Rene Julian McKENZIE, Appellant, v. STATE of Minnesota, Respondent.
No. A14-1395.
Supreme Court of Minnesota.
Dec. 23, 2015.
865 N.W.2d 865
RLPR, 3 years after the effective date of his suspension. Reinstatement is conditioned on successful completion of the professional responsibility portion of the state bar examination and satisfaction of continuing legal education requirements pursuant to Rule 18(e), RLPR.
5. Respondent‘s motion for leave to file a supplemental brief is denied.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
David R. Stras
Associate Justice
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Saint Paul, MN; and Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean Burdorf, Assistant Hennepin County Attorney, Minneapolis, MN, for respondent.
OPINION
GILDEA, Chief Justice.
This case comes to us on appeal from the denial of Rene Julian McKenzie‘s petition for postconviction relief. McKenzie filed a petition for postconviction relief based on two third-party affidavits, alleging that a witness had recanted his triаl testimony. The postconviction court granted an evidentiary hearing to determine the credibility of the alleged recantation. At the hearing, the assistant county attorney informed the trial witness who allegedly recanted of the consequences should he testify falsely. The trial witness and the affiants invoked their Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, and the postconviction court refused to grant use immunity
Following a jury trial, McKenzie was convicted of first-degree murder for the death of Perry Pajunen.1 Pajunen was shot four times while visiting the home McKenzie shared with his friend and died as a result of the shooting. At trial, McKenzie argued that his friend was the one who shot Pajunen, and that he assisted in disposing of the body because his own life was threatened. A witness for the State, Wendell Martin (Martin Sr.), testified that McKenzie had confessed to the killing while the two of them shared a holding cell. The jury found McKenzie guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, and the district court convicted McKenzie and sentenced him to life in prison. We affirmed the conviction. State v. McKenzie, 511 N.W.2d 14, 17 (Minn. 1994). McKenzie filed his first petition for postconviction relief in 2007, and we held that those claims were procedurally barred under State v. Knaffla, 309 Minn. 246, 243, 243 N.W.2d 737 (1976). McKenzie v. State, 754 N.W.2d 366, 370 (Minn.2008).
McKenzie filed his current petition for postconviction relief on November 26, 2012, alleging that Martin Sr. provided false testimony at McKenzie‘s murder trial. McKenzie produced affidavits of LаMonte Martin (Martin Jr.) and Heidi Mastin, Martin Sr.‘s son and ex-wife, respectively, in which each asserted that Martin Sr. told them that he had lied at McKenzie‘s trial. The postconviction court granted an evidentiary hearing to assess the credibility of Mastin, Martin Jr., and Martin Sr.
Prior to the hearing, however, Martin Jr. and Mastin pleaded guilty to bribery and witness tampering in relation to Martin Jr.‘s own petition for postconviction relief. Mastin‘s plea agreemеnt contained a provision prohibiting her from testifying in McKenzie‘s postconviction matter, and on advice of counsel, she withdrew the affidavit she had provided McKenzie. During a conference prior to the evidentiary hearing on McKenzie‘s petition, the postconviction court declared this provision in Mastin‘s plea agreement unenforceable.
Martin Sr. failed to appear at the evidentiary hearing. A warrant was issued for his arrest, and he turned himself in the next morning. The assistant county attorney then met briefly with Martin Sr. At the meeting, Martin Sr. told the assistant county attorney that his trial testimony was the “absolute truth.”
At the rescheduled evidentiary hearing, the assistant county attorney informed the court that he had a reasonable and substantial belief that if Martin Sr. “were to testify that he would potentially be providing false testimony.” The assistant county аttorney further explained that he had told
Based on the advice of counsel, Mastin, Martin Jr., and Martin Sr. all invoked their Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination. McKenzie argued that the assistant county attorney acted improperly when he met with Martin Sr. without Martin Sr.‘s appointed counsel present, and by threatening and intimidating McKenzie‘s witnesses. Because of this alleged misconduct, McKenzie asked the postconviction court to grant use immunity to the three witnesses under
The postconviction court found that Martin Sr. was not represented by counsel when he met with the assistant county attorney and refused to grant use immunity to McKenzie‘s witnesses. Based on the record before it, the court was not well satisfied that Martin Sr.‘s trial testimony was false, and therefore it dеnied McKenzie‘s petition for postconviction relief. McKenzie appeals from the order denying relief.
