Prince v. The InterceptPrince v. The Intercept
LORETTA A. PRESKA, Senior United States District Judge:
Before the Court are (1) Defendants First Look Media Works, Inc. n/k/a First Look Institute, Inc.s (“First Look“) and Matthew Coles (together, the “First Look Defendants“) motion to dismiss pursuant to
opposes the motions.3 For the reasons stated below, Defendants motions to dismiss are GRANTED.
I. Background4
a. Factual Background
i. The Parties
Plaintiff Erik Prince is an American businessman and former U.S. Navy SEAL officer who gained notoriety for founding the private military company Blackwater, which secured U.S. government contracts including, “providing support for government agencies in the aftermath of the bombing of the U.S.S. Cole in Yemen, assisting in the hunt for Osama Bin Laden following the September 11, 2001 attacks, providing support and training in Iraq and Afghanistan, and protecting domestic government facilities following Hurricane Katrina.” (Compl. ¶¶ 21-22.) After Plaintiff sold his interest in Blackwater in 2010,
Plaintiff is also well-known for his involvement in politics, particularly in the Trump administration. He is the brother of former U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos, (see id. ¶ 56), a public advocate and donor of President Trump, (see id. ¶ 32; dkt. no. 17 (“Brown Decl.“), Ex. 1 at 4), and a former unofficial advisor to President Trump on military and foreign policy issues. (See Brown Decl., Ex. 1 at 4.)
Defendant First Look is a media company-founded by Pierre Omidyar (founder of eBay)-that owns and operates the online nonprofit news publication The Intercept since 2013. (Compl. ¶¶ 13, 23.) The Intercept is funded by Mr. Omidyar and reader donations. (Id. ¶¶ 25, 26.) Defendants Matthew Cole and Alex Emmons were national security reporters for The Intercept at the time the disputed article was published. (Id. ¶¶ 14, 15.)
ii. The Alleged Defamation
Plaintiff claims that an August 13, 2020 article (the “Article“) written by Mr. Cole and Mr. Emmons and published by The Intercept defamed Plaintiff by portraying him as meeting “with a top official of Russias Wagner Group5 and offer[ing] his mercenary forces to support the firms operations in Libya and Mozambique.” (Id. ¶ 4.) Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants published seven defamatory statements in the Article. (Id. ¶ 41.)
Plaintiff denies that he (1) met an “official from or representative of the Wagner Group,” (2) “offered his services to support the Wagner Groups operations in Libya and Mozambique,” or (3) “sent the Wagner Group a proposal to offer his services in Libya and Mozambique.” (Id. ¶ 5.) Plaintiff also denies “caus[ing] any third party to meet with or submit a proposal to the Wagner Group on his behalf.” (Id.) Because counsel for Plaintiff conveyed to Mr. Cole Plaintiffs denial that he met representatives of the Wagner Group prior to the Articles publication, Plaintiff contends that Defendants published the statements with knowledge of their falsity. (Id. ¶ 45.) Defendants included this denial in the published Article. (See Brown Decl., Ex. 1 at 2.) Rather than engage with Plaintiff about the details of their allegations, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants published each of the disputed statements based on anonymous sources. (Id. ¶ 42.)
Plaintiff contends that the Article accuses him of being “a criminal and disloyal to his nation” by claiming that he “engaged in illegal conduct and violated U.S. and U.N. sanctions and U.S. arms trafficking regulations by allegedly soliciting business from Wagner Group.” (Id. ¶ 74.) These allegations have allegedly caused substantial harm and special damages to Plaintiff in the form of, among other things, monetary loss, injury to reputation and good will, and loss of profits. (Id. ¶ 75.)
The Article was subsequently republished by news outlets including, but not limited to, the Daily Beast, The Intellectualist, and The Moscow Times. (Id. ¶¶ 55-60.)
Plaintiff filed suit against Defendants in this District on November 24, 2021, asserting claims for defamation per se and defamation per quod. (See Compl.) The First Look Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint (the “Complaint“) for failure to state a claim on February 11, 2022. (See First Look Br.) Defendant Alex Emmons separately filed his motion to dismiss the claims against him in the Complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction and joined the First Look Defendants motion to dismiss the Complaint for failure to state a claim on March 22, 2022. (See Emmons Br.) Plaintiff filed his opposition submission on March 21, 2022, (see Pl. Br.), and the First Look Defendants and Mr. Emmons filed separate reply submissions on March 28, 2022. (See First Look Reply, Emmons Reply.)
