SALEMI, APPELLANT, v. CLEVELAND METROPARKS, APPELLEE.
No. 2014-1801
Supreme Court of Ohio
March 24, 2016
145 Ohio St.3d 408, 2016-Ohio-1192
Submitted July 7, 2015
Fishel, Hass, Kim, Albrecht, L.L.P., and Marc A. Fishel, for appellee.
Per Curiam.
{11} Relator, Joseph Salemi, appeals from a decision of the Eighth District Court of Appeals that granted in part and denied in part a writ of mandamus in connection with his request for records from public golf courses operated by Cleveland Metroparks, which had declined to provide the records, asserting that they were trade secrets or protected by the attorney-client privilege and exempt from disclosure. Salemi has also filed a motion in this court seeking an order to show cause why Metroparks and its attorneys should not be held in contempt.
Facts and Procedural History
{12} Salemi runs the Boulder Creek Golf Club. On September 25, 2013, he sent an e-mail to Metroparks requesting three categories of its records: (1) the e-mail addresses of persons who had “signed up for email lists” for all golf courses owned or operated by Metroparks, (2) the e-mail addresses of persons who had booked tee times electronically, and (3) the names of people or entities that had outings or events at any Metroparks golf course in 2012 or 2013. Metroparks
{13} Subsequently, Salemi filed this mandamus action in the court of appeals. Metroparks moved to dismiss, arguing that Salemi had failed to bring the action in the name of the state and to verify his complaint with an affidavit as required by
{14} At that point, Salemi filed an amended complaint with a corrected caption and an affidavit verifying the facts alleged in the amended complaint, but the court of appeals struck it from the record for failure to comply with
{15} In support of its motion for summary judgment, Metroparks submitted two affidavits from Sanaa Julien, its chief marketing officer, who averred that Metroparks collects information from its golf customers and potential customers through a number of sources, e.g., it solicits subscribers for its newsletters and Facebook page, holds contests and special events, conducts surveys, and offers a rewards program for frequent users of its golf courses. It retains this information in a database that has been refined and maintained by Metroparks at considerable expense and effort. Metroparks conducts online marketing campaigns with its customer list and uses it, in conjunction with other information, to create a marketing plan to target existing customers and to expand its customer base. The plan is specific to golfing customers in Northeast Ohio, and the marketing efforts of Metroparks have reduced the amount of tax dollars used to subsidize its golf courses and has led to the generation of revenue.
{16} Julien also averred that Metroparks makes its customer list available only to seven members of its marketing department. The list is not available to the public or provided to contractual partners of Metroparks, and it instructs its employees to protect the list from disclosure to third parties and has procedures in place to ensure that its information is protected in third-party contracts and when public-records requests are made. Metroparks has written directives for
{17} Salemi moved the court of appeals to strike the Julien affidavits, arguing they failed to comply with
{18} The court of appeals granted in part and denied in part the request for a writ of mandamus without conducting the in camera review requested by Salemi. The court divided the 14 categories of requested documents into five groups for analysis and held that the first and second groups, which included records regarding the names and e-mail addresses of customers and Metroparks’ golf course marketing plan, were trade secrets that Metroparks did not need to disclose. The court held that Metroparks failed to establish that documents in the third group, which included contracts with private companies, were exempt from disclosure but that the requests as to those documents were overly broad and unreasonable in scope. The court ordered that Metroparks allow Salemi to revise those requests to limit them to a specific time period and stated that any production of documents by Metroparks in response to the revised requests would be “subject to redaction.” The fourth group consisted of requests for documents the court of appeals found either did not exist or had already been produced. The fifth group dealt with a request for written directives governing access to and protection of Metroparks’ customer list; the court held that the directives were protected by attorney-client privilege.
Law and Analysis
{19} “Mandamus is the appropriate remedy to compel compliance with
R.C. 2731.04 requirements
{110} As a preliminary matter, we address Salemi‘s failure to comply with
{111} Here, Metroparks raised Salemi‘s failure to bring the action in the name of the state on his relation and to verify the complaint via affidavit. Salemi eventually sought leave to amend his complaint to cure these procedural deficiencies, but the court of appeals denied that motion on the ground that Salemi sought to belatedly add claims to his complaint, which he did not. The ruling of the court of appeals misstates the facts and contravenes both
{12} This court has never directly decided whether the requirement that mandamus actions be filed “in the name of the state on the relation of the person applying” is jurisdictional or whether the failure to comply constitutes waivable error. In practice, this court has never treated miscaptioning as a jurisdictional defect. In fact, this court has granted relief in miscaptioned cases. For example, in State v. Clay, 136 Ohio St.3d 1489, 2013-Ohio-4140, 994 N.E.2d 461, a miscaptioned mandamus case, we granted an alternative writ.