We review the denial of postconviction relief for an abuse of discretion. Reed v. State, 793 N.W.2d 725, 729 (Minn. 2010). In doing so, we review the postconviction court‘s legal conclusions de novo, Davis v. State, 784 N.W.2d 387, 390 (Minn. 2010), and its findings of fact for clear error, Doppler v. State, 771 N.W.2d 867, 875 (Minn.2009).
I.
We first consider McKenzie‘s contention that his Fourteenth Amendment right to due process was violated because the State substantially interfered with his witnesses’ decisions about whether to testify at the postconviction hearing.2 Although we have considered claims that a government actor interfered with a defense witness before or during a criminal trial, see, e.g., State v. Graham, 764 N.W.2d 340, 348-50 (Minn.2009), we have never considered a claim that a government actor interfered with a witness before or during a postconviction evidentiary hearing.3
Under the test that would be apрlied in the context of a criminal defendant at trial, the defendant must prove that (1) a government actor interfered with a defense witness‘s decision to testify; (2) the interference was substantial; and (3) the defendant was prejudiced by the conduct. Colbert v. State, 870 N.W.2d 616, 625 (Minn.2015); Graham, 764 N.W.2d at 349 (“In determining whether the State has infringed on a defendant‘s constitutional right to present a defense . . . ‘the dispositive question in each case is whether the government actor‘s interference with a witness‘s decision to testify was “substantial.“‘” (quoting United States v. Serrano, 406 F.3d 1208, 1216 (10th Cir.2005))). We apply this test to the decisions Mastin and Martin Sr. made about whether to testify at the postconviction hearing.4
A.
As to Heidi Mastin, McKenzie asserts that the State improperly coerced her into a plea agreement in a collateral matter that restricted her from testifying on behalf of McKenzie. Mastin did enter a plea agreement with the State that purported to prevent her from providing testimony in McKenzie‘s case, but the postconviction court declared this provision unenforceable during a conference prior to the evidentiary hearing. The plea provision therefore had been deemed unenforceable when Mastin asserted her Fifth Amendment privilege at the evidentiary hearing. Mastin could have resubmitted the affidavit that she hаd previously withdrawn or could have testified consistent with her statement. Instead, and on advice of counsel, she invoked her Fifth Amendment privilege and freely chose not to testify. Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the State did not substantially interfere with Mastin‘s decision about whether to testify at the postconviction hearing.
B.
McKenzie also argues that the assistant county attorney substantially interfеred with Martin Sr.‘s decision to testify at the postconviction hearing by (1) interviewing Martin Sr. either shortly before or after he was appointed counsel, and (2) threatening Martin Sr. with a perjury prosecution should he testify falsely.
1.
McKenzie contends that because the assistant county attorney interviewed Martin Sr. without the presence of counsel to represent Martin Sr., the assistant county attorney‘s behavior amounts to improper interference. For McKenzie‘s argument to have merit, the assistant county attorney must have interviewed Martin Sr. outside the presence of counsel after the postconviction court had appointed counsel to represent Martin Sr.5 This fact was disputed below. The postconviction court
We review a postconviction court‘s findings of fact for clear error. Martin v. State, 865 N.W.2d 282, 290 (Minn.2015). If there is sufficient evidence to support a postconviction court‘s finding, thе finding will stand. Ferguson v. State, 645 N.W.2d 437, 442 (Minn.2002).
The postconviction court found that the assistant county attorney‘s interview with Martin Sr. occurred before he was appointed counsel, at 11:30 a.m., on November 22, 2013. Because Martin Sr. was not represented by counsel when the assistant county attorney interviewed him, the postconviction court reasoned, there was no ethical violation. See
2.