II. Legal Standards
a. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2)
On a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to
“In evaluating whether the requisite showing has been made,” the Court must “construe the pleadings and any supporting materials in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs.”6 The Court will not, however, “draw argumentative inferences in the plaintiffs favor.” ONeill, 714 F.3d at 673.
b. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” In re Actos End-Payor Antitrust Litig., 848 F.3d 89, 97 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. That “standard is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Palin v. N.Y. Times Co., 940 F.3d 804, 810 (2d Cir. 2019). Evaluating “whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief” is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
When considering a motion to dismiss, the Court “accept[s] as true all factual
In determining the sufficiency of a claim under
The court may also review documents subject to judicial notice. The Court of Appeals has explained, “[a] court may take judicial notice of a document filed in another court not for the truth of the matters asserted in the other litigation, but rather to establish the fact of such litigation and related filings.” Glob. Network Commcns, Inc. v. City of New York, 458 F.3d 150, 157 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Intl Star Class Yacht Racing Assn v. Tommy Hilfiger U.S.A., Inc., 146 F.3d 66, 70 (2d Cir. 1998)).
III. Discussion
a. Personal Jurisdiction Over Defendant Alex Emmons
i. Judicial Estoppel
Plaintiff argues that Mr. Emmons is judicially estopped from challenging the Courts jurisdiction over him because in litigation against Defendants in the U.S. District Court for the District of Wyoming (the “Wyoming Action“),7 Mr. Emmons stated that New York courts have personal jurisdiction over him.8 (See Pl. Br. at 6-8.) It is well established that “[w]here a party assumes a certain position in a legal proceeding, and succeeds in maintaining that position, he may not thereafter, simply because his interests have changed, assume a contrary position, especially if it be to the prejudice of the party who acquiesced in the position formerly taken by him.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001). Mr. Emmons opposes, arguing that “none of the elements required for a finding of judicial estoppel is present here.” (See Emmons Reply at 2.)
In determining whether to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel, courts generally consider the existence of three factors: (1) whether a partys new position is “clearly inconsistent” with its earlier
Regarding the first factor, the Court considers “the contexts in which apparently contradictory statements are made to determine if there is, in fact, direct and irreconcilable contradiction.” Rodal v. Anesthesia Grp. Of Onondaga, P.C., 369 F.3d 113, 119 (2d Cir. 2004). In November 2020, when the parties submitted supplemental briefing in the Wyoming Action, Mr. Emmons was employed by First Look. (See Emmons Br. at 2-3.) However, in June 2021, before Plaintiff filed the Complaint, Mr. Emmons resigned from First Look to attend graduate school in Connecticut. (See dkt. no. 23 (“Emmons Decl.“) ¶ 12; Emmons Br. at 3-4.) Based on Mr. Emmonss change in employment and domicile between the dismissal of the Wyoming Action and the filing of the Complaint, the Court does not find that Mr. Emmonss current position regarding jurisdiction is “clearly inconsistent” with his statement in the Wyoming Action. Thus, the Court finds that the first factor favors Mr. Emmons.
Turning to the second factor, in the Wyoming Action, Mr. Emmons did not affirmatively seek to transfer venue;9 rather, he argued that the Wyoming court should dismiss the complaint, analyzing how factors courts consider when determining a potential transfer weighed against transfer to this district. (See dkt. no. 31, Ex. C. at 9.) Based on the record, Mr. Emmons persuaded the Wyoming court that transfer was not in the interest of justice, not that New York courts had jurisdiction over him.10 Because the Wyoming court dismissed the Wyoming Action for lack of jurisdiction and declined to transfer venue
to this district, the Court finds that (1) Mr. Emmons did not persuade the Wyoming court that New York courts have personal jurisdiction over him; and (2) the Wyoming court need not have accepted the accuracy of Mr. Emmonss statement regarding jurisdiction to dismiss the complaint. See In re Adelphia Recovery Tr., 634 F.3d 678, 696 (2d Cir. 2011) (“[J]udicial estoppel may only apply where the earlier tribunal accepted the accuracy of the litigants statements.“) Thus, the Court finds that the second factor favors Mr. Emmons.
Finally, the Court agrees with Mr. Emmons that Plaintiff did not explain how estopping Mr. Emmons from asserting a personal jurisdiction defense in this litigation maintains judicial integrity.11 (See
to transfer venue,12 and the Wyoming court did not grant Plaintiffs request to transfer venue. Thus, the Court finds that the final factor favors Mr. Emmons.
