Jаmes E. GROPPI, Petitioner-Appellee, v. Jack LESLIE, Sheriff of Dane County, Respondent-Appellant.
No. 18538.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Jan. 6, 1971.
436 F.2d 326
PELL, Circuit Judge.
Robert W. Warren, Atty. Gen., David J. Hanson, Sverre O. Tinglum, Asst. Attys. Gen., Madison, Wis., for appellant. Percy L. Julian, Jr., Madison, Wis., William M. Coffey, Michael J. Zimmer, Milwaukee, Wis. (Robert J. Lerner, John D. Murray, Milwaukee, Wis., Steven H. Steinglass, Patricia D. McMahon, Milwaukee, Wis., of counsel), for appellee. Before SWYGERT, Chief Judge, HASTINGS, Senior Circuit Judge, and KILEY, CUMMINGS, KERNER, PELL and STEVENS, Circuit Judges.1
We reach with some reluctance any decision which appears even remotely to achieve an eroding effect on basic civil liberties as guaranteed by our constitution; but believing, as we do, that illegal and physically forcible interference with properly functioning governmental institutions would pose the real risk of being eventually accompanied by the abolition, rather than the erosion, of the individual constitutional liberties, we are unable to reach any other result in the case before us.
For the reasons hereinbefore indicated, the judgment of the district court is reversed, the petition for habeas corpus is hereby denied and respondent-appellant’s motion to dismiss is hereby granted.
Reversed.
This matter being before the court en banc following reargument pursuant to the granting of Groppi’s petition for rehearing, we are not persuaded that the result, and reasoning in support thereof, reached by the panel originally hearing this appeal, as set forth in the court’s decision of October 28, 1970, is other than correct.
The basic and simple issue remains whether the judicial power of summary punishment2 for direct contempt is constitutionally exercisable by the legislative branch. We hold that it is for the reasons advanced in the original оpinion of this court, which opinion we now adopt and confirm. Groppi v. Leslie, 436 F.2d 326 (7th Cir. October 28, 1970).
While the resolution adopted by the Wisconsin Assembly might well have spelled out the alleged misconduct of Groppi with greater particularity, it nevertheless is couched in terms of ultimate fact which we do not find lacking in adequate specificity. There is no indication to us that the contemnor failed to be fully and explicitly informed of the charge leveled against him and the exact nature of his misconduct.
Our decision is reached on the narrow issue before us, involving direct interference with “conducting public business” in “the immediate view of the legislative body.” We do not purport to reach any decision on the matter of contemptuous behavior occurring outside the legislative chamber itself.
Other means for punishing contempts are available to the legislature and resort to such other procedures may be fоund sufficiently efficacious in the future. We here hold, however, that the basic public need for inviolability of the legislative processes of our government dictates the availability of the power of summary contempt punishment to the legislative branch. The Wisconsin legislature has seen fit in the circumstances of the case before it to exercise that power and we do not deem it in the public interest to interfere.
It is to be noted that Groppi’s term of imprisonment under the resolution does not extend beyond the end of the legislative term, i. e., January 7, 1971. Both petitioner’s and respondent’s counsel have argued that the issue here involved is not mooted by this fact. This is our opinion also. See United States ex rel. Lawrence v. Woods, 432 F.2d 1073, 1074-1075 (7th Cir. 1970).
Reversed.
STEVENS, Circuit Judge, with whom SWYGERT, Chief Judge, and KILEY, Circuit Judge, join, dissenting.
At no time in this proceeding has petitioner asserted any claim of innocence, or any claim that his sentence was excessive. It may be assumed, as the Wisconsin Supreme Court plainly stated, that any such claim would have been promptly and fairly heard in some form of post conviction trial.1 As the disposition of an isolated controversy, therefore, no one could criticize this court’s judgment as unfair or unreasonable.
The case, however, must be decided in the context of our legal traditions. It raises only a procedural issue, but in my judgment that issue is of fundamental importance and requires that petitioner’s conviction be set aside. Cf. Rex v. Justices of Bodmin [1947] 1 K.B. 321.
The
The procedure which Wisconsin employed to deprive the petitioner of his liberty violated that ancient maxim. On October 1, 1969, without any prior notice to petitioner, and without giving him or his counsel an opportunity to be present or to be heard, the Wisconsin Assembly cited him for contempt, found him guilty of an offense which had been committed two days earlier, and sentenced him to imprisonment.2 Although I recognize that the due process clause tolerates flexible procedures in varying situations,3 in my opinion the label “legislative contempt” does not exclude this ex parte conviction from the coverage of the
Disorderly conduct on the floor of a legislative body is a well recognized species of legislative contempt.4 Historically acts of violence,5 like other legislative contempts such as attempted bribery,6 refusal to answer questions or produce documents befоre a legislative
Prior to October 1, 1969, no American legislature had found it necessary to employ ex parte procedures to punish disorderly or other contemptuous conduct. The fact that the exercise of summary contempt powers has been accepted as a necessary and appropriate aspect of our judicial processes does not support an argument that the Wisconsin Legislature needs or possesses like powers. Indeed, a comparison of the legislative and judicial experience with contempts leads to a contrary conclusion.