{13} Because this court consistently treats miscaptioning as a waivable defense, it has become common practice when parties fail to raise the issue simply to correct the error before publication. For example, in case No. 2011-0922, we reversed the court of appeals’ denial of a writ of mandamus and remanded the case for further proceedings even though the action was filed under the caption Paul Lane v. City of Pickerington. The court‘s judgment entry was issued under the original, defective case caption. However, our opinion added “The State ex rel.” to the formal caption, inside square brackets, and the case is now officially cited as State ex rel. Lane v. Pickerington, 130 Ohio St.3d 225, 2011-Ohio-5454, 957 N.E.2d 29.
{14} Similarly, in case No. 2006-0714, a petition for a writ of mandamus was filed under the caption Victoria Morgan v. The City of New Lexington. This court granted the writ in an opinion recaptioned as [The State ex rel.] Morgan v. City of New Lexington. The official citation for the case dispenses with the square brackets. 112 Ohio St.3d 33, 2006-Ohio-6365, 857 N.E.2d 1208. In addition, square brackets were used as a corrective device by this court in the
{15} Although Salemi‘s complaint does not comply with
{16} Therefore, we consider the merits of this appeal.
Evidentiary objections
{17} Salemi complains that portions of the Julien affidavits contain averments that Julien did not make on personal knowledge or substantiate with documentary evidence and thus do not meet the requirements of
{18} Pursuant to
{19}
{20} Salemi‘s challenge to the veracity of Julien‘s averments lacks merit because it is based on his own affidavits, which depend on hearsay statements and on contracts that Salemi claims Metroparks furnished in response to the
{21} Accordingly, we affirm the denial of the motion to strike.
Trade secrets
{22} Salemi asserts that the court of appeals erred in holding that the names and e-mail addresses he requested regarding Metroparks customers, i.e., its customer list, constitute trade secrets, because the holding is based on Julien‘s conclusory averments, Metroparks allows third parties to access its customer information, the customer list lacks economic value because Metroparks previously disclosed over 5,000 customer e-mail addresses to Salemi in response to a 2010 public records request, and Metroparks failed to present expert testimony to establish that the precautions it takes to protect its customer list are standard for its industry in accordance with State ex rel. Luken v. Corp. for Findlay Mkt. of Cincinnati, 135 Ohio St.3d 416, 2013-Ohio-1532, 988 N.E.2d 546.
{123} The Public Records Act exempts from disclosure requirements “[r]ecords the release of which is prohibited by state or federal law.”
{24}
information, including * * * any business information or plans, financial information, or listing of names * * * that satisfies both of the following:
(1) It derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use.
(2) It is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
“(1) The extent to which the information is known outside the business; (2) the extent to which it is known to those inside the business, i.e., by the employees; (3) the precautions taken by the holder of the trade secret to guard the secrecy of the information; (4) the savings effected and the value to the holder in having the information as against competitors; (5) the amount of effort or money expended in obtaining and developing the information; and (6) the amount of time and expense it would take for others to acquire and duplicate the information.”
State ex rel. Luken, 135 Ohio St.3d 416, 2013-Ohio-1532, 988 N.E.2d 546, at ¶ 17, quoting State ex rel. Besser at 399-400, quoting State ex rel. Plain Dealer v. Ohio Dept. of Ins., 80 Ohio St.3d 513, 524-525, 687 N.E.2d 661 (1997); see also 4 Restatement of the Law, Torts, Section 757, Comment b (1939).
{26} Customer lists have been held to constitute trade secrets. Al Minor & Assocs., Inc. v. Martin, 117 Ohio St.3d 58, 2008-Ohio-292, 881 N.E.2d 850, ¶ 27. However, to be a trade secret, a customer list must contain more than a list of names, when the identity of the customers is “readily ascertainable through ordinary business channels or through classified business or trade directories.” State ex rel. Lucas Cty. Bd. of Commrs. v. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 88 Ohio St.3d 166, 173, 724 N.E.2d 411 (2000). Rather, it must contain information not generally known to or readily ascertainable by the public. Id., citing State ex rel. Plain Dealer at 529.
