VASILIY OSTAPOVICH ROMANISHYN, Pеtitioner, v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES, Respondent.
No. 05-3141
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
July 20, 2006
Precedential. Argued: Monday, May 15, 2006. On Petition for Review of an Order of Removal of the Board of Immigration Appeals, U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review (BIA No. A71-346-048)
The Shagin Law Group LLC
300 N. 2nd Street, 8th Floor
Harrisburg, PA 17101
Attorney for Petitioner
Thomas A. Marino, Esq.
Daryl F. Bloom, Esq. [Argued]
United States Attorney‘s Office
Middle District of Pennsylvania
228 Walnut Street, Suite 220
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108
Attorney for Respondent
OPINION OF THE COURT
GARTH, Circuit Judge:
Does the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA“) allow an alien who entered the country as a refugee, and subsequently adjusted his status to become a lawful permanent resident (“LPR“), to be placed in removal proceedings although the Attorney General never terminated his refugee status pursuant to
Because we answer that question in the affirmative – and because we conclude that the Immigration Judge (“IJ“) in this case did not violate petitioner‘s due process rights by limiting the number of witnesses he could call to testify at his immigration hearing – we deny Mr. Romanishyn‘s petition for review.
I.
Vasiliy
In 2003, Mr. Romanishyn was convicted twice for burglary in violation of
As a result of his convictions, the INS initiated removal proceedings against Mr. Romanishyn. The Notice to Appear, issued on February 6, 2004, charged that Mr. Romanishyn was subject to removal pursuant to
In removal proceedings, Mr. Romanishyn claimed that he feared he would be persecuted because he is a Baptist, if he were sent back to Ukraine. He was not eligible to aрply for asylum because the offenses for which he had been convicted were “aggravated felonies.”
Mr. Romanishyn also
In his pre-hearing brief, Mr. Romanishyn argued that it was error for him to be placed into removal proceedings in the first place because, though he had acquired LPR status, he still maintained his original “refugee” status as well, and the latter status exempted him from removal. The IJ summarily rejected that argument.
At a June 1, 2004 hearing, Mr. Romanishyn‘s attorney announced that he planned to call nine witnesses to testify at the merits hearing on his client‘s withholding of removal application. This exchange ensued:
JUDGE: Obviously, we‘re not going to have nine witnesses, so you‘re going to have to pick your best. We don‘t want any type of redundancy in testimony and I can‘t imagine that nine witnesses are going to have something different to say about the same thing.
COUNSEL: Well, they all have different experiences and it‘s ––
JUDGE: Are these all going to be family members?
COUNSEL: No. Some are other Ukrainian Baptists who have recently arrived in the United States and who arrived earlier. Basically, to testify as to the conditions and the social attitudes towards Baptists in the Ukraine and what type of persecution would await Mr. Romanishyn should he return.
JUDGE: What I‘m going to require then is a list of thesе witnesses and a[n] offer of proof as to their anticipated testimony.
COUNSEL: Okay.
JUDGE: You can anticipate perhaps one or two of them being permitted to testify. If you want to have all of them standing by you can. If you want to have them submit an affidavit you can do that, but just understand up front we‘re not going to have nine witnesses. So, you pick your best and we‘ll proceed from that point.
COUNSEL: Okay.
Ultimately, at Mr. Romanishyn‘s June 30, 2004 merits hearing, only one witness, his uncle, testified. However, Mr. Romanishyn did submit statements from the other witnesses he had wanted to call, and the IJ considered them.
In an opinion dated September 1, 2004, the IJ denied Mr. Romanishyn‘s application for withholding of removal for two reasons. First, he found the documentary evidence Mr. Romanishyn submitted, inadequate to fulfill his burden of establishing a clear probability that, if returned to Ukraine, he would be persecuted on account of his religion. Second, he found that the evidence did not show that Mr. Romanishyn had suffered past persecution, and so the regulatory presumption of future persecution,
On appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA“), Mr. Romanishyn (1) renewed his argument that though he had acquired LPR status, he maintained his
On April 5, 2005, Mr. Romanishyn challenged his final order of removal by filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus under
On June 21, 2005, the District Court transferred the habeas petition to this court pursuant to Section 106(c) of the REAL ID Act. See Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 446 (3d Cir. 2005) (nоting that pursuant to Section 106(c), “all habeas petitions brought by aliens that were pending in the district courts on the date the REAL ID Act became effective (May 11, 2005) are to be converted to petitions for review and transferred to the appropriate court of appeals“).