It is the business of judgеs to decide particular cases, to make determinations of guilt or innocence, to listen to arguments in mitigation, and to impose appropriate punishments. Although occasional abuses have required correction on review, by and large the judicial contempt power has proved useful in advancing the orderly disposition of litigation.11 The conclusion that judges can safely be trusted with such powers is supported by analysis оf the judicial function and by years of experience. The multitude of judicial contempt cases which have been decided in our history apparently include none in which a judge, two days after the offense, without giving the contemnor notice or any opportunity to be heard, entered an ex parte order sentencing him to prison.12
But that is the nature of the procedure employed by the Wisconsin Assembly in this case. This departure from traditiоn should itself point to the danger of entrusting summary contempt powers to bodies not accustomed to their exercise. The contempt power has been described as “perhaps, nearest akin to despotic power of any power existing under our form of government.” State ex rel. Attorney General v. Circuit Court, 97 Wis. 1, 8, 72 N.W. 193, 194 (1897), and its exercise has been narrowly limited.13 Without reflecting adversely on the importance and dignity of the legislative function, it must be recognized that legislators arе more responsive to the temporary moods of the body politic than are judges.14 Therefore, history’s recognition of a frequent need for summary punishment of judicial contempts does not establish a need for co-extensive legislative contempt powers.
It is argued that there was no risk of error or abuse in this case because petitioner’s disorderly conduct occurred “in the immediate view of” the Wisconsin Assembly. It is contendеd that no purpose could have been served by hearing from petitioner or his counsel because the Assembly already knew all the facts. This may or may not be true. It is entirely possible that conduct which certain legislators found particularly offensive was committed by other members of the “gathering of people” led by petitioner;15 it is possible that some legislators were particularly offended by insulting speech (perhaps even sрeech on other occasions)16 rather than conduct; and that certain conduct was viewed by some legislators but not by others. Even if each member of the Assembly who voted in favor of the resolution had perfect knowledge of the facts, a valid purpose would have been served by hearing from petitioner before voting on the resolution. It is presumed that argument may persuade judges even when they know the facts.17 I would give legislators the benefit of the same presumption.18
It is suggested that even if summary legislative contempt powers have been unnecessary historically, the modern day “politics of confrontation” have created a new necessity that requires abandon
If punishment is to serve as an effective deterrent to repeated or widespread disorder, it is important that the community at large have confidence in the fairness of the proceedings which lead to conviction and sentencing.
“At the foundation оf our civil liberty lies the principle which denies to government officials an exceptional position before the law and which subjects them to the same rules of conduct that are commands to the citizen. And in the development of our liberty insistence upon procedural regularity has been a large factor. Respect for law will not be advanced by resort, in its enforcement, to means which shock the common man’s sense of decency and fair play.” Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 477, 41 S.Ct. 574, 576, 65 L.Ed. 1048 (1921) (Brandeis J. dissenting).
In my opinion the preservation of order in our communities will be best ensured by adherence to established and respected procedures. Resort to procedural expediency may facilitate an occasional conviction, but it may also make martyrs of common criminals.
I respectfully dissent.
KILEY, Circuit Judge (dissenting).
I join in Judge STEVENS’ dissent for the reasons he gives.
I dissent for the further reason that the Assembly Resolution does not state facts sufficient to support its conclusion that Groppi was guilty of disorderly conduct punishable as contempt. The effect upon Groppi of this fatal deficiency was denial of fundamental fairness because he is not informed of what he did in the “immediate view” of the Assembly which amounted to disorderly conduct.
Groppi’s habeas petition does not expressly cast the deficiency in the Resolution as a denial of due process as we have done. His petition alleges denial of his “right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him.”1 In this court Groppi argues persuasively the anomaly of a summary or direct contempt order reciting only a legal conclusion without a statement of the underlying facts supporting the conclusion. And he argues that “it is not clear” how a court can adequately review a contempt order unless the facts are stated.2
It is a fundamental rule that a judicial summary contempt order must carry, in itself, a statement of the acts or words constituting the contempt. This rule is implicit in Ex parte Terry, 128 U.S. 289, 305, 9 S.Ct. 77, 32 L.Ed. 405 (1888); and is stated in Tauber v. Gordon, 350 F.2d 843 (3rd Cir. 1965); Parmelee Transportation Co. v. Keeshin, 294 F.2d 310 (7th Cir. 1961); and Hallinan v. United States, 182 F.2d 880 (9th Cir. 1950). In Great Lakes Screw Corp. v. NLRB, 409 F.2d 375 (7th Cir. 1969), where an NLRB hearing examiner excluded defendant’s counsel from the hear
Respondent-appellant’s brief concedes that legislative exercise of its summary contempt power parallels judicial exercise of that power, and I see no reason why the legislature should not be similarly required to state facts constituting the contempt.
Here the contempt resolution states that “Groppi led a gathering of people * * * which by its presence on the floor of the Assembly during a meeting * * * prevented the Assembly from conducting public business and performing its constitutional duty” and that the “above-cited action” constituted “disorderly conduct in the immediate view” of the Assembly, an offense under
A complaint for disorderly conduct drawn in words similar to the Resolution before us would not support a conviction. People v. Mulvey, 206 Misc. 771, 135 N.Y.S.2d 17 (1954); People v. Lee, 334 Ill.App. 158, 78 N.E.2d 822 (1948); State v. Hettrick, 126 N.C. 977, 35 S.E. 125 (1900). An indictment, where the subject law is general, must descend to particulars. Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 765, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962); United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542, 548, 23 L.Ed. 588 (1875). See also United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611, 612, 26 L.Ed. 1135 (1882). A fortiori, where a person is punished by imprisonment without being informed of what he did that was unlawful, he is denied fundamental fairness. No meaningful review would be available to him. See Great Lakes Screw Corp. v. NLRB, 409 F.2d 375 (7th Cir. 1969).
Because Groppi has not been informed in the Assembly Resolution what acts or words of his constituted disorderly conduct so as to be contemptuous, I would affirm.