{27} Applying the above factors here, we conclude that Metroparks’ customer list constitutes a trade secret. Regarding the first factor, Metroparks presented evidence by way of the Julien affidavits that the list is not available to the public or provided to its contractual partners. With respect to the second and third factors, Metroparks presented evidence that it limits access to the customer list to only a few employees and has taken measures to protect the list from disclosure to others. Salemi‘s argument that Metroparks does not protect its customer list depends on contracts that are not in the record of proceedings below and on a misplaced reliance on State ex rel. Luken, a public-records mandamus case in which a party presented expert testimony to the effect that its precautions for keeping information secret were standard in its industry but in which this court did not mandate such proof.
{128} As to the fourth factor, there is evidence that the customer list is of economic value because Metroparks uses it for online marketing and to develop its targeted marking plan and because its marketing efforts have reduced the
{29} As to the fifth and sixth factors, Metroparks presented evidence that it expends effort and money to collect the information in its customer list from a number of sources and to organize and store that information. It is reasonable to conclude that others would similarly need to invest time and money to acquire and duplicate the information on the customer list.
{130} Based on the foregoing, we recognize that Metroparks’ customer list derives independent economic value from not being generally known to or readily ascertainable by ordinary means by other persons, such as Salemi, who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use and that it is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.
{131} Because Metroparks met its burden to show that the requested names and e-mail addresses squarely fall within the public-records exception for trade secrets, the court of appeals correctly denied Salemi‘s request for a writ of mandamus with regard to those records.
In camera review
{132} Salemi maintains that the court of appeals should have reviewed the records he requested in camera to determine whether they were trade secrets or protected by attorney-client privilege. Specifically, he asserts that had the court of appeals reviewed the third-party contracts he requested, the contracts would have corroborated his claim that Metroparks had waived its right to keep its trade secrets confidential. He asserts that an in camera review of the directives governing access to and protection of the customer list would have permitted the court to make a determination as to whether the directives were legal advice or “simply a business procedure to hire or implement equipment or software to protect information.” Salemi also complains that the court did not determine whether the directives had been implemented or “were an illegal act used to suppress the public‘s right to records.”
{133} This court “has consistently required an in camera inspection of records before determining whether the records are excepted from disclosure” pursuant to the Public Records Act. State ex rel. Lanham, 135 Ohio St.3d 191, 2013-Ohio-199, 985 N.E.2d 467, at ¶ 22. However, a court need not conduct an in camera inspection where “the matters contained in an allegedly public record are not in dispute, making only its status under the public records law an issue.” State ex rel. Renfro v. Cuyahoga Cty. Dept. of Human Servs., 54 Ohio St.3d 25, 26, 560 N.E.2d 230 (1990), fn. 1.
{134} The matters contained in the records that the court of appeals held were either trade secrets or privileged are not in dispute—the records contain names and e-mail addresses, the marketing plan for Metroparks, and directives on access to and protection of its customer list. The court did not need to conduct an in camera review to determine the status of those records under the Public Records Act. Salemi cites no authority for the position that the court had an obligation to conduct an in camera review of each contract implicated by his overly broad and unreasonable request for third-party contracts to see if they contained information that might support Salemi‘s waiver argument. Regarding the directives, even if they could be characterized as “business procedures,” that fact would not contradict Julien‘s averment that they were issued by in-house counsel for the purpose of providing legal advice to employees of Metroparks. Also, a review of the directives themselves would not reveal whether they had been implemented or used to illegally suppress the rights of others.
{135} For these reasons, we reject the contention that the court of appeals erred by not conducting an in camera review.
Motion to Show Cause for Contempt of Court
{136} Salemi has also filed a motion asking this court to order Metroparks and its attorneys to show cause as to why they should not be held in contempt of court for submitting false affidavits from Julien and not releasing all of the records the court of appeals ordered Metroparks to release. However, Salemi failed to demonstrate that the statements in these affidavits were false, and the correspondence from Metroparks that Salemi attached to his motion does not display an unwillingness on the part of Metroparks to produce records ordered released by the court of appeals. Accordingly, this motion is not well taken, and it is denied.
Conclusion
{137} For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals and deny the motion for an order to show cause.
Judgment accordingly.
LANZINGER, J., concurs in judgment only.
Joseph Salemi, pro se.
Thompson Hine, L.L.P., Jeffery R. Appelbaum, and Anthony J. Rospert; and Rosalina M. Fini, for appellee.