Nadeem Ali v. Loretta Lynch

814 F.3d 306

5th Cir.

2016

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Docket

Nadeem ALI, also known as Inayal Sharif, Petitioner v. Loretta LYNCH, U.S. Attorney General, Respondent.

No. 15-60004.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Feb. 22, 2016.

813 F.3d 306

obligations imposed by law.”³ In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 180 S.W.3d at 131-32. The district court did not err.⁴

IV.

Appellants warn that permitting the district court‘s decision to stand means plaintiffs’ claims will “be split into three proceedings-two arbitrations and one state court proceeding, an outcome the NOV Parties have tried to avoid since the outset of the case.” This is an inevitable and permissible consequence where one of multiple defendants asserts a right to arbitrate. See Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 220-21, 105 S.Ct. 1238, 1242-43, 84 L.Ed.2d 158 (1985) (noting that private arbitration agreements must be enforced even if the result is piecemeal or bifurcated litigation). If Appellants had truly prioritized their desire to try the case efficiently, they could have foregone arbitration.

The appeals brought by NOV LP and NOV Norway are DISMISSED, and the district court‘s order is AFFIRMED. Accordingly, the claims against defendants National Oilwell Varco, Inc.; NOW Oilfield Services, LLC; Grant Prideco, LP; and Grant Prideco Holding, LLC, are REMANDED to the District Court sitting in Harris County, Texas, 165th Judicial District.

Brian Vincent Schaeffer (argued), Houston, TX, for Petitioner.

Kevin James Conway, Esq., Nancy Ellen Friedman, Trial Attorney, Benjamin J. Zeitlin (argued), Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

Christina Elise Ponig, DLA Piper, L.L.P. (US), Houston, TX, for Amici Curiae.

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, KING and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.

STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:

This case concerns the proper procedures that the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS“) must take to initiate removal proceedings against an asylee who adjusted to lawful permanent resident (“LPR“) status. DHS initiated removal proceedings in 2013 against Nadeem Ali, an alien who had been granted asylum status in 1992 and later adjusted to LPR status. At Ali‘s removal hearing, the Immigration Judge (“IJ“) found that Ali‘s asylum status was terminated when he adjusted to LPR status and denied Ali‘s renewed application for asylum status. The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA“) affirmed. Ali argues that his asylum status was not terminated when he adjusted to LPR status and that, if it was, the IJ erred in denying his subsequent reapplication for asylum. Finding that the BIA did not address relevant subsections of the Immigration Nationality Act (“INA“), 8 U.S.C. § 1151, et seq., DHS regulations, and previous BIA decisions, we remand for the BIA to interpret the relevant INA provisions in the first instance.

I. BACKGROUND

Nadeem Ali, a native and citizen of Pakistan, entered the United States in 1991 without a valid visa. DHS commenced exclusion proceedings against Ali, who then filed for asylum on the basis of political persecution. An asylum hearing was held in front of IJ Robert Brown. Ali presented evidence showing he had been subject to political persecution in Pakistan as a member of the People‘s Party of Pakistan (“PPP“) and that he had been kidnapped and tortured by the government in 1982 and then kidnapped and tortured by a rival political party at different times between 1989 and 1991. At the close of the hearing, IJ Brown granted Ali‘s application for asylum, finding that Ali had established past persecution and had a well-founded fear of future persecution.

In 1993, Ali adjusted to LPR status.

In 2013, Ali pleaded guilty to possession of a controlled substance (cocaine) weighing less than one gram. Following the conviction, DHS commenced removal proceedings against Ali under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Hearings were initially held before IJ Saul Greenstein. IJ Greenstein first postponed the proceedings to allow Ali to file an Application for Cancellation of Removal for Certain Permanent Residents, which would allow him to avoid removal proceedings as a LPR. At Ali‘s next hearing, IJ Greenstein concluded that Ali was not eligible for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. Without explaining whether Ali‘s asylum status was terminated, IJ Greenstein informed Ali that he could reapply for asylum in order to avoid removal. Ali filed a new asylum application. IJ Greenstein held an additional hearing where Ali introduced evidence including some of the evidence he presented in his 1992 hearing as well as his own testimony. At the close of evidence, IJ Greenstein rendered an oral decision denying Ali‘s reapplication for asylum.