McKenzie also alleges that the assistant county attorney substantially interfered with Martin Sr.‘s decision regarding whether to testify at the evidentiary hearing by threatening prosecution should Martin Sr. testify falsely. The postconviction court did not address this argument at the evidentiary hearing or in its order. If an issuе was not addressed by the district court, we generally will not consider the issue, even if it was raised below. Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582 (Minn.1988). We may, however, “decide an issue not determined by a trial court where that question is decisive of the entire controversy and where there is no possible advantage or disadvantage to either party in not having a prior ruling on the question.” Harms v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 300, La Crescent, 450 N.W.2d 571, 577 (Minn.1990); see also Foss v. Kincade, 766 N.W.2d 317, 323 (Minn.2009) (agreeing with the court of appeals’ decision to address, “in the interеst[s] of judicial economy,” an issue that was raised below but not resolved by the district court). We have determined that a party was not disadvantaged when the previously unaddressed issue involved a legal question and the parties had an opportunity to brief the question. Woodhall v. State, 738 N.W.2d 357, 363 n. 6 (Minn. 2007). Because both parties have had an opportunity to brief this issue, and because the facts are not in dispute, we turn to the merits of McKenzie‘s clаim that the assistant county attorney violated McKenzie‘s rights by threatening Martin Sr. with prosecution should he testify falsely.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has stressed that “a due process violation does not arise merely . . . because the government warns a defense witness of the consequences of committing perjury.” United States v. Williams, 205 F.3d 23, 29 (2d Cir.2000). A warning of possible self-incrimination violates due process only when “the government actor‘s interference with a witness‘s decision to testify [is] ‘substantial.‘” Graham, 764 N.W.2d at 349
Our review of the record convinces us that the assistant county attorney‘s statement did not substantially interfere with Martin Sr.‘s dеcision to testify. First and perhaps most importantly, Martin Sr. stated on the record that he was “not worried about [the State] prosecuting [him],” and that fear of prosecution was “not why [he was] not testifying.” Additionally, the assistant county attorney had a strong basis to believe that Martin Sr. might lie under oath, as Martin Sr. had been previously implicated in Martin Jr.‘s witness bribery scheme. The assistant county attorney reasonably believed that Martin Sr. testifiеd truthfully at McKenzie‘s trial and that he told the truth during the November 22, 2013 interview, in which Martin Sr. maintained that he “knew what [] McKenzie was trying to do” and confirmed that his trial testimony was “the absolute truth.” Moreover, the assistant county attorney‘s statement that he “had information that if Wendell Martin Senior were to testify that he would potentially be providing false testimony” and that the State “would pursue charges consistent with that,” merely informed Martin Sr. of the cоnsequences should he testify falsely. Martin Sr. was not threatened with prosecution regardless of the content of his testimony, but only if he testified falsely. Cf. Swyningan, 304 Minn. at 556-57, 229 N.W.2d at 33 (citing Commonwealth v. Jennings, 225 Pa.Super. 489, 311 A.2d 720 (1973) (finding a due process violation when the state threatened prosecution regardless of the content of the witness‘s testimony)). Finally, Martin Sr. was represented by independent counsel at the evidentiary hearing and asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege only after consulting his attorney. Cоnsidering all of this evidence, it is clear that McKenzie did not prove that the assistant county attorney interfered with Martin Sr.‘s decision. Therefore, we hold that McKenzie‘s claim under the Fourteenth Amendment fails.
II.
We next consider whether the postconviction court erred in failing to grant statutory use immunity to Mastin, Martin Jr., and Martin Sr. for their testimony. McKenzie argues that because the State substantially interfered with his witnesses’ decisions about whether to testify at the postconviction hearing, the postconviction court should have granted use immunity to the witnesses.