Accordingly, after considering each factor, the Court rejects Plaintiffs argument that Mr. Emmons is judicially estopped from challenging the Courts jurisdiction over him.
ii. General Jurisdiction
Turning to general jurisdiction first, “[f]or an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is the individuals domicile.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011); Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014). During Mr. Emmonss employment at First Look, he resided in Washington, D.C. and Virginia. (See Emmons Decl. ¶ 4.) In June 2021, upon resigning from First Look, Mr. Emmons moved from Washington, D.C. to Connecticut where he currently resides. (See id. ¶ 12.) Personal jurisdiction is determined at the time of service of the summons and complaint. See Darby v. Compagnie Nat. Air France, 735 F. Supp. 555, 560 (S.D.N.Y. 1990). Because New York was not Mr. Emmonss domicile as a First Look employee or at the time Plaintiff filed the Complaint,13 the Court finds that Mr. Emmons is not subject to the Courts general jurisdiction.
iii. Specific Jurisdiction
In a diversity action, personal jurisdiction of a federal court over a non-resident defendant is governed by the law of the state in which the court sits and by the limits of due process. See Goldfarb v. Channel One Russia, 442 F. Supp. 3d 649, 662 (S.D.N.Y. 2020), reconsideration denied, 18 Civ. 8128, 2021 WL 1392850 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 13, 2021). First, the Court looks to New Yorks jurisdictional statute, which is
Plaintiff argues that
transacts any business within the state.”
1. Transacting Business in New York
“[T]o demonstrate that an individual is transacting business within the meaning of
However, New York courts construe “transacts any business within the state” in
falsehoods where the defamation claim did not arise from the defendants specific business transactions in New York.” (internal quotations omitted)).
The “something more” standard is satisfied “when at least part of the defamatory content was created, researched, written, developed, or produced in New York.” Goldfarb, 442 F. Supp at 662; see also Trachtenberg v. Failedmessiah.com, 43 F. Supp. 3d 198, 202 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (“In cases involving allegedly defamatory content published by an out-of-state media outlet, courts have found transactions only when the content in question was based on research physically conducted in New York.“). “Examples of activities that, without more, do not qualify” include “brief visits and phone calls to the state.” Giannetta, 2021 WL 2593305, at *8; but see Symmetra Pty. Ltd. v. Human Facets, LLC, 12-CV-8857, 2013 WL 2896876, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. June 13, 2013) (noting that researching a defamatory book or news broadcast in New York satisfies
Although Mr. Emmons acknowledges that he had contact with New York during his employment at The Intercept,16 Plaintiff
failed to satisfy the “something more” standard because Mr. Emmonss contacts with New York were not related to the creation of the Articles allegedly defamatory statements. With respect to his role in drafting the Article, Mr. Emmons did not travel to New York to conduct research, interview a source in New York, or rely on a New York source (Emmons Br. at 8). Just as the court in Trachtenberg dismissed the plaintiffs defamation claim under
The Court agrees with Mr. Emmons that Plaintiffs reliance on Mercator Risk Services Inc. v. Girden, 08-CV-10795, 2008 WL 5429886 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 30, 2008) is inapposite because the case concerns a New York employer suing former employees for allegedly stealing or revealing the employers trade secrets. As stated above, New York courts construe “transacts any business within the state” in
in defamation cases than they do in the context of other sorts of litigation.” Best Van Lines, 490 F.3d at 248. Thus, the standard applicable to the exercise of personal jurisdiction in non-defamation cases is not relevant. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff does not satisfy the first prong of
2. Arising From a Business Transaction
A cause of action arises from “a partys activities in New York if there is an articulable nexus, or a substantial relationship, between the claim asserted and the actions that occurred in New York.” Id. at 246 (quoting Henderson v. INS, 157 F.3d 106, 123 (2d Cir. 1998)). Under
Here, there is not a substantial relationship between Mr. Emmonss conduct in New York and Plaintiffs claims. As stated above, Mr. Emmons did not travel to New York to conduct research, interview any person in New York, or rely on any sources in New York in connection with drafting his portion of the Article. See Tannerite Sports, LLC v. NBCUniversal Media LLC, 135 F. Supp. 3d 219, 234 (S.D.N.Y. 2015), affd on other
grounds sub nom Tannerite Sports, LLC v. NBCUniversal News Grp., 864 F.3d 236 (2d Cir. 2017) (finding that the plaintiff failed the second prong of
Because Plaintiff has not satisfied either prong of
Having concluded that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over Mr. Emmons, Mr. Emmonss motion to dismiss pursuant to
b. Defamation
“Defamation is the injury to ones reputation either by written expression, which is libel, or by oral expression, which is slander.” Biro I, 883 F. Supp. 2d at 456; see also Albert v. Loksen, 239 F.3d 256, 265 (2d Cir. 2001). To prove a claim for
defamation, a plaintiff must show: (1) “a false statement,” (2) “published without privilege or authorization to a third party,” (3) “constituting fault as judged by, at a minimum, a negligence standard,” and (4) “either caus[ing] special harm or constitut[ing] defamation per se.”17 Watson v. NY Doe 1, 439 F. Supp. 3d 152, 160 (S.D.N.Y. 2020); see also Tannerite Sports, LLC, 864 F.3d at 244.
