romero-Barcelo v. Hernandez-Agosto, 75 F.3d 23, 34 (1st Cir. 1996); Daley v. Town of New Durham, 733 F.2d 4, 7 (1st Cir. 1984). Thus, following the path down which the plaintiff beckons not only would set us apart from our sister circuits but also would undermine our own precedents.
So ends this phase of our inquiry. To the extent that we have not previously made the scope of the requirement explicit, we now hold that to state a claim under 1985(3) in respect to conspiracies involving public officials, private actors, or both, plaintiffs must allege that the conduct complained of resulted from an invidiously discriminatory class-based animus.
2. Cognizable Classes.
The plaintiff next struggles to surmount the obstacle instead of skirting it. He contends that he is a member of a class protected by 1985(3), and that he has alleged as much. His contention does not withstand the mildest scrutiny.
The complaint is a lengthy, somewhat prolix narrative. In regard to the class-based animus requirement, however, it states nothing more than that Alan Aulson and a named confederate (not a party to the suit) are “representative members” of a “class” that is composed solely of persons who support candidates opposed to the politics of the “old guard,” and that the defendants are members of the “old guard.” On this skimpy predicate, the plaintiff posits that the ad hoc “opposition group” is a class, and that the defendants’ supposed animus against it is class-based within the meaning ascribed to that adjectival term by the Griffin Court. We do not agree.
Although other federal courts have divided on this question, see infra, we have not yet had occasion to lend our institutional voice to the rising cacophony that surrounds it. Nor need we do so today. Whether or not political classes are covered by 1985(3), the particular class that Aulson proposes does not constitute a cognizable class at all.
Though there is no comprehensive set of rules for determining when individuals constitute a class for purposes of 1985(3), there are certain inescapable minimum requirements. For instance, it is clear that at the very least a class must be more than just a group of persons who bear the brunt of the same allegedly tortious behavior. If a class could be defined from nothing more than a shared characteristic that happened to form the basis of the defendants’ actions, the requirement of class-based animus would be drained of all meaningful content. Justice Scalia put the proposition in these terms:
Whatever may be the precise meaning of a “class” for purposes of Griffin‘s speculative extension of 1985(3) beyond race, the term unquestionably connotes something more than a group of individuals who share a desire to engage in conduct that the 1985(3) defendant disfavors. Otherwise, innumerable tort plaintiffs would be able to assert causes of action under 1985(3) by simply defining the aggrieved class as those seeking to engage in the activity the defendant has interfered with.
The principle that emerges from these cases is that a class, to be cognizable, must be identifiable by reference to “something more than . . . [the members‘] desire to engage in conduct that the 1985(3) defendant disfavors.” Bray, 506 U.S. at 269. In other words, the line drawn by the substantive characteristic must divide individuals into distinct, separate, and identifiable groups. This means, for example, “white” as opposed to “non-white,” see, e.g., Stevens v. Tillman, 568 F. Supp. 289, 293 (N.D. Ill. 1983) (holding that whites constitute a protected class under 1985(3)), “female” as opposed to “male,” see, e.g., Libertad v. Welch, 53 F.3d 428, 449 (1st Cir. 1995) (holding that women constitute a protected class under 1985(3)), or, if political classes are includable-a matter on which we do not opine-“registered Republicans” as opposed to other voters, see, e.g., Keating, 706 F.2d at 379 (holding that Republicans constitute a protected class under 1985(3)).
To sum up, the lone criterion that the plaintiff offers to define the suggested class is opposition to the “politics of the old guard.” This description will not do because it draws no readily identifiable line. Objectively speaking, a third party at most can observe that the putative class is comprised of some (unknown) persons who support some (unknown) political aspirants who object to some (unknown) aspect of some (unknown) political views or practices of some other (unknown) persons who have enjoyed some (unknown) degree of political success in Georgetown for some (unknown) period of time.
We have said enough on this score. By not alleging discrimination against a distinctive, readily identifiable class of persons, the plaintiff has failed to state an actionable claim under 1985(3). See Gleason, 869 F.2d at 695; Rodgers, 582 F.2d at 317; see also Wilhelm v. Continental Title Co., 720 F.2d 1173, 1176 (10th Cir. 1983) (affirming dismissal for failure to state a claim when complaint did not “contain a description of a class of persons or group that is sufficiently definite or precise to set against the `class of persons\’ terminology in 1985(3)“), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1103 (1984). Consequently, the lower court did not err in dismissing the action.
We must attend to a last detail. At one point, the plaintiff asked the district court for leave to amend the complaint by naming one or two additional defendants. The court denied the motion without prejudice to renewal if the case survived a dispositive motion on behalf of the existing defendants. The district court subsequently granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss without granting leave to amend. On appeal, the plaintiff makes an oblique reference in the reply brief that suggests he should have been given an opportunity to replead.
We rebuff this suggestion for three reasons. First, relief from an appellate court, requested for the first time in a reply brief, is ordinarily denied as a matter of course, see Sandstrom v. ChemLawn Corp., 904 F.2d 83, 87 (1st Cir. 1990), and this case fits comfortably within the general rule. Second, to the extent the request for leave to amend is before this court at all, the plaintiff has advanced absolutely no developed argumentation in support of it, and so we deem it to have been abandoned. See Ryan v. Royal Ins. Co., 916 F.2d 731, 734 (1st Cir. 1990); United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1082 (1990). Third, the only amendment that the plaintiff sought below involved adding defendants-a step that would have done nothing in terms of better defining a class for purposes of 1985(3). Thus, the proposed amendment would have been futile and the district court therefore did not err in neglecting to authorize an amended complaint. See Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962); Correa-Martinez, 903 F.2d at 59. Relatedly, if what the plaintiff now has in mind is something other than adding defendants, he has not so stated, and, in all events, we find nothing in the record which indicates that he could possibly delineate a cognizable class and thereby state an actionable claim under 1985(3). Mindful of these circumstances, we will not permit the plaintiff to string this litigation out further by attempting to replead in hopes that he can resuscitate a case that, by all appearances, is terminal. See Correa-Martinez, 903 F.2d at 59 (counselling against “needlessly prolong[ing] matters” when “an amendment would be futile or would serve no legitimate purpose“); Dartmouth Review, 889 F.2d at 23 (similar).
We need go no further. Because the district court appropriately granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss without simultaneously granting leave to amend, the judgment below must be
Affirmed.