As an initial matter, “[i]t is unclear whether Minnesota‘s immunity statute applies to a postconviction hearing.” Martin v. State, 865 N.W.2d 282, 289 (Minn.2015). Assuming the statute does apply,
We have interpreted the power to grant immunity narrowly, rejecting the notion that the court has an inherent power to order immunity. See State v. Peirce, 364 N.W.2d 801, 808-09 (Minn.1985). Relying on cases from the Second and Fifth Circuits, we have held that “to allow defense witness immunity would be an impermissible intrusion into prosecutorial discretion which must remain with the executive branch, and that such immunity would be vulnerable to manipulation and abuse by codefendants and others with a common interest in evading guilt.” Id. at 809 (referencing United States v. Thevis, 665 F.2d 616 (5th Cir.1982) and United States v. Turkish, 623 F.2d 769 (2d Cir.1980)). Absent “egregious prosecutorial misbehavior,” denying immunity to defense witnesses does not violate a defendant‘s constitutional rights. Id.
Despite McKenzie‘s assertion to the contrary, there was no egregious misconduct in this case. As discussed above, the State did not substantially interfere with the witnesses’ decisions regarding whether to testify at the postconviction hearing.6 Accordingly, we hold that the postconviction court properly refused McKenzie‘s request to grant use immunity to McKenzie‘s witnеsses.
III.
Finally, we consider whether the postconviction court abused its discretion in concluding that McKenzie failed to demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he was entitled to a new trial under the Larrison test. We will overturn the denial of relief on a witness-recantation claim only if the postconviction court has abused its discretion. Opsahl v. State, 710 N.W.2d 776, 782 (Minn.2006). Our review of issues of fact is limited to a determination of whether the evidence is sufficient to support the postconviction court‘s findings. Id. Traditionally, “[c]ourts have . . . looked with disfavor on motions for a new trial founded on alleged recantations unless there are extraordinary and unusual circumstances.” State v. Hill, 312 Minn. 514, 523, 253 N.W.2d 378, 384 (1977). And we have recognized that the postconviction court does not abuse its discretion in denying relief “[w]here the ‘newly discovered’ evidence is of doubtful charаcter and the particular circumstances of a case do not lend credence to the appellant‘s claim.” Id. (quoting State v. Wofford, 262 Minn. 112, 115, 114 N.W.2d 267, 270 (1962)).
We evaluate recantations using the three-prong Larrison test, which examines whether:
- the court [is] reasonably well-satisfied that the testimony in question was false;
- without that testimony the jury might have reached a different conclusion; and
- the petitioner was taken by surprise at trial or did not know of the falsity until after trial.
Opsahl, 710 N.W.2d at 782. In order to satisfy the first prong under Larrison, “the recantation must contain ‘sufficient indicia of trustworthiness’ leading the court to be ‘reasonably certain that the recantation is genuine.‘” Martin, 865 N.W.2d at 290 (quoting Martin v. State, 825 N.W.2d 734, 741 (Minn.2013)). The showing required for a new trial is higher than that required to receive an evidentiary hearing. Opsahl v. State, 677 N.W.2d 414, 423 (Minn.2004). In Ferguson, 645 N.W.2d at 445-46, and Dobbins v. State, 788 N.W.2d 719, 732-34 (Minn.2010), we held that although evidence in the form of a third-party hearsay affidavit was sufficient to warrant an evidentiary hearing, it did not entitle the petitioner to a new trial.
Like the evidence in Dobbins and Ferguson, the evidence before the postconviction court—Martin Jr.‘s affidavit—was a third-party hearsay affidavit. We have never held that third-party hearsay affidavits, standing alone, bear “sufficient indicia of trustworthiness” to warrant a new trial under Larrison. Moreover, the record contains evidence of Martin Jr.‘s history of bribing and intimidating witnesses to falsify affidavits. Finally, McKenzie makes no argument that the affidavit is admissible under a hearsay exception. Based on our review of the record, we hold that the postconviction сourt did not abuse its discretion when it concluded that McKenzie had not presented evidence sufficient to satisfy the first prong of Larrison.
Affirmed.
HUDSON, J., not having been a member of this court at the time of submission, took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Jane DOE 136, Appellant, v. Ralph LIEBSCH, Respondent.
No. A14-0275.
Supreme Court of Minnesota.
Dec. 30, 2015.