Defendants18 contend that Plaintiff‘s defamation claim warrants dismissal for several reasons. Specifically, the First Look Defendants argue that (1) Plaintiff was required to but failed to plead actual malice and (2) that its statements are non-actionable opinion based on disclosed facts. (See generally, First Look Br. at 8-19.)
i. Choice-of-Law
Before addressing the First Look Defendants’ arguments, the Court must first determine which body of substantive law applies: New York or Wyoming. “A federal court sitting in diversity applies the choice-of-law rules of the forum state.” Md. Cas. Co. v. Cont‘l Cas. Co., 332 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir. 2003) (citing Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487 (1941)). Because the Court‘s subject matter jurisdiction in this case rests on diversity of citizenship, (see Compl. ¶ 17), the Court applies New York choice-of-law rules to determine which body of substantive law applies.
Under New York choice-of-law rules, “the first step in any choice of law inquiry is to determine whether there is an ‘actual conflict‘” between the rules of the
In tort cases such as this one, New York “applies the law of the state with the most significant interest in the litigation.” Lee v. Bankers Trust Co., 166 F.3d 540, 545 (2d Cir. 1999) (citing Padula v. Lilarn Props. Corp., 84 N.Y.2d 519, 521 (1994)); see also Kinsey v. N.Y. Times Co., 991 F.3d 171, 176 (2d Cir. 2021). In weighing the jurisdictional interests, courts distinguish between “conduct-regulating” and “loss-allocating” rules. Kinsey, 991 F.3d at 176 (citation omitted). It is well established that “a rule that governs defamatory or libelous conduct can be considered conduct-regulating,” and thus New York courts usually apply the law of the jurisdiction with the more significant relationship to the parties and the tort. Id. (citation omitted). “Under New York choice-of-law rules in defamation cases the state of the plaintiff‘s domicile will usually have the most significant relationship to the case, and its law will therefore govern.” Lee, 166 F.3d at 545 (internal quotation marks omitted). However, this consideration is not conclusive.
In multistate defamation cases, though, “the state with the most significant relationship is not necessarily readily apparent. Thus, in cases where an allegedly defamatory statement is published nationally, there is only a presumptive rule that the law of [the] plaintiff‘s domicile applies, which does not hold true . . . if with respect to the particular issue, some other state has a more significant relationship to the issue or the parties.” Catalanello v. Kramer, 18 F. Supp. 3d 504, 512 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, it is undisputed that The Intercept is a national publication with a national distribution. (See First Look Reply at 2; see also Pl. Br. at 14 (noting that “The Intercept is an online-only news publication that covers issues of national and international importance[] [and] its readers are people from all over the country and world, and it does not target persons from any single state . . .” (cleaned up))). Because The Intercept published the allegedly defamatory statements nationally, the Court first determines whether there is a basis to conclude that New York has a more significant relationship to the issue or the parties than the state of Plaintiff‘s domicile.20
Applying these factors and accepting Plaintiff‘s factual allegations as true, Plaintiff has established that he is domiciled in Wyoming. (See Compl. ¶ 11.) As pleaded, however, the injury is not limited to Wyoming, as Plaintiff alleges that the “broad dissemination of the [Article] across many media and social media platforms has further harmed Mr. Prince‘s personal and professional reputation.” (Id. ¶ 65; see also Pl. Br. at 15.) This factor, therefore, weighs only slightly in favor of applying Wyoming law.
Second, the First Look Defendants are domiciled in New York;22 Mr. Cole is a New York resident and The Intercept, “owned by First Look Media Works, Inc.,” is a “New York company with its principal place of business in New York.” (Compl. ¶¶ 12-14.) The Article emanated from New York because Mr. Cole, as alleged by Plaintiff, “worked with editors and other Intercept staff located in New York in the process of authoring the [Article],” (id. ¶ 19), which First Look published from its New York headquarters (see First Look Br. at 8 n.4). Moreover, the Article was published on the internet, and, as Plaintiff alleges, “news outlets throughout the world republished or cited” the Article. (Compl. ¶ 54.) Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of applying New York law.
Third, the activities to which the allegedly defamatory statements refer—whether Plaintiff met with the Wagner Group and proposed his services—are global and affect both Wyoming and New York from a national security perspective. Thus, this factor does not favor application of either Wyoming‘s or New York‘s law.
Finally, while Wyoming has an interest in protecting its citizens from defamation, “New York has strong policy interests in regulating the conduct of its citizens and its media.” Kinsey, 991 F.3d at 177; see also Condit, 317 F. Supp. 2d at 353 (noting that New York‘s interest in regulating the conduct of its media “remains even when the target of the statement lives in another state“). As stated above, the First Look Defendants are domiciled in New York. Accordingly, the Court follows the Court of Appeals’ reasoning in Kinsey “in finding that this factor weighs in favor of applying New York law to [media] outlets that operate
Considering each of the Kinsey factors, including that Plaintiff sued in New York because the Wyoming Action was dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction, (see First Look Br. at 6), the Court finds that New York has a more significant interest in this litigation than Wyoming. The Court notes that unlike in Deluliis, Plaintiff did not allege “some harm that has a specific nexus to New York.” Deluliis, 2021 WL 4443145, at *10. However, this omission does not alter the Court‘s conclusion because the Complaint does not allege a specific nexus to any location; rather, Plaintiff alleges that he suffered global harm, e.g., “interference with and damage to Mr. Prince‘s relationships with contractual partners, bankers, lenders, and the media; loss of market share, business opportunities, and access to markets and investors worldwide.” (See Compl. ¶ 75.) Accordingly, that factor does not favor application of either Wyoming‘s or New York‘s law. Thus, the Court evaluates the First Look Defendants’ motion under New York law.
