Case Information
*1 Before R IPPLE , H AMILTON , and K IRSCH , Circuit Judges . H AMILTON , Circuit Judge
. Plainti Kimberly Nelson is a Chicago police o cer who developed post-traumatic stress disorder after responding to an armed robbery. She alleges that a supervising sergeant failed to intervene when a dis- patcher ignored her calls for back-up. She alleges that another sergeant edited her incident report to remove complaints about the failures to respond to her calls for back-up. In de- ciding this appeal, we assume that the sergeants acted or failed to act as O ffi cer Nelson alleges, and we assume that they acted contrary to police department policy. This lawsuit is not about department policy, however. O ffi cer Nelson seeks to recover damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 on the unusual theories that the sergeants violated her substantive and pro- cedural due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. She also seeks to hold the City of Chicago liable as the sergeants’ employer. The district court dismissed O ffi cer Nelson’s third amended complaint for failure to state a claim. We a ffi rm.
Because we review a dismissal on the pleadings, we accept as true the factual allegations of the operative complaint with- out vouching for their truth. E.g., Word v. City of Chicago 946 F.3d 391, 393 (7th Cir. 2020). In December 2016, O ffi cer Nelson responded to a report of an armed robbery of a Fed- eral Express truck in a high-crime area of Chicago. O cer Nelson alleges that the radio dispatcher ignored her repeated emergency calls for further information and assistance. She felt abandoned and was concerned for her safety.
The shift sergeant on duty at the time, defendant Virginia Bucki, was responsible for listening to the radio transmissions and contacting the dispatcher if that person failed to respond to calls. O cer Nelson alleges that Sergeant Bucki did not in- tervene when the dispatcher ignored her repeated requests for help. After her shift ended, O cer Nelson confronted Ser- geant Bucki. According to O cer Nelson, Sergeant Bucki de- nied wrongdoing and refused to investigate why the dis- patcher ignored Nelson.
In her incident report, O cer Nelson complained about the dispatcher’s failure to respond to her calls. About three months later, though, she discovered that Sergeant Roy Bo o had edited the report to remove her complaints. Where Of- fi cer Nelson had wri en “I then called ‘Emergency’ with no response, ‘652 Emergency’ again with no response,” Sergeant Bo ff o changed the text to read: “Awaiting further information from dispatchers, RO [O cer Nelson] viewed Fedex worker running.” We assume here that Sergeant Bo ff o violated de- partment procedures by amending O cer Nelson’s report without consulting her.
After her abandonment during the robbery incident, Of- fi cer Nelson developed PTSD, which she alleges was later ag- gravated by the stress of learning that Sergeant Bo ff o had ed- ited her report. She has been unable to work since then, but she remains employed by the police department and receives a disability bene fi t for a duty-related injury. See Nelson v. Re- tirement Bd. of Policemen ʹ s Annuity & Bene fi t Fund of City of Chi- cago , 2020 IL App (1st) 192032-U, 2020 WL 1975414.
Nelson fi led charges of race and sex discrimination with the EEOC and Illinois Department of Human Rights in 2017. After receiving a right-to-sue notice, she led this federal suit, originally alleging discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act. In her pro se complaint, she alleged that Ser- geants Bucki and Bo o and others failed to reasonably accom- modate her disability, failed to stop “harassment,” “engaged in malicious misconduct” by ignoring her emergency calls but not those of other o cers, and altered her incident report. She then retained counsel and amended her complaint. Instead of alleging employment discrimination, the amended complaint asserted claims against Sergeants Bucki and Bo o, as well as the City of Chicago (on a doomed theory of respondeat supe- rior) for violating her constitutional rights.
After a status hearing, O cer Nelson amended her com- plaint again, asserting that Sergeant Bucki violated her sub- stantive due process rights by failing to protect her from dan- ger and her procedural due process rights by causing her PTSD and thereby depriving her of a property interest in her job. O cer Nelson alleged that Sergeant Bo o engaged in conscience-shocking behavior when he altered her report, also violating her right to substantive due process of law. She also alleged that the City of Chicago should be liable under a respondeat superior theory because the sergeants were work- ing within the scope of their employment when they violated her rights.
