Giovani Carandola, Limited v. BasonGiovani Carandola, Limited v. Bason
Before NIEMEYER, MOTZ, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed in part and vacated in part by published opinion. Judge MOTZ wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge TRAXLER joined. Judge NIEMEYER wrote a dissenting opinion.
OPINION
DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge.
In this case, the North Carolina Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission (the Commission) appeals from the district court‘s order preliminarily enjoining it from enforcing certain state restrictions on nudity and other conduct, pending the outcome of a trial. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm in part and vacate in part.
Giovani Carandola, Ltd. operates Christie‘s Cabaret, a nude dancing establishment in Greensboro, Nоrth Carolina, which holds permits issued by the Commission to sell malt beverages, fortified wines, unfortified wine, and mixed beverages. In November 2000, an agent of the Commission visited Christie‘s and observed three Carandola employees engaging in various kinds of exotic dancing. The agent concluded that the dancers’ conduct violated
In pertinent part,
(a) Certain Conduct. — It shall be unlawful for a permittee or his agent or employee to knowingly allow any of the following kinds of conduct to occur on his licensed premises:
(1) Any violation of this Chapter;
(2) Any fighting or other disorderly conduct that can be prevented without undue danger to the permittee, his employees or patrons;
(3) Any violation of the controlled substances, gambling, or prostitution statutes, or any other unlawful acts;
(4) Any conduct or entertainment by any person whose private parts аre exposed or who is wearing transparent clothing that reveals the private parts;
(5) Any entertainment that includes or simulates sexual intercourse or any other sexual act; or
(6) Any other lewd or obscene entertainment or conduct, as defined by the rules of the Commission.
Pursuant to subsection (a)(6) of the statute, the Commission has adopted
(a) No permittee or his employee shall allow any person to perform acts of or acts that simulate:
(1) sexual intercourse, masturbation, sodomy, bestiality, oral copulation, flagellation, or any sexual acts that are prohibited by law;
(2) the touching, caressing or fondling of the breasts, buttocks, anus, vulva or genitals;
(3) the display of the pubic hair, anus, vulva or genitals.
(b) No permittee or his employee shall allow any person to use artificial devices or inanimate objects to depict any of the prohibited activities desсribed in Paragraph (a) of this rule.
(c) No permittee or his employee shall allow any person who exposes to public view any portion of his pubic hair, vulva, genitals, or anus to remain in or upon the licensed premises.
On December 6, 2000, the Commission sent Carandola a letter, stating, in part, that its employees had been observed (1) “simulat[ing] sexual intercourse” and “simulat[ing] masturbation” on the licensed premises in violation of
Instead, Carandola, joined by Janel D. Ralph, a dancer at the club (hereinafter collectively, Carandola), filed suit in federal court. Carandola asked the district court to declare
In deciding whether to issue a preliminary injunction, a court must consider (1) the likelihood of irreparable harm to the plaintiff if the preliminary injunction is denied, (2) the likelihood of harm to the defendant if the requested relief is granted, (3) the likelihood that the plaintiff will succeed on the merits, and (4) the public interest. Direx Israel, Ltd. v. Breakthrough Med. Corp., 952 F.2d 802, 812 (4th Cir.1992). In this case, as the district court recognized, the irreparable harm that Carandola alleged is inseparably linked to [its] claim of violation of First Amendment rights[.] Carandola, 147 F.Supp.2d at 387. Determination of irreparable harm thus requires analysis of Carandola‘s likelihood of success on the merits, and we turn to this question first.
II.
The First Amendment bars the government from abridging the freedom of speech — that is, generally, from dictating what we see or read or speak or hear.
Keeping in mind the preferred position of the First Amendment free speech right, Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105, 115, 63 S.Ct. 870, 87 L.Ed. 1292 (1943), and the scope of its protection, we address the two sets of legal principles that guide our analysis of the challenged restrictions. The first involves the nature of Carandola‘s overbreadth challenge and the second concerns the appropriate level of First Amendment scrutiny.
A.
Carаndola principally challenges the North Carolina restrictions as overbroad. According to Carandola, these restrictions, without justification, burden vast amounts of constitutionally protected expression — including dance, theater, political satire, comedy, and even performances with fully clothed performers in which sexual content is non-existent or quite limited. Brief of Appellee at 24. The Commission responds that Carandola lack[s] standing to bring this challenge because there is no evidence that it desire[s] to present or act in any ballet, musical, or other serious theatrical production of any kind. Reply Brief at 4, 7. The Commission‘s contention rests on a fundamental misunderstanding of the overbreadth doctrine.
If an overbreadth challenge succeeds, any enforcement of the regulation at issue is totally forbidden. Broadrick, 413 U.S. at 613, 93 S.Ct. 2908. This prohibition constitutes strong medicine, however, which courts use sparingly and only as a last resort. Id. Thus, a law should not be invalidated for overbreadth unless it reaches a substantial numbеr of impermissible applications. New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 771, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982). Accordingly, to prevail, an overbreadth plaintiff, like Carandola, must demonstrate that a regulation‘s overbreadth is not only ... real, but substantial as well, judged in relation to the [challenged regulation‘s] plainly legitimate sweep, and also that no limiting construction or partial invalidation could remove the seeming threat or deterrence to constitutionally protected expression. Broadrick, 413 U.S. at 613, 615, 93 S.Ct. 2908.
B.
The level of First Amendment scrutiny a court applies to determine the plainly legitimate sweep of a regulation depends on the purpose for which the regulation was adopted. If the regulation was adopted to burden disfavored viewpoints or modes of expression, a court applies strict scrutiny. See Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 406-07, 410-15 & n. 9, 109 S.Ct. 2533, 105 L.Ed.2d 342 (1989). If, by contrast, the regulation was adopted for a purpose unrelated to the suppression of expression — e.g., to regulate conduct, or the time, place, and manner in which expression may take place — a court must apply a less demanding intermediate scrutiny. See id. at 406-07, 109 S.Ct. 2533; see also City of Erie v. Pap‘s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 289, 120 S.Ct. 1382, 146 L.Ed.2d 265 (2000) (plurality opinion) (citations omitted); id. at 310, 120 S.Ct. 1382 (Souter, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
In this case, the district court concluded that both
Such measures, the Court has explained, regulate expression only incidentally, because the expression happen[s] to be associated with the adverse effects the state seeks to address. Boos, 485 U.S. at 320, 108 S.Ct. 1157. The measures are therefore justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech and do not receive strict scrutiny. Renton, 475 U.S. at 48, 106 S.Ct. 925 (quoting from Va. Pharmacy Bd. v. Va. Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 771, 96 S.Ct. 1817, 48 L.Ed.2d 346 (1976)) (emphasis omitted); see also Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560, 586, 111 S.Ct. 2456, 115 L.Ed.2d 504 (1991) (Souter, J., concurring in the judgment) ([Where] the State‘s interest in banning nude dancing results from a simple correlation of such dancing with other evils, rather than from a relationship between the other evils and the expressive component of the dancing, the interest is unrelated to the suppression of free expression. (emphasis added)); Pap‘s, 529 U.S. at 290-96, 120 S.Ct. 1382 (plurality opinion) (explaining that Renton‘s analysis of a zoning regulation also applies to other kinds of regulations affecting sites that provide sexually explicit, adult entertainment to the public); id. at 310, 120 S.Ct. 1382 (Souter, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
Put another way, in this limited context, the Supreme Court does not equate reference to content with the suppression of content. Cf. Reno, 521 U.S. at 867-68, 117 S.Ct. 2329 (rejecting argument that Communications Decency Act restrictions constituted cyberzoning, analogous to the zoning at issue in Renton, because the Act aimed to protect children from the primary effects of indecent and patently offensive speech, rather than any secondary effect of such speech); Boos, 485 U.S. at 320-21, 108 S.Ct. 1157 (rejecting argument that our international law obligation to shield diplomats from speech thаt offends their dignity is a secondary effect that could render a ban on protests near foreign embassies content-neutral, because the interest is defined by the direct impact of speech on its audience).
No record evidence supports this claim.3 For example, neither the statute nor the Rule includes a preamble or any other language clearly stating a desire to address secondary effects. Cf. Pap‘s, 529 U.S. at 290, 120 S.Ct. 1382 (plurality opinion) (noting that ordinance preamble stated a purpose of prohibiting entertainment that provid[es] an atmospherе conducive to violence, sexual harassment, public intoxication, prostitution, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and other deleterious effects). Nor has the Commission proffered a single study of secondary effects relied upon by the legislature or Commission when they decided to adopt
Even though the Commission has submitted no direct evidence of legislative motive, we believe that precedent requires us to evaluate the challenged restrictions as content-neutral provisions aimed at secondary effects. Indisputably, both
For these reasons, we conclude that one purpose of
C.
In sum, then, we subject the North Carolina restrictions only to intermediate scrutiny in determining whether they adversely affect a substantial amount of protected speech relative to their plainly legitimate sweep. Broadrick, 413 U.S. at 615, 93 S.Ct. 2908.
Intermediate scrutiny is not, however, a toothless standard. It requires the government to produce evidence that a challenged regulation materially advances an important or substantial interest by redressing past harms or preventing future ones. These harms must be real, not merely conjectural, and the regulation must alleviate these harms in a direct and material way. Satellite Broad. & Communications Ass‘n v. FCC, 275 F.3d 337, 356 (4th Cir.2001) (quoting Turner Broad. Sys., Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622, 664, 114 S.Ct. 2445, 129 L.Ed.2d 497 (1994)).
The appropriate focus of this inquiry is not the actual intent of the enacting legislature. Barnes, 501 U.S. at 582, 111 S.Ct. 2456 (Souter, J., concurring in the judgment). A court determines the actual intent earlier, in selecting the appropriate level of scrutiny. In determining whether restrictions advance an important interest, a court asks only whether the government proffers evidence that the regulation serves a current governmental interest. Id. (emphasis added); see also Essence, Inc. v. City of Federal Heights, 285 F.3d 1272, 1284-85 (10th Cir.2002); Jake‘s, Ltd. v. City of Coates, 284 F.3d 884, 888 (8th Cir.2002); J & B Entm‘t, Inc. v. City of Jackson, 152 F.3d 362, 371-72 (5th Cir.1998); Phillips v. Borough of Keyport, 107 F.3d 164, 178 (3d Cir.1997).
The Commission has produced no evidence — either current or otherwise — of harmful secondary effects in North Carolina. This failure might not pose a problem if the challenged restriсtions applied only to bars and clubs that present nude or topless dancing. Such entertainment has a long history of spawning deleterious effects, including prostitution and the criminal abuse and exploitation of young women, and in most cases a city or state need carry only a minimal burden to demonstrate its interest in regulation of such activity. Steakhouse, Inc. v. City of Raleigh, 166 F.3d 634, 637 (4th Cir.1999). In particular, where nude dancing ... is of the same character as the adult entertainment at issue in Renton, Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc., and California v. LaRue, a governmental entity may rely on the evidentiary foundation set forth in those cases to conclude that such nude dancing [i]s likely to produce the same secondary effects in its jurisdiction unless the plaintiff produces clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. Pap‘s, 529 U.S. at 296-97, 120 S.Ct. 1382 (plurality opinion) (internal citations shortened); see also Alameda Books, 535 U.S. at 438-39, 122 S.Ct. at 1736, 1737 (plurality opinion) (adopting view of plurality in Pap‘s as to evidentiary requirement for adult entertainment cases); id. at 451, 122 S.Ct. at 1741 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (agreeing with the Alameda Books plurality on this point, as a fifth vote).
Thе restrictions challenged here, however, sweep far beyond bars and nude dancing establishments. They reach a great deal of expression in the heartland of [the First Amendment‘s] protection. Carandola, 147 F.Supp.2d at 393. As the Commission has conceded, the plain language of the restrictions prohibits on licensed premises any entertainment that simulate[s] sexual behavior, even if performers are fully clothed or covered, and even if the conduct is integral to the production — for example, a political satire, a Shakespeare play depicting young love, or a drama depicting the horrors of rape. The Commission has further conceded that the restrictions have the same prohibitory effect on much non-erotic dance — such as a ballet in which one dancer touches another‘s buttock during a lift — and all nudity or simulated nudity, howеver brief, in productions with clear artistic merit — such as the Pulitzer Prize winning play, Wit. Furthermore, evidence before the district court indicated that the restrictions also apply to much other mainstream entertainment, including popular and award-winning musicals such as Cabaret, Chicago, Contact, and The Full Monty and most kinds of jazz and flamenco dance.4
The Commission has made equally fatal concessions with respect to the scope of the proscription. Specifically, it admits that it has issued 50,000 permits and that only a small percentage of permittees present the kind of adult entertainment that legitimately concerns the state. Among the vast majority of permittees that do not are coliseums, theaters, hotels, and restaurants, which instead present the kind of mainstream entertainment mentioned above, and nevertheless are burdened. Having made these admissions, the state has conceded that the challenged regulations reach a substantial number of impermissible applications. Ferber, 458 U.S. at 771, 102 S.Ct. 3348.
Although we certainly recognize the state‘s interest in preventing bar fights, prostitution, and similar problems, we see no reason for its attempt to further these interests with such broadly drawn restrictions. See United States v. Morison, 844 F.2d 1057, 1075-76 (4th Cir.1988) (noting that a court considers whether a state‘s legitimate interest could be achieved by a less drastic means, — that is, a method less invasive of free speech interests (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
This case would present a different question if we could construe the challenged restrictions in a manner that removed or reduced the threat to constitutionally protected speech. See, e.g., Schultz v. City of Cumberland, 228 F.3d 831, 850 (7th Cir.2000) (noting that ordinance applying to theaters which regularly feature[] nudity could be enforced against local theater[s] [that] probably would not resemble an adult-entertainment establishment in the sense contemplated by Renton and Young, and therefore adopting a saving construction, construing regularly features to mean always features). However, we cannot adopt a limiting cоnstruction unless a measure is readily susceptible to such an interpretation by state courts, see Virginia v. Am. Booksellers Ass‘n, 484 U.S. 383, 397, 108 S.Ct. 636, 98 L.Ed.2d 782 (1988) (citations omitted), and certainly cannot rewrite state law. See Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville, 422 U.S. 205, 216, 95 S.Ct. 2268, 45 L.Ed.2d 125 (1975). Here we find no word or phrase that admits of a saving construction, and indeed, the Commission does not even suggest a possible limiting construction.
Given the Commission‘s failure to do so and its concessions that the challenged restrictions will burden a multitude of mainstream musical, theatrical, and dance productions — from musical comedy to ballet to political satire to flamenco dance — we have difficulty understanding the Commission‘s insistence that [n]o other statute or regulation could be less invasive of free speech interests. Reply Brief at 7.
North Carolina could have adopted restrictions containing exemptions like those in Farkas and J & B, and if it had done so, this case might well yield a different result. North Carolina has not done so, however. Accordingly, we must apply established legal principles to the restrictions the state has enacted, and with respect to those, we have little doubt that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Carandola would likely prevail on its overbreadth challenge.
In fact, in recent years, the Supreme Court has strongly reaffirmed its refusal to allow even a most compelling state interest — protecting children from pornography — to justify broadly drawn regulations that sweep beyond their legitimate reach to restrict the availability of art that adults have a constitutional right to view. For example, last Term in Ashcroft, the Court struck down the Child Pornography Prevention Act as overbroad, despite the repugnan [ce] of the crime Congress sought to prevent, because the Act would also prohibit a significant amount of art, including exhibitions of the play Romeo and Juliet, the movies Traffic and American Beauty, and hundreds of other [works] of lesser note that explored the theme of teenage sexuality. Ashcroft, 535 U.S. at 246-256, 122 S.Ct. at 1399-1406. Similarly, in Reno, the Court concluded that even the state‘s powerful interest in protecting minors from harmful materials did not justify reduc[ing] the adult population ... to ... only what is fit for children. Id. at 874-75, 117 S.Ct. 2329 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
For the same sorts of reasons, in recent cases involving restrictions on nudity and adult entertainment, our sister circuits have struck down broadly drawn regulations that sought to address harmful secondary effects by restricting the availability of all entertainment with sexual themes or nudity. For example, the Eighth Circuit recently invalidated аs unconstitutionally overbroad a sexual contact ordinance that did not exclusively cover conduct in adult entertainment businesses, which has been recognized to cause harmful secondary effects ... but also covered conduct in any business or commercial establishment, which could include theater performances, ballet performances, and many other forms of live entertainment because there were no findings that such entertainment cause[s] harmful secondary effects. Ways v. City of Lincoln, 274 F.3d 514, 516, 518-19 (8th Cir.2001).
Similarly, in Triplett Grille, Inc. v. City of Akron, 40 F.3d 129, 136 (6th Cir.1994), the Sixth Circuit struck an ordinance that prohibited all public nudity, including live performances with serious literary, artistic, or political value because the city failed to present evidence linking expressive nudity in `high-culture’ entertainment to harmful secondary effects. See also Spoons, Inc. v. O‘Connor, 194 F.R.D. 589, 592-95 (N.D.Ohio 2000) (holding Triplett materially unaltered by Pap‘s and applying Triplett to enjoin as overbroad an ordinance unsupported by findings of secondary harms); cf. Schultz, 228 F.3d at 849 (holding an ordinance not supported by any finding of harmful secondary effects resulting from venues outside of adult entertainment to be overbroad but for a construction limiting its application to such venues). The overbreadth of the challenged restrictions in this case is at least as clear as the overbreadth in Ways, Triplett Grille, and Spoons.
In sharp contrast, here the state has exprеssly conceded that the challenged restrictions do affect a substantial amount of expression that resembles a ballet rather than bacchanalian revelries, and therefore present the concrete problems that concerned the Supreme Court in LaRue. Id. at n. 5.
Not only do the Commission‘s concessions distinguish the case at hand from the case presented to the LaRue Court, but they are doubly significant given the Supreme Court‘s subsequent reinterpretation of LaRue. In 44 Liquormart, the Court clarified both the proper analysis and the appropriate scope of liquor regulations intended to protect public decency. Id. at 515-516, 116 S.Ct. 1495. The Court explained that such liquor regulations must be analyzed in the same manner as any other public decency regulation — the Twenty-first Amendment gives the states no additional authority to restrict First Amendment rights. Id.; see also supra note 2. As for the scope of such regulations, the 44 Liquormart Court characterized LaRue as governing the sale of alcoholic beverages in inappropriate locations — not in all venues that may sell liquor (including coliseums, arenas, theaters, and other sites of mainstream entertainment), as some language in LaRue might have suggested. Id. at 515, 116 S.Ct. 1495. Only on this new rationale, the 44 Liquormart Court concluded, could the LaRue result remain the same. Id. In so ruling, the Court relied on the leading cases addressing the proper secondary effects analysis of ordinary public decency regulations. See id. at 515, 116 S.Ct. 1495 (citing American Mini Theatres, 427 U.S. 50, 96 S.Ct. 2440, 49 L.Ed.2d 310, and Barnes, 501 U.S. 560, 111 S.Ct. 2456, 115 L.Ed.2d 504).
In his Barnes concurrence, which has been generally adopted as the narrowest opinion explaining the result reached by the divided Court,5 Justice Souter well explained the constitutional difficulties with the restrictions at issue here. In Barnes, the Court upheld a public nudity statute as applied to plaintiffs who presented and performed live, sexually explicit entertainment, but Justice Souter noted:
[b]ecause there is no overbreadth challenge before us, we are not called upon tо decide whether the application of the statute would be valid in other contexts. It is enough, then, to say that the secondary effects rationale on which I rely here would be open to question if the State were to seek to enforce the statute by barring expressive nudity in classes of productions that could not readily be analogized to the adult films at issue in Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 106 S.Ct. 925, 89 L.Ed.2d 29 (1986). It is difficult to see, for example, how the enforcement of Indiana‘s statute against nudity in a production of Hair or Equus somewhere other than an adult theater would further the State‘s interest in avoiding harmful secondary effects, in the absence of evidence that expressive nudity outside the context of Renton-type entertainment was correlated with such secondary effects.
In this case, of course, Carandola has presented an overbreadth challenge and the Commission has conceded that thе restrictions burden a substantial number of mainstream entertainments, and has not proffered any reason at all to believe that its interest in combating secondary effects will be furthered by prohibiting the sale of liquor where serious plays or dance are performed. In such circumstances, contrary to the Commission‘s contention, LaRue offers the state no assistance. Indeed, the Supreme Court itself has explained that LaRue lends no support to an ordinance authoritatively construed by the state courts as applying to all live entertainment when, as in the case at hand, nothing indicates that unusual problems are presented by live entertainment generally. See Schad, 452 U.S. at 67, 73-74, n. 15, 101 S.Ct. 2176 (striking ordinance as overbroad and explaining that even if city could validly place restrictions on certain forms of live nude dancing under a narrowly tailored ordinance, that would not justify the exclusion of all live entertainment ... [including] the nude dancing involved in this case).
For these reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Carandola would likely prevail on its overbreadth challenge.6 Accordingly, we need not consider Carandola‘s alternative claims that the restrictions are unconstitutionally vague and unconstitutional as applied.
IV.
The remaining factors to be considered in awarding a preliminary injunction — the alleged irreparable injury to the plaintiff without an injunction, the potential harm to the defendant from the injunction, and the public interest — all weigh in favor of Carandola.
As to Carandola‘s irreparable injury, the Supreme Court has explained that loss of First Amendment rights, for even minimal periods of time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury. See Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373, 96 S.Ct. 2673, 49 L.Ed.2d 547 (1976) (citation omitted). We also note that Carandola faces the threat of a substantial fine and temporary suspension of its license on the basis of past conduct, and prospectively, the loss of valuable business opportunities.
With respect to the harm that would befall if the injunction is left in place, we agree with the district court that a state is in no way harmed by issuance of a preliminary injunction which prevents the state from enforcing restrictions likely to be found unconstitutional. If anything, the system is improved by such an injunction. Carandola, 147 F.Supp.2d at 395.
The final prerequisite to the grant of a preliminary injunction is that it serve the public interest. Again, we agree with the district court that upholding constitutional rights surely serves the public interest. See id.
Of course, as the Supreme Court noted in similarly upholding a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of another public decency statute, the extent of our appellatе inquiry is the determination that the district court did not abuse[] its discretion in granting a preliminary injunction. Doran, 422 U.S. at 933, 95 S.Ct. 2561. We make no prediction as to the outcome at trial but simply hold, as the Supreme Court did, that [i]n these circumstances, and in the light of existing case law, we cannot conclude that the District Court abused its discretion by granting preliminary injunctive relief. Id.