c. Fault
i. Public Figure
“The showing of fault necessary to recover for libel varies depending on a plaintiff‘s position in society, requiring a higher degree of fault for public officials and public figures.” Celle v. Filipino Rep. Enters. Inc., 209 F.3d 163, 176 (2d Cir. 2000). A plaintiff who is a public figure must plausibly allege that the defendant made the statements with actual malice. See Biro v. Conde Nast, 807 F.3d 541, 544 (2d Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).
“Whether or not a person . . . is a public figure is a question of law for the court to decide.” Church of Scientology Int‘l v. Eli Lilly & Co., 778 F. Supp. 661, 666 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) (citations omitted). The Supreme Court has recognized that a plaintiff is a public figure if he or she either: (1) achieves “such pervasive fame or notoriety that he becomes a public figure for all purposes and in all contexts[,]” or (2) “voluntarily injects himself or is drawn into a particular public controversy and thereby becomes a public figure for a limited range of issues.” Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 351 (1974). The parties focus on the latter, which is a limited-purpose public figure.
As an initial matter, the Court finds Plaintiff‘s argument that determining Plaintiff‘s position in society “not suitable for disposition prior to discovery,” (see Pl. Br. at 24-26), unavailing. “Where the question whether a plaintiff is a public figure can be determined based upon the pleadings alone, the Court may deem a plaintiff a public figure at the motion to dismiss stage.” Biro v. Conde Nast (Biro II), 963 F. Supp. 2d 255, 270 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), aff‘d, 807 F.3d 541 (2d Cir. 2015), and aff‘d, 622 F. App‘x 67 (2d Cir. 2015). Here, the First Look Defendants argue that Plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure and that he must therefore plead actual malice to proceed with his defamation claim. (See First Look Br. at 14-16.) Thus, the Court must determine whether Plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure for the purposes of this action or at least whether such a determination can be made at the pleadings stage in this litigation.
The Court of Appeals established a four-part test to determine whether a plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure. A defendant must show that a plaintiff has:
(1) successfully invited public attention to his views in an effort to influence
others prior to the incident that is the subject of litigation; (2) voluntarily injected himself into a public controversy related to the subject of the litigation; (3) assumed a position of prominence in the public controversy; and (4) maintained regular and continuing access to the media.
Biro II, 963 F. Supp. 2d at 270 (quoting Lerman v. Flynt Distrib. Co., Inc., 745 F.2d 123, 136-37 (2d Cir. 1984)). “A private individual is not automatically transformed into a public figure just by becoming involved in or associated with a matter that attracts public attention.” Gottwald v. Sebert, 148 N.Y.S.3d 37, 44 (App. Div. 2021) (quoting Wolston v. Reader‘s Digest Assn. Inc., 443 U.S. 157, 167 (1979)).
“By definition, comments regarding a limited purpose public figure are subject to heightened scrutiny only to the extent that they are relevant to the public figure‘s involvement in a given controversy.” Biro II, 963 F. Supp. 2d at 270-71. However, “once a plaintiff is deemed a limited purpose public figure, courts allow the heightened protections to sweep broadly, covering all statements by defendants that are not ‘wholly unrelated to the controversy.‘” Id. (quoting Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publ‘ns, Inc., 627 F.2d 1287, 1298 (D.C. Cir. 1980)).
1. Successful Invitation of Public Attention to Influence Others
In determining whether Plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure, the Court first examines whether he took affirmative steps to attract personal attention or public acclaim. Plaintiff admits that from 1997 to 2010, he founded and ran Blackwater, which “won numerous U.S. government contracts, such as providing support for government agencies in the aftermath of the bombing of the U.S.S. Cole in Yemen, assisting in the hunt for Osama Bin Laden following the September 11, 2001 attacks, [and] providing support and training in Iraq and Afghanistan.” (Compl. ¶¶ 11, 22.) He is also “[E]xecutive Director and Vice Chairman of Frontier Services Group [“FSG“], a leading provider of integrated security, logistics, insurance and infrastructure services for clients operating in frontier markets.” (Id. ¶¶ 11, 22.) Moreover, Plaintiff has authored articles, (see Brown Decl., Exs. 27-28 (opinion articles by Plaintiff proposing to use private military contractors to train and patrol alongside Afghan security forces)), and given interviews in various publications on using private military contractors in foreign conflicts (see Brown Decl. Exs. 24-26).23 Although Plaintiff does not address whether he invited public attention to influence
2. Voluntary Injection Into a Controversy
Next, the Court determines whether Plaintiff injected himself into a “public controversy.”