IJ Greenstein noted that IJ Brown had found Ali‘s 1992 testimony credible. However, he held that, because the REAL ID Act of 2005 had been enacted in the intervening period and altered the standard for credibility determinations, he needed to conduct a de novo credibility analysis of Ali‘s evidence and testimony. IJ Greenstein found that Ali was not credible because his accounts of how many times and how long he was detained in Pakistan were not consistent with his his 1992 testimony. On the basis of these inconsistencies, IJ Greenstein did not credit Ali‘s testimony and held that Ali had not established a well-founded fear of persecution. IJ Greenstein also noted that Ali‘s political party, the PPP, was now in control of Pakistan‘s government and that Ali had returned to Pakistan without harm in 1994 and in 2007. Consequently, IJ Greenstein denied Ali‘s reapplication for asylum and his applications for withholding of removal under § 1231(b)(3) of the INA and the Convention Against Torture.

Ali appealed IJ Greenstein‘s determination to the BIA. The BIA held that under 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c), 8 C.F.R. § 1208.22, and a previous BIA decision, Matter of V-X-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 147 (BIA 2013), asylum status had to be terminated before removal could occur. Because IJ Greenstein never determined whether Ali‘s asylum status was terminated, the BIA remanded for further proceedings on that issue. On remand, IJ Greenstein found it unnecessary to conduct further proceedings on Ali‘s asylum status because a decision issued by the BIA following IJ Greenstein‘s ruling, Matter of C-J-H-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 284, 285 (BIA 2014), “[made] clear that [Ali] no longer qualified as an asylee, as he had become a lawful permanent resident [so] [Ali]‘s asylee status no longer need[ed] to be terminated.” IJ Greenstein held that the issue of Ali‘s asylum status “was mooted” because the BIA concluded in C-J-H- that aliens “no longer qualify” as asylees once they adjust to LPR status. IJ Greenstein certified the case back to the BIA to issue a decision on the merits.

The BIA decided the certified appeal on December 5, 2014. The BIA found that, under C-J-H-, aliens no longer qualify as asylees after they adjust to LPR status. The BIA then rejected the argument that IJ Greenstein was collaterally estopped from making new findings on past persecution or credibility, reasoning that the legal standard governing credibility determinations had changed with the passage of the REAL ID Act and that IJ Brown had not adjudicated Ali‘s credibility. The BIA found that IJ Greenstein‘s credibility determination was not “clearly erroneous,” concluded that Ali was not eligible for asylum, and dismissed his appeal. Ali timely petitioned for review in this court. He argues that the plain language of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c) prohibits him from being removed without termination of his asylum status and that adjustment to LPR status does not terminate asylum status. In the event that we agree with the BIA‘s holding in C-J-H- and Ali‘s case, Ali argues that the doctrine of collateral estoppel applies to his renewed application for asylum such that IJ Greenstein was bound by IJ Brown‘s favorable determination. Ali also argues that IJ Greenstein erred in finding that he was not credible.

II. DISCUSSION

Ali‘s primary argument is that the BIA erred in applying C-J-H- and holding that Ali‘s asylum status was terminated when he adjusted to LPR status and, as a result, his asylum status did not need to be terminated to begin removal proceedings. While we normally give Chevron deference to the BIA‘s interpretation of the INA, in this case, we remand for the BIA to exercise its Chevron discretion in the first instance.

A. Standard of Review

Issues of law determined by the BIA are generally reviewed “de novo unless a [legal] conclusion embodies the [BIA]‘s interpretation of an ambiguous provision of a statute that it administers; a conclusion of the latter type is entitled to the deference prescribed by Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, [467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)].” Singh v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 484, 487 (5th Cir.2006) (footnote omitted). Generally, the BIA is entitled to Chevron deference when it interprets a statutory provision of the INA and gives the statute “concrete meaning through a process of case-by-case adjudication.” I.N.S. v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425, 119 S.Ct. 1439, 143 L.Ed.2d 590 (1999) (quoting I.N.S. v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 448-49, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987)). We do not accord Chevron deference to a non-precedential opinion of the BIA. Dhuka v. Holder, 716 F.3d 149, 156 (5th Cir.2013). However, when the BIA issues a holding that relies on a precedential case, we do accord Chev- ron deference to such a holding.¹ See Rodriguez-Avalos v. Holder, 788 F.3d 444, 453, & 449 n. 8 (5th Cir.2015).