The defendants moved to dismiss the second amended complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and the district court granted the motion. The dismissal was with- out prejudice, giving O cer Nelson one more chance to fi le an amended complaint that would remedy the de fi ciencies identi fi ed by the court. See generally Runnion v. Girl Scouts of Greater Chicago & Nw. Ind. , 786 F.3d 510, 519 − 20 (7th Cir. 2015) (district court should ordinarily give plainti an opportunity to cure perceived de ciencies in a complaint before dismiss- ing with prejudice). cer Nelson’s third amended complaint closely resem-
bled the previous versions. The primary additions were ex- tensive blocks of quoted narrative seemingly drawn directly from O cer Nelson’s correspondence with her a orney. She also reiterated the respondeat superior claim verbatim, de- spite the court having pointed out that respondeat superior does not apply under section 1983 and that the only possible avenue to municipal liability would be under Monell v. De- partment of Social Services , 436 U.S. 658, 690–91 (1978). The de- fendants again moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). This time, the court dismissed Nelson’s complaint with prejudice, observing that despite three amendments and guidance from the court, she had still failed to state a claim.
On appeal, O cer Nelson contends that her third amended complaint cured the earlier defects and stated via- ble due process claims against the two sergeants as well as the City of Chicago. We review a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo. See Campos v. Cook County , 932 F.3d 972, 974 (7th Cir. 2019). The complaint needed to set forth a claim that is “plau- sible on its face,” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007), that is, to contain “enough facts to draw the rea- sonable inference that the defendant is liable.” Ashcroft v. Iq- bal , 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
O cer Nelson argues that we should apply the liberal amendment standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). That would be correct if the district court had dis- missed with prejudice without allowing her an opportunity to amend, e.g., Runnion , 786 F.3d at 519 − 20, but that is not what happened. Having provided “multiple opportunities” to amend, the court had no duty to o er more. See Lee v. Northeastern Illinois Reg’l Commuter R.R. Corp ., 912 F.3d 1049, 1053 (7th Cir. 2019). And even on appeal O cer Nelson has not identi ed any further amendments she could make to as- sert viable constitutional claims. cer Nelson’s due process claims re fl ect a profound
misunderstanding about the scope of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and how it applies to public employees who encounter dangers in their work. O cer Nel- son’s complaint alleges that she was traumatized by a danger- ous situation she encountered while on duty. Her allegations remind all of us of the dangers police o ffi cers face and the courage the job requires. O ffi cer Nelson has not, however, pleaded facts that entitle her to proceed against any defend- ant for violating her constitutional due process rights.
The essence of O ffi cer Nelson’s complaint against Ser- geant Bucki is that the sergeant ignored her calls for assis- tance, making her response to the armed robbery call even more dangerous. O cer Nelson tried to state a claim under the “state-created-danger” exception to the general rule that the Due Process Clause does not protect a person from harm from a private actor. The claim fails. It does not allege an af- fi rmative action on the part of Sergeant Bucki, nor does it al- lege conduct su ciently egregious to violate due process.
To allege a viable substantive due process claim, O cer Nelson would need to allege conduct under color of state law that “violated a fundamental right or liberty” and was so “ar- bitrary and irrational” as to “shock the conscience.” Campos , 932 F.3d at 975; GEFT Outdoors, LLC v. City of West fi eld 922 F.3d 357, 368 (7th Cir. 2019), citing County of Sacramento v. Lewis , 523 U.S. 833, 849 (1998). Substantive due process pro- tects only “those fundamental rights and liberties which are, objectively, ‘deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradi- tion,’” and must be subject to “careful description.” Washing- ton v. Glucksberg , 521 U.S. 702, 720–21 (1997). O cer Nelson has never pinpointed what fundamental interest she seeks to vindicate, and none of the interests identi ed by the Supreme Court are at issue here. See id. at 719–20 (collecting cases). In connection with her procedural due process claim, O cer Nelson asserts that she has a property interest in her job. But if she intended her job to be a basis of her substantive due process claim as well, that theory fails. Employment, includ- ing public employment, is not a fundamental right. Campos , 932 F.3d at 975; Palka v. Shelton , 623 F.3d 447, 453 (7th Cir. 2010).