a. Public Controversy
The Court of Appeals has defined a public controversy as “any topic upon which sizeable segments of society have different, strongly held views,” even if the topic does not involve “political debate or criticism of public officials.” Lerman, 745 F.2d at 138; see also Gottwald, 148 N.Y.S.3d at 44 (“In order to be considered public controversy . . . the subject matter must be more than simply newsworthy . . . it must be a real dispute, the outcome of which affects the general public or some segment of it in an appreciable way.” (quoting Krauss v. Globe Intern., Inc., 674 N.Y.S.2d 662, 664 (App. Div. 1998))). However, “the issue into which the plaintiff has injected himself must be ‘controversial’ at the time the plaintiff forayed into the matter.” Biro II, 963 F. Supp. 2d at 272; see also Elliott, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 50 (“A controversy is a specific question or real issue being discussed at the time of the defamatory statement.“).
The parties dispute the contours of the controversy. Plaintiff contends that he is not a limited-purpose public figure because “the controversy giving rise to the defamation is a controversy of Defendants’ own making: Mr. Prince‘s alleged efforts to sell military services to sanctioned Russian mercenaries.” (Pl. Br. at 26.) However, the scope of a public controversy is not limited to the debate in the alleged defamatory document. “A controversy is broader than only the statement or discussion contained in the allegedly defamatory document.” Elliott, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 50 (citing Jankovic v. Int‘l Crisis Grp., 822 F.3d 576 (D.C. Cir. 2016)); see also Jankovic, 822 F.3d at 586 (“When defining the relevant controversy, a court may find that there are multiple potential controversies, and it is often true that ‘a narrow controversy may be a phase of another, broader one.‘” (citation omitted)). Thus, the Court rejects Plaintiff‘s assertion that the Article created or defined the controversy. (See Pl. Br. at 26.)
Around the time of the defamatory statement—April 13, 2020—the Court finds that the topic of using private military contractors in foreign conflicts was not simply newsworthy; rather, there was a real dispute over whether governments should use private military contractors in foreign conflicts.24 (See Brown Decl. Ex. 23
In defining the contours of the controversy, the Court rejects both Plaintiff‘s and the First Look Defendants’ definitions. The Court agrees with Plaintiff that the defamation at issue does not arise from the First Look Defendants’ first definition of the controversy: the Article is not about “the use of military contractors overseas by the U.S. government.” (First Look Br. at 15; Pl. Br. at 27.) However, the Court does not limit the controversy to the U.S. government‘s using private military contractors; there is a public debate over the use of private military contractors or paramilitary services by countries other than the United States in foreign conflicts. (See Brown Decl. Ex. 23 at 3.) Moreover, the Court does not limit the controversy‘s scope to the First Look Defendants’ second definition—“how [Plaintiff‘s] security expertise is being sold on the open marketplace, including to countries who compete with or are even hostile to U.S. interests,” (First Look Br. at 15), because the controversy is not limited to Plaintiff‘s companies. (See Brown Decl. Ex. 28 at 4 (Plaintiff‘s advocating for President Trump to use a private company—“mine or anyone else‘s“—to provide military contractors in Afghanistan)). Although Plaintiff‘s companies are the market leaders, the controversy concerns the concept of governments’ employing private military contractors in foreign conflicts.
b. Voluntary Injection into that Controversy
An individual “can become a limited purpose public figure only through his own actions; by ‘enter[ing] voluntarily into one of the submarkets of ideas and opinions,’ one consent[s] . . . to the rough competition of the marketplace.” Biro II, 963 F. Supp. 2d at 274 (citing Dilworth v. Dudley, 75 F.3d 307, 309 (7th Cir. 1996)). As discussed above, Plaintiff has written opinion articles and given interviews in various publications on using private military contractors in foreign conflicts, which shows that Plaintiff has participated in the debate on this issue.25 Contra Elliott, 469 F. Supp. 3d at 54 (the plaintiff is not a limited-purpose public figure because the plaintiff‘s involvement in “a controversy surrounding sexual assault, sexual harassment and consent in the workplace” was limited “to only a few tangential references to sexual harassment or lewd jokes in the workplace in [the] [p]laintiff‘s writing and interviews“). Accordingly, the Court finds that the First Look Defendants satisfy the second prong of Lerman.