Although Ali‘s case was not designated as precedential by the BIA, the BIA relied on C-J-H-, which is a precedential BIA decision. In Ali‘s case, the BIA asserted that under C-J-H- “aliens whose status was adjusted from asylee to lawful permanent resident no longer qualify as asylees.” The BIA relied on two statements from C-J-H-: (1) “Once [petitioner] became a lawful permanent resident, he no longer had the status of an asylee” and (2) “[w]e conclude that, like refugees, aliens whose status was adjusted from asylee to lawful permanent resident status no longer qualify as asylees.” Matter of C-J-H-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 285. Because C-J-H- is precedential, we apply Chevron to the BIA‘s interpretation of the INA that adjustment to LPR status terminates asylum status. Thus, we first determine if the INA leaves open whether an asylee‘s adjustment to LPR status terminates his asylum status. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43. When determining whether a statute is ambiguous, we “employ the traditional tools of statutory interpretation.” Lari v. Holder, 697 F.3d 273, 278 (5th Cir.2012). “Chief among these, of course, is the ‘plain language of the statute.‘” Id. (quoting Khalid v. Holder, 655 F.3d 363, 366 (5th Cir.2011)). We begin by looking at the text of the INA, specifically §§ 1158(c) and 1159(b).

B. 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(c) and 1159(b)

Ali contends that § 1158(c) is clear and unambiguous and prescribes both that an alien granted asylum status cannot be removed unless his asylum status is terminated and that asylum status is not terminated when an asylee adjusts to LPR status under § 1159(b).² The Government, however, contends that § 1159(b), which defines when an asylee can adjust from asylum status to LPR status, clearly and unambiguously establishes that such an adjustment terminates an alien‘s asylum status. We conclude that both of these subsections are relevant to the BIA‘s assertion that adjustment to LPR status terminates an alien‘s asylum status.

Section 1158(c) states:

(1) In general, [i]n the case of an alien granted asylum under subsection (b) of this section, the Attorney General-

(A) shall not remove or return the alien to the alien‘s country of nationality or, in the case of a person having no nationality, the country of the alien‘s last habitual residence; ...

(2) Asylum granted under subsection (b) of this section does not convey a right to remain permanently in the United States, and may be terminated if the Attorney General determines that ...

(3) An alien described in paragraph (2) is subject to any applicable grounds of inadmissibility or deportability under section 1182(a) and 1227(a) of this title, and the alien‘s removal or return shall be directed by the Attorney General in accordance with sections 1229a and 1231 of this title.

Under § 1158(c)(2), the Attorney General can terminate an alien‘s asylum status for five listed reasons. These termination grounds do not include an asylee‘s adjustment to LPR status under § 1159(b). This absence leads Ali to conclude that adjusting to LPR status does not terminate asylum status. However, when determining whether the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous we must also consider “the broader context of the statute as a whole.” Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341, 117 S.Ct. 843, 136 L.Ed.2d 808 (1997). Considering that broader context, § 1159(b) also informs whether Congress left open whether adjustment to LPR status terminates asylum status.

Section 1159(b) allows the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security to “adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence the status of any alien granted asylum who” meets all of five listed requirements. Section 1159(b) further states, “Upon approval of an application under this subsection, the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General shall establish a record of the alien‘s admission for lawful permanent residence as of the date one year before the date of the approval of the application.”

Section 1158(c)(2) could reasonably be read as an exhaustive list of termination grounds, such that termination of asylum status can only be achieved through one of the listed reasons. However, a reasonable interpretation of 1159(b) is that an adjustment to LPR status entails a change in status from asylee to LPR. This “adjustment” to another status could thus “terminate” an alien‘s asylum status. Given the inconsistencies between the reasonable interpretations of the two relevant subsections of the INA, we find that Congress left open whether adjustment to LPR status under § 1159(b) terminates asylum status. See Rodriguez-Avalos, 788 F.3d at 453 (“[T]he ‘interplay of the statutory language’ at issue here is ambiguous and subject to multiple possible interpretations.” (quoting Duron-Ortiz v. Holder, 698 F.3d 523, 527 (7th Cir.2012))).

C. Reasonability and Chevron Discretion

Because we have concluded that Congress has not resolved whether adjustment to LPR status terminates an alien‘s asylum status, we next consider whether the BIA‘s assertion that LPR status terminates asylum status is reasonable under Chevron step two. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843-44. However, when the BIA has not yet exercised its Chevron discretion to interpret the statute in question, “the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.” Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 523, 129 S.Ct. 1159, 173 L.Ed.2d 20 (2009) (quoting Gonzales v. Thomas, 547 U.S. 183, 186, 126 S.Ct. 1613, 164 L.Ed.2d 358 (2006) (quoting I.N.S. v. Orlando Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16, 123 S.Ct. 353, 154 L.Ed.2d 272 (2002))). In Negusie, the Supreme Court remanded to the BIA “for its initial determination of the statutory interpretation question and its application to this case” because the BIA relied on a case that was not controlling.³ Id. at 523-25. In C- J-H-, the BIA relied on non-controlling case law that addressed the relationship between refugee status and LPR status and did not address the asylum termination grounds listed in § 1158(c); thus, we conclude that the BIA did not exercise its Chevron discretion because it did not fully consider the statutory question presented here, and we remand in accordance with Negusie.

The BIA‘s assertion in C-J-H- that an alien‘s asylum status is terminated upon adjustment to LPR status involves the interpretation of a statute that is ambiguous as to this issue. However, in making this assertion, the BIA made no mention of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c) even though it would seem necessary to interpret this subsection in order to conclude that adjusting to LPR status terminates asylum status. In addition to making no mention of § 1158(c), the BIA did not analyze DHS regulations that suggest that LPR status may not terminate asylum status. Instead, the BIA relied on previous BIA and federal court interpretations of INA provisions related to refugees without acknowledging significant differences between asylees and refugees provided in the INA and DHS regulations.

In C-J-H-, the BIA made no mention of the asylum termination grounds provided in § 1158(c)(2). The BIA held that an asylee who adjusted to LPR status could not readjust to LPR status under § 1159(b) during deportation proceedings. 26 I. & N. Dec. at 286-87. In reaching this holding, the BIA relied solely on case law that addressed whether refugees who had adjusted to LPR status could readjust under § 1159(b). Id. The BIA also relied on its assertion that “[o]nce [the asylee] became a lawful permanent resident, he no longer had the status of an asylee.” See id. at 285. However, the BIA made that assertion by relying on the same refugee case law. The BIA cited In re Smriko, 23 I. & N. Dec. 836, 841 (BIA 2005)-a case that it recognized “held that a refugee admitted as a lawful permanent resident is subject to removability even though his refugee status has not been terminated.” C-J-H-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 285; see Romanishyn v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 455 F.3d 175, 183 (3rd Cir.2006) (“[T]he Board so held, [in Smriko,] not because it believed the acquisition of LPR status itself ‘terminated’ refugee status, but because refugee status never provided absolute exemption from removal in the first place.“). In C-J-H-, the BIA extended the Smriko holding and concluded that refugees who adjust to LPR status do not retain refugee status. 26 I. & N. Dec. at 285. Moreover, Smriko did not control the BIA‘s decision in C-J-H- because it interpreted INA provisions relating to refugees-a distinction only briefly addressed by the BIA in C-J-H-.⁴

In C-J-H-, the BIA equated refugees and asylees in the context of readjustment under § 1159(b). The only difference the BIA acknowledged between the two types of aliens was that § 1159(a) expressly prohibits refugees who have adjusted to LPR status from readjustment under that subsection; however, § 1159(b) does not contain the same prohibition for asylees who have adjusted to LPR status. C-J-H-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 285. The BIA adopted the Ninth Circuit‘s conclusion in Robleto-Pastora v. Holder that the language of § 1159(b) is plain and that “[t]he legislative history [of the Refugee Act] shows that Congress saw asylees and refugees as having similar status under the law.” C-J-H-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 286-87 (second alteration in original) (quoting Robleto-Pastora v. Holder, 591 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir.2010)). Notably, although the Ninth Circuit addressed the differences between asylees and refugees in relation to § 1159(a) and (b), the court did not address whether adjustment under § 1159(b) terminates asylum status. Robleto-Pastora, 591 F.3d at 1059 (“Without deciding and regardless of whether [the petitioner] simultaneously holds asylee and LPR status, we conclude that he is ineligible for relief from removal under section 209 of the INA, 8 U.S.C. § 1159, and that his petition must therefore be denied.“). Therefore, the Ninth Circuit also did not interpret § 1158(c).

In C-J-H-, the BIA did not address significant differences between refugees and asylees as provided in the INA. As noted above, § 1158(c)(2) provides a possibly exhaustive list of grounds for termination of an alien‘s asylum status. Additionally, as recognized by the BIA in Smriko, § 1159(a) and its implementing regulation, 8 C.F.R. § 209.1, require aliens admitted as refugees to apply for adjustment to LPR status after being present in the United States for one year. 23 I. & N. Dec. at 839. If the application is denied or a refugee does not timely file the application, he will be susceptible to removal proceedings. See id. In Smriko, the BIA emphasized that under these mandatory provisions, an alien‘s refugee status does not need to be terminated to begin removal proceedings and consequently refugees that have adjusted to LPR status can be removed without termination of refugee status. Id. at 839-40. For the BIA to properly exercise its Chevron discretion by relying on refugee case law to hold that adjustment to LPR status also terminates an alien‘s asylum status, it must address these differences.

In C-J-H-, the BIA also failed to acknowledge BIA precedent and several DHS regulations that suggest that an asylee maintains asylum status even after an asylee adjusts to LPR status. In Matter of V-X-, the BIA recognized that “the statutory grounds for termination of asylum status are narrower than the grounds of removability” and referenced the list provided in § 1158(c)(2) as the grounds for termination.⁵ 26 I. & N. Dec. at 149 (emphasis omitted). In addition, 8 C.F.R. § 1208.14(g) specifically allows asylum applicants to seek adjudication of their asylum status, even after being granted LPR status:

If an asylum applicant is granted adjustment of status to lawful permanent resident, the Service may provide written notice to the applicant that his or her asylum application will be presumed abandoned and dismissed without prejudice, unless the applicant submits a writ-

ten request within 30 days of the notice, that the asylum application be adjudicated.⁶

Finally, the BIA also did not address the legislative history of § 1158(c). As recognized by the Supreme Court in Negusie: “[O]ne of Congress’ primary purposes’ in passing the Refugee Act was to implement the principles agreed to in the 1967 United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees ... as well as the [1951] United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.” 555 U.S. at 520 (citations omitted). Notably, the termination grounds found in § 1158(c)(2) are consistent with the six grounds for cessation of refugee status enumerated under Articles 1(C) and 1(F) of the 1951 Convention, and paragraph 116 of the United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status (Geneva 1972) notes that this list is “exhaustively enumerated.”⁷ Given that the BIA‘s assertion may be contrary to DHS implementing regulations, that the BIA only relied on refugee case law without addressing significant differences between the two statuses, and that the BIA provided no statutory interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c), we find that the BIA did not give “full consideration of the statutory question here presented.” See Negusie, 555 U.S. at 521.

We conclude this discussion by recognizing the importance of the BIA‘s assertion. In 2013, 42,235 asylees were granted LPR status.⁸ Office of Immigration Statistics, 2013 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, at 18 (August 2014).⁹ But, as acknowledged by the Government in its supplemental brief, DHS “does not advise asylees of the potential consequences of adjusting” to LPR status-that, in the Government‘s view, they will be eligible for removal proceedings under § 1227 without their asylum status having to be terminated under § 1158(c). The Supreme Court has recognized that deference to the BIA in immigration matters is particularly appropriate given that immigration officers “exercise especially sensitive political functions that implicate questions of foreign relations.” I.N.S. v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 110, 108 S.Ct. 904, 99 L.Ed.2d 90 (1988). Recognizing this importance, we remand for the BIA to exercise its Chevron discretion to determine whether adjustment to LPR status terminates an alien‘s asylum status.¹⁰

How the agency considers the interplay between § 1158(c) and § 1159(b) of the INA, the regulatory provisions presented above, the distinctions between refugees and asylees, and the legislative history “may have relevance in determining whether its statutory interpretation is a permissible one.” Negusie, 555 U.S. at 519.

III. CONCLUSION

When affirming IJ Greenstein‘s assertion that Ali‘s LPR status terminated his asylum status, and as a result, Ali‘s deportation proceedings could commence without termination of his asylum status, the BIA relied on its precedential decision, C-J-H-. Because the BIA failed to address and interpret relevant provisions of the INA, including § 1158(c), it did not exercise its Chevron discretion in C-J-H-. We VACATE the BIA‘s decision and REMAND for the BIA to do so in the first instance. After the BIA issues its decision in accordance with this opinion, if further review is sought by either party, the Clerk of this Court is instructed to refer this matter to this panel for such further review.

Notes

Under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(g), the agency designates certain three-judge-panel BIA decisions precedential. See .

In Ali‘s case the BIA first asserted that under C-J-H-, adjustment to LPR status terminates an alien‘s asylum status. Because we remand for the BIA to properly exercise its discretion to interpret the INA to reach this or the contrary conclusion, we do not address the reasonableness of the BIA‘s specific holding that relies on this legal assertion, that Ali‘s asylum status does not need to be terminated before removal proceedings begin.

We do not overlook the plaintiffs’ breach of contract claims. To the extent the plaintiffs seek to hold the defendants liable for their respective alleged breaches of the respective contracts, the signatory/nonsignatory distinction ably sorts the claims. The Nonsignatory Defendants are not allegedly in breach of the NOV Norway or NOV LP agreements. Rather, they are allegedly in breach of their own separate agreements. See . Other circuits have remanded to the BIA for elaboration in circumstances similar to Ali‘s case. See (noting that the BIA incorrectly relied on a statute with different language and did not make reference to (recognizing the inconsistency between BIA interpretations, the immigration statutes, and regulations and, thus, remanding to the BIA); (remanding and noting “[w]hile this court is prepared to give deference to the agency‘s reasonable interpretation of the statute, in this case such interpretation is simply missing“); (remanding because the BIA applied BIA precedent that was “not determinative” and thus did not exercise its Chevron discretion).

On appeal, Appellants contend for the first time that the claims against National Oilwell Varco, Inc. and NOW Oilfield Services, LLC are subject to arbitration under the NOV LP contract because the claims “are derivative of, and rest on the identical allegations asserted against ... NOV LP.” This argument was not raised before the district court and has therefore been waived. The BIA also cited a Seventh Circuit case, , which held that refugees who adjust to LPR status are ineligible to apply for a waiver of inadmissibility because they do not retain refugee status once they adjust to LPR status. Gutnik is the only case the BIA cited in C-J-H- that explicitly asserts that LPR status terminates refugee status. See . Again, this case only interpreted INA provisions relating to refugees.

We recognize that the asylee in Matter of V-X- had not adjusted to LPR status. . However, when the BIA first heard Ali‘s case, it remanded for the IJ to terminate Ali‘s asylum status under § 1158(c) in part due to Matter of V-X-.

Ali also highlights that asylees who have converted to LPR status maintain certain benefits only available to asylees under 8 C.F.R. § 223.1(b) and 8 C.F.R. § 207.7. The petitioner in Smriko pointed to similar regulations that apply to refugees who have adjusted to LPR status, and the BIA held that such benefits did not “shield[] [a refugee who adjusted to LPR status] from placement in removal proceedings.” . The BIA did not address whether these regulations conflict with the assertion that adjustment to LPR status terminates an alien‘s asylum or refugee status.

As noted by amici curie, the Supreme Court has stated that the UNHCR Handbook “provides significant guidance in construing the Protocol, to which Congress sought to conform.” .

Prior to the passage of the REAL ID Act in 2005, the INA limited the annual number of asylees authorized to adjust to LPR status to 10,000. Office of Immigration Statistics, Annual Flow Report, U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents: 2006, at 1 (March 2007), available at https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/IS--4496_LPRFlowReport_04vaccessible.pdf.

Available at http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_yb_2013_0.pdf.

This court has expressed a desire to avoid giving the BIA a third chance to properly interpret a statute. See (“Ventura does not mandate that we now remand this issue to afford the BIA ‘a third bite at [the] apple.‘” (alteration in original) (quoting )). However, in those cases, this court had already instructed the BIA to perform such an analysis. See id. Although the BIA had the opportunity to interpret § 1158(c) in both C-J-H- and Ali‘s case, the BIA simply relied on refugee case law without any earlier guidance or inquiry from this court. Given the importance of the interpretation at issue in this case, we believe remand is appropriate. See (“In affording the agency the third opportunity to consider Sandoval‘s argument, we might be treading close to transforming judicial review into a ‘ping-pong game of sorts.’ We do so, however, because we believe ‘[i]t will not do for a court to be compelled to guess at the theory underlying the agency‘s action; nor can a court be expected to chisel that which must be precise from what the agency has left vague and indecisive.‘” (alterations in original) (citations omitted)).

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