Even if we assumed that a fundamental right was at stake, O cer Nelson faces a high bar in alleging conduct that shocks the conscience, one that excludes “many forms of governmen- tal misconduct.” Palka , 623 F.3d at 454. Her allegations would have to permit the inference that Sergeants Bucki and Bo o not only acted “badly, even tortiously,” id. , but that they “acted with a mens rea approaching that of criminal reckless- ness.” Hess v. Board of Trustees of Southern Illinois Univ. , 839 F.3d 668, 678–79 (7th Cir. 2016). She did not do so. O cer Nelson alleged that Sergeant Bucki was apathetic, ignoring one of her job duties of listening to the dispatcher. Her most pointed accusation against Sergeant Bucki is “[i]na tt ention to duty.” Negligence is a state of mind that falls well short of shocking the conscience so as to support a substantive due process claim. See Lewis , 523 U.S. at 849; Weiland v. Loomis 938 F.3d 917, 920 (7th Cir. 2019). cer Nelson asserts for the rst time on appeal that Ser-
geant Bucki ignored her dispatches intentionally. That argu- ment was forfeited by the failure to raise it in the district court. Soo Line R.R. Co. v. Consolidated Rail Corp. , 965 F.3d 596, 602 (7th Cir. 2020). In any event, our precedents show that the Due Process Clause has li le to say about how police supervisors oversee day-to-day and moment-to-moment police work, with the possible exception of conduct deliberately intended to harm the injured o cer.
We rejected similar “state-created-danger” due process claims by a law enforcement o ffi cer in Witkowski v. Milwaukee County , 480 F.3d 511 (7th Cir. 2007). Witkowski was a deputy sheri who helped provide courtroom security for the trial of a dangerous defendant. Superior o ffi cers allegedly failed to turn on the defendant’s stun-belt. When the defendant was pronounced guilty of the charged murder, he leaped at Dep- uty Witkowski, grabbed his weapon, and shot him in the leg before being shot and killed by other o cers. Witkowski then sued the other o cers and the county for due process viola- tions, alleging that the superior o cers had acted intention- ally or recklessly.
We a rmed dismissal on the pleadings. We explained that the Constitution is a charter of negative liberties and that pri- vate violence does not violate the Due Process Clause. Witkowski , 480 F.3d at 512, citing DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services , 489 U.S. 189 (1989). We also rejected Witkowski’s a tt empt to invoke the state-created- danger quali cation to that general principle. The doctrine is narrow, calling for protection “if the state disables people from protecting themselves,” such as by arresting or impris- oning them or pu ing them in foster care. Witkowski , 480 F.3d at 513. That state-created-danger doctrine does not apply to a public employee who has agreed to do dangerous work, whether the dangers are posed by animate or inanimate causes. See Collins v. City of Harker Heights , 503 U.S. 115, − 27 (1992) (a rming dismissal of due process claims by widow of city worker who was asphyxiated during under- ground utility work, despite allegations of deliberate indi er- ence); Witkowski , 480 F.3d at 513 (described above); Walker v. Rowe , 791 F.2d 507, 510 (7th Cir. 1986) (reversing jury verdict in favor of prison guards and widows of guards hurt and 9 killed in prison uprising even if supervisors were grossly neg- ligent in failing to protect against violence by prisoners).
Here, the danger was created by an armed robber, not by the government, so it is not covered by the doctrine. See Witkowski , 480 F.3d at 513. Under the state-created-danger theory, whether Sergeant Bucki was deliberately indi erent to risks to O cer Nelson is irrelevant. “Disregarding a known risk to a public employee does not violate the Constitution whether or not the risk comes to pass.” Id. at 514. [1] cer Nelson’s allegations that Sergeant Bo o altered her report also cannot support a substantive due process claim. We assume that this alleged conduct was unprofessional and contrary to department policies, but it falls far short of con- science-shocking abuse of government power. The startling notion that a public employee has a substantive due process right in how her performance was recorded in o cial les seems to be without precedent. Cf. Goros v. County of Cook 489 F.3d 857, 860 (7th Cir. 2007) (substantive due process did not apply to department’s practice of “rese tt ing” o cer’s an- niversary upon promotion, a ff ecting timing and eligibility for raises). O cer Nelson alleges that seeing the altered report months later “aggravated her PTSD and caused her much an- guish,” but emotional distress alone does not support a con- stitutional tort under circumstances comparable to this case. Weiland , 938 F.3d at 920. cer Nelson’s procedural due process claim also fails.