3. Assumption of Prominent Position in the Controversy
The “degree of voluntar[y] involvement in the public controversy” is important in determining whether the plaintiff is a limited purpose public figure. Chandok v. Klessig, 648 F. Supp. 2d 449, 458 (N.D.N.Y. 2009) (citation omitted), aff‘d, 632 F.3d 803 (2d Cir. 2011). A “trivial
4. Regular and Continuing Access to Media
Finally, the record before the Court on this motion indicates that Plaintiff had regular and continuing access to the media: Plaintiff not only published opinion articles in major newspapers (the Wall Street Journal and The New York Times) twice in 2017 (see id. Exs. 27, 28), but also is sought out for interviews on using private military contractors in foreign conflicts (see id. Exs. 24-26). Because Plaintiff “enjoy[s] significantly greater access to the channels of effective communication’ than the average person,” he has “a more realistic opportunity to counteract false statements than private individuals normally enjoy.” Biro II, 963 F. Supp. 2d at 275 (citation and internal quotation mark omitted).
Because the First Look Defendants meet all four prongs of the Lerman test, the Court finds that Plaintiff constitutes a limited-purpose public figure. Accordingly, to survive dismissal, Plaintiff must plausibly allege actual malice.
ii. New York‘s “anti-SLAPP” Law
The First Look Defendants contend that separate and apart from whether Plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure, Plaintiff must plead actual malice under New York‘s amended anti-SLAPP law. (See First Look Br. at 13-14.) New York‘s anti-SLAPP law has long contained an actual malice requirement “[i]n an action involving public petition and participation.”
(1) any communication in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest; or (2) any other lawful conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of free speech in connection with an issue of public interest, or in furtherance of the constitutional right of petition.
Given the statute‘s broad reach for the term “public interest,” the Court finds that Plaintiff‘s argument is without merit. The Article—which covered issues of national security and international relations, published to a general audience—concerns more than “a purely private matter.”
iii. Actual Malice
Because (1) Plaintiff’s defamation claim falls within New York‘s amended anti-SLAPP law27 and (2) Plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure, Plaintiff must plausibly allege that Defendants acted with actual malice28 to sustain his claim.29 He has not done so, and this claim, therefore, must be dismissed.
To survive a motion to dismiss, “malice must be alleged plausibly in accordance with
Here, Plaintiff’s allegations of actual malice are to the effect that Defendants (1) relied entirely on anonymous sources; (2) failed to include information regarding their anonymous sources in violation of The Intercept‘s policies and procedures; (3) deliberately avoided the truth because Plaintiff’s counsel denied Defendants’ allegations, and Defendants refused to engage with Plaintiff by providing additional details regarding their allegations; and (4) harbored a political bias against Plaintiff. (See Compl. ¶¶ 42, 43; Pl. Br. at 28-33.)
Biro is instructive to show why Plaintiff’s allegations do not support a plausible inference of actual malice. The Biro court established that “reliance on anonymous or unreliable sources without further investigation may support an inference of actual malice.” Biro, 807 F.3d at 546. However, a plaintiff’s allegations must be nonconclusory because “[f]ailure to investigate
First, as in Biro, Plaintiff does not “allege facts that would have prompted [Defendants] to question the reliability of any of the named or unnamed sources at the time the Article was published.” Biro, 807 F.3d at 546; see also Brimelow v. N.Y. Times, No. 21-66-cv, 2021 WL 4901969, at *3 (2d Cir. Oct. 21, 2021), cert. denied sub nom. Brimelow v. N.Y. Times, 142 S. Ct. 1210 (2022) (the plaintiff failed plausibly to allege actual malice because the complaint “provide[d] no basis for plausibly inferring that the [defendant] had any doubts about the truth of its statements regarding [the plaintiff]”). Here, Plaintiff has not pled that Defendants possessed evidence that their reporting was in error, which Defendants ignored. Rather, Plaintiff makes conclusory allegations including whether “such sources even actually exist” without alleging facts supporting these claims. (Compl. ¶ 42.) It also appears that—contrary to Plaintiff’s allegation—Defendants substantiated some of these claims.30
Defendants’ purported violation of The Intercept’s policies and procedures is similarly unavailing. Plaintiff has not alleged facts to show that Defendants could “establish the credibility of anonymously sourced information without compromising the source.” (Id. ¶ 43.) Moreover, courts have found that “purported deviations from [] normal operating procedures do[] not amount to ‘purposeful avoidance of the truth.’” Jankovic, 822 F.3d at 595 (citing Harte-Hanks Commc’ns, Inc., 491 U.S. at 692); see also id. 665 (finding that a “public figure plaintiff must prove more than an extreme departure from professional standards” to establish actual malice).
Second, despite drawing inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, the Court finds Plaintiff’s general contention—that as “a former Navy SEAL who earned the trust and confidences of multiple U.S. Presidents” it is “inherently improbable” that he would offer military services to a sanctioned Russian entity—to be conclusory. (Pl. Br. at 29.) The Court agrees with Defendants that Plaintiff’s professional background does not make the Article’s allegations “inherently improbable” because it would not be a contradiction for Defendants’ allegations to be true. (See First Look Reply at 9-10.)
Third, Plaintiff maintains that he sufficiently plead actual malice because Defendants harbor bias against him due to his political views and support of President Trump. (See Compl. ¶¶ 32-34; Pl. Br. at 32.) As support for this claim, Plaintiff cites to articles published by The Intercept about Plaintiff that he claims are inaccurate. (See Compl. ¶¶ 32-34.) However, “allegation[s] about improper political or personal biases do not establish actual malice without additional facts to suggest the speaker acted pursuant to that bias.” McDougal, 489 F. Supp. 3d at 185. While Plaintiff admits that bias alone is insufficient
The Court contrasts Plaintiff’s position with the allegations in Palin. Palin, 940 F.3d at 814. In Palin, the Court of Appeals held that actual malice was adequately alleged because:
(1) the speaker of defamatory statements possessed an editorial and political advocacy background sufficient to suggest he published the statements with deliberate or reckless disregard for their truth, (2) the drafting and editorial process of the statements in question permitted an inference of deliberate or reckless falsification, and (3) the newspaper’s subsequent correction to the allegedly defamatory article did not undermine the plausibility of that inference.
McDougal, 489 F. Supp. 3d at 186 (discussing Palin, 940 F.3d at 813-15). Unlike in Palin, Plaintiff’s allegations regarding bias are speculation supported by conclusory statements because the Court cannot determine from Plaintiff’s selected headlines, (see Compl. ¶¶ 7, 34), whether The Intercept published false information in furtherance of a political agenda. Nor has Plaintiff alleged specific facts bearing on Mr. Cole’s or Mr. Emmons’s knowledge or motives to act based on a personal bias. Moreover, there are no allegations regarding the drafting or editorial process of the allegedly defamatory statements that would render plausible a claim of actual malice.
Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants published the Article with actual malice because “Plaintiff told the Defendants that their reporting was false, [and that] the Defendants . . . refus[ed] to engage with Plaintiff.” (Compl. ¶ 43.) It is well established that denials without more are insufficient to support a plausible claim of actual malice. See Edwards v. Nat’l Audubon Soc’y, Inc., 556 F.2d 113, 121 (2d Cir. 1977) (stating that actual malice “cannot be predicated on mere denials, however vehement; such denials are so commonplace in the world of polemical charge and countercharge that, in themselves, they hardly alert the conscientious reporter to the likelihood of error”); see also Brimelow, 2021 WL 4901969, at *3. Plaintiff contends that he does not rely on his denial alone to plead actual malice; rather, it is part of the totality of evidence. (See Pl. Br. at 31 n.13.) However, the Article reported Plaintiff’s denial of the allegations. (Brown Decl., Ex. 1 at 2.)
In considering the totality of the evidence, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s nonconclusory allegations against Defendants do not raise a plausible inference of actual malice. Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted.
d. False Statement
For the reasons discussed above, the Court concludes that the Complaint has failed to state a claim because it does not plausibly allege that Defendants acted with actual malice. Accordingly, the Court need not analyze whether Plaintiff adequately plead the element of a false statement because Plaintiff did not plausibly allege all the elements for a defamation claim under New York law to survive a motion to dismiss. See Brimelow, 2021 WL 4901969, at *1.
e. Attorneys’ Fees
Given that the Court dismisses the Complaint, Defendants contend that they are entitled to costs and attorneys’ fees under New York’s anti-SLAPP statute. (See First Look Br. at 19-20; Emmons Br. at 12-13.) In November 2020, New York amended its existing anti-SLAPP statute “to expand protections for defendants
Plaintiff opposes Defendants’ position, arguing that
f. Leave to Amend
Based on Plaintiff’s failure to make out a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction over Mr. Emmons, it would be futile to permit Plaintiff to further amend his Complaint against Mr. Emmons because he cannot offer additional substantive information to cure the deficiencies.31 However, the Court grants Plaintiff’s request for leave to amend his Complaint against the First Look Defendants because Plaintiff may offer additional information plausibly to plead actual malice. (See Pl. Br. at 35.) Accordingly, Plaintiff’s request for leave to amend pursuant to
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant Alex Emmons’s motion to dismiss [dkt. no. 21] is GRANTED with prejudice and the First Look Defendants’ motion to dismiss [dkt. no. 15] is GRANTED without prejudice. Plaintiff may file an amended complaint against the First Look Defendants within 30 days of this order. The Clerk of the Court shall close the open motions [dkt. nos. 15, 21].
SO ORDERED.
Dated: October 6, 2022
New York, New York
LORETTA A. PRESKA
Senior United States District Judge