In his converted petition for review, Mr. Romanishyn renews the arguments that he may not be removed because he maintains his protective refugee status, and that the IJ violated his due prоcess rights by limiting to two the number of witnesses he could call at his hearing.
II.
A.
The BIA exercised jurisdiction pursuant to
B.
We turn first to the primary question on this appeal: Does the INA allow an alien who entered the country as a refugee, and subsequently adjusted his status to become an LPR, to be placed in removal proceedings although the Attorney General never terminated his refugee status pursuant to
In 2004, this court ordered the BIA to address the precise question here at issue. Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2004). In response, the BIA held in a 2005 opinion that, contrary to Mr. Romanishyn‘s argument, an alien whоse refugee status has not been terminated pursuant to
The BIA‘s reasoning in its opinion and its ultimate conclusion are not unreasonable. Therefore, despite the fact that Mr. Romanishyn marshals several arguments in favor of his contrary interpretation of the INA, we must defer to the BIA‘s interpretation under the principles of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
1.
A refugee is defined by
аny person who is within the country of such person‘s nationality . . . and who is persecuted or who has a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.
The Attorney General may admit to the United States “any refugee who is not firmly resettled in any foreign country, is determined to be of special humanitarian concern to the United States, and is admissible . . . as an immigrant.”
The standard for determining whether a refugee is “admissible as an immigrant” at the moment of his entry into this country is significantly more lenient than the standard used to determine whether a person who is seeking admission – but who is not a refugee – is admissible. Specifically, many of the bars to admission imposed on the latter group (non-refugees) by
The Attorney Generаl may terminate the refugee status of an alien at any time if he determines that the person was not, in fact, a refugee within the meaning of
Every refugee admitted under
A refugee whose refugee status was not terminated pursuant to
2.
In 2004 – in Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279 (3d Cir. 2004) – this court was faced with the precise question that is now before it again. Sejid Smriko had entered the United States as a refugee pursuant to
We held that the INA did not explicitly answer the question of whether an alien‘s protected refugee status persists unless terminated pursuant to
In such a situation, where Congressional intent is obscure, we stated, we would normally apply Chevron deference to the agency‘s interpretation of the statute, so long as that construction was reasonable. By affirming the IJ‘s decision without opinion, however, the BIA failed to advance an interpretation of the statute – let alone a reasоnable interpretation. We therefore remanded the Smriko case to the BIA, instructing the BIA to “exercise its expertise and address Smriko‘s proposed reading of the INA.” Id. at 281.
3.
After Mr. Romanishyn had filed his opening brief in this appeal, but before the government filed its opposition brief,8 the BIA issued the opinion that we, as the Smriko court, had ordered. In re Sejid Smriko, 23 I&N Dec. 836 (BIA 2005). The Board held that “an alien who has been admitted as a refugee and has adjusted his or her status to that of a lawful permanent resident may be placed in removal proceedings for acts or conduct amounting to grounds for removal under [
refugee status has not been terminated pursuant to
As noted above, the Board so held, not because it believed the acquisition of LPR status itself “terminated” refugee status, but because refugee status never provided absolute exemption from removal in the first place. Thus, refugees who have become LPRs may be removed even if their refugee status is not in the process “terminated.”
To demonstrate that refugees never possess absolute exemption from remоval, the Board pointed to the provisions of the INA that govern removal, which refer to “the alien,” and “any alien,” and do not distinguish between aliens who were admitted as refugees and those who were not. The Board also pointed (as the government did here) to the provision that allows refugees to be removed at the time they apply to become LPRs if they are found inadmissible under
If a refugee may be removed before he becomes an LPR, the Board reasoned, it follows that he may be removed after he becomes an LPR.
Othеrwise, a refugee convicted of a removable offense prior to adjustment of status could be placed in removal proceedings, while a refugee who, like the respondent, was convicted after adjustment of status for the same offense would be immune from removal. We
find no logical basis, and no support in the statutory or regulatory framework, for drawing such a distinction based on whether the conviction occurred before or after adjustment of stаtus. The most reasonable reading of [ 8 U.S.C. §1159 ], within the overall statutory framework, is that a refugee whose status has been adjusted to that of a lawful permanent resident is subject to all applicable grounds for removal and to placement in removal proceedings . . .Under the respondent‘s view, an alien admitted as a refugee who subsequently adjusted status could commit crimes with impunity, or even engage in terrorist activity and remain exempt from removal from the United Statеs, without regard to whether he or she had a continuing need for protection from persecution in the country of origin, so long as refugee status was not terminated by the Attorney General. Given that the Attorney General is authorized to terminate refugee status only when it is determined that the alien was not, in fact, a refugee at the time of his or her initial admission as a refugee, the vast majority of aliens admitted as refugees would be immune from removal without regard to conduct аfter admission. It is difficult to imagine that Congress intended such a result.
4.
Under Chevron, when a court reviews an agency‘s construction of the statute it administers, it must ask whether the intent of Congress on the precise question at issue is clear. If it is not clear – i.e., if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the question at issue – the court must ask whether the agency‘s interpretation is a permissible construction of the statute. 467 U.S. 837, 842-843. If it is, the court must defer to that interpretation.
The Supreme Court has held that it is appropriate for a court to apply Chevron deference to BIA interpretations of the INA. INS v. Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 425 (1999) (citing INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 448-449 (1987)). Such deference is, in fact, particularly appropriate in the immigration context, the Court has held, because immigration “officials ‘exercise especially sensitive political functions that implicate questions of foreign relations.‘” Id. (quoting INS v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 110 (1988)).
Our court had previously determined in Smriko v. Ashcroft, 387 F.3d 279, 288 (3d Cir. 2004) that Congress in its immigration legislation was ambiguous and did not furnish a clear answer to the question posed in Smriko and which we asked at the outset of this opinion. Moreover, the legislative history gives conflicting indications about Congressional intent. Id. Thus we asked for the BIA‘s answer to this questiоn and, now that we have received it (with the 2005 BIA opinion), our task is to decide if the BIA‘s interpretation is “a permissible construction of the statute.” Under this second step of the Chevron test, the court
must determine whether the regulation harmonizes with the plain language of the statute, its origin, and purpose. So long as the [interpretation] bears a fair relationship to the language of the statute,
reflects the views of those who sought its enactment, and matches the purpose they articulated, it will merit deference.
Zheng v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 98, 119 (3d Cir. 2005) (quotations and citations omitted).
That the INA addresses termination of refugee status in only one provision –
We thus hold that an alien who, like Mr. Romanishyn, entered the United States as a refugee pursuant to
C.
Finally, we reject Mr. Romаnishyn‘s argument that the IJ denied him due process when he limited the number of witnesses who could testify at the hearing on his application for withholding of removal. We exercise plenary review over procedural due process claims. Singh v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 533, 541 (3d Cir. 2006); Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 446 (3d Cir. 2005).
Aliens facing removal are entitled to due process. Kamara v. Attorney General, 420 F.3d 202, 211 (3d Cir. 2005). Due process in this context requires that an alien be provided with a full and fair hearing and a reasonable opportunity to present evidence. Singh, 432 F.3d at 541 (citing Chong v. Dist. Dir., INS, 264 F.3d 378, 386 (3d Cir. 2001)); Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 596 (3d Cir. 2003). To prevail on a due process claim, an alien must show substantial prejudice. Singh, 432 F.3d at 541; Bonhometre, 414 F.3d at 448.
Mr. Romanishyn was afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence. The court did indeed restrict him from calling all the witnesses he wanted to call in person at his hearing. “IJs are entitled,” however, “to broad . . . discretion over the conduct of trial proceedings so long as those proceedings do not amount to a denial of the fundamental fairness to which aliens are entitled.” Muhanna v. Gonzales, 399 F.3d 582, 587 (3d Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). Here, the denial of Mr. Romanishyn‘s request to call more witnesses in person did not amount to a denial of fundamental fairness, and did not substantially prejudice Mr. Romanishyn. Mr. Romanishyn was permitted to
For all of these reasons, we reject Mr. Romanishyn‘s due process claim.
III.
We will deny Mr. Romanishyn‘s petition for review.
GARTH
CIRCUIT JUDGE