We assume that she had a property interest in retaining her job, e.g., Word , 946 F.3d at 395, but she does not allege that she lost her job, that the Chicago Police Department o ff ered insuf- cient procedural protections, or that Sergeant Bucki inter- fered with her a tt empts to gain redress. See Michalowicz v. Vil- lage of Bedford Park , 528 F.3d 530, 534 (7th Cir. 2008). She was not denied any notice of an intentional deprivation of her job or an opportunity to be heard. O cer Nelson was able to con- sult with a sergeant and a lieutenant, her union, the Employee Assistance Plan, the Internal A ff airs department, and the Re- tirement Board, and she never challenged the “fundamental fairness of the remedies they a orded her.” Calderone v. City of Chicago , 979 F.3d 1156, 1167 (7th Cir. 2020). The impractical idea that plainti was entitled to notice and an opportunity to be heard—the core of the right to due process— before Ser- geant Bucki failed to respond to calls for help, resulting in PTSD, runs directly into the doctrine of Parra tt v. Taylor , 451 U.S. 527, 541 (1981) (no need for pre-deprivation hearing where deprivation is result of random and unauthorized ac- tion). See, e.g., Bradley v. Village of University Park , 929 F.3d 875, 886 (7th Cir. 2019) (explaining practical underpinnings of Par- ra rule).
O ffi cer Nelson took disability leave, and she has identi fi ed no defect in the procedures used to determine those bene fi ts, including a decision in her favor by the Illinois Appellate Court fi nding that her disability was duty-related. Nelson v. Retirement Bd. of Policemen ʹ s Annuity & Bene fi t Fund of City of Chicago , 2020 IL App (1st) 192032-U, 2020 WL 1975414.
Finally, even if O cer Nelson had alleged a viable claim against an individual defendant, the district court properly rejected her claim against the City of Chicago as a ma tt er of law. Section 1983 “does not incorporate the common-law doctrine of respondeat superior.” First Midwest Bank, Guardian of Estate of LaPorta v. City of Chicago, 988 F.3d 978, 986 (7th Cir. 2021). The city could not be liable simply because the alleged wrongdoers were its employees acting within the scope of their employment. The city could be liable under Monell , but only if the “municipality itself” violated O cer Nelson’s federal rights or was the “moving force” for the violation. LaPorta. 988 F.3d at 987. O cer Nelson never tied Sergeant Bucki’s or Bo o’s actions to a “policy or custom” of the department, id. at 986, and therefore gave the district court no basis to infer that the city was responsible for any constitutional violation. cer Nelson a tt empts to allege a pa tt ern of police mis-
conduct by describing an unrelated incident in which a non-defendant sergeant made an outrageous remark to her, and fi ve other court cases in which police o cers commi tt ed, or covered up misconduct. But none of these incidents were comparable to the alleged actions of Sergeants Bucki or Bo o, nor could they be said to be related to them in any way. The allegations fall far short of the “ speci c pa ern or series of in- cidents [required] to support the general allegation of a cus- tom or policy.” See Hollins v. City of Milwaukee , 574 F.3d 822, 827 (7th Cir. 2009) (emphasis added). Even if Nelson had ad- dressed Monell , her claim against the city would have faltered on the absence of an “underlying constitutional violation” by the sergeants, which “automatically preclude[s] a nding of Monell liability.” Donald v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc ., 982 F.3d 451, 463 (7th Cir. 2020) (citation omi ed).
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
[1] For other cases brought by public employees asserting state-created- danger claims, see generally Slaughter v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore 682 F.3d 317, 321–22 (4th Cir. 2012) (affirming dismissal of substantive due process claim by estate of firefighter who died in training exercise); Jackson v. Indian Prairie School Dist. 204 , 653 F.3d 647, 655–56 (7th Cir. 2011) (af- firming summary judgment for defendants on special education teacher’s substantive due process claim arising from student’s assault); Hunt v. Syc- amore Community School Dist. Bd. of Education , 542 F.3d 529 (6th Cir. 2008) (affirming summary judgment for defendants in substantive due process suit by teacher’s aide who was assaulted by student); Kaucher v. County of Bucks , 455 F.3d 418, 424–25, 431 (3d Cir. 2006) (affirming summary judg- ment for defendants on corrections officer’s substantive due process claim that dangerous conditions at jail caused dangerous infection); cf. Pauluk v. Savage , 836 F.3d 1117 (9th Cir. 2016) (reversing denial of qualified immun- ity for defendants on substantive due process claim by estate of state em- ployee who allegedly died from exposure to deadly mold in work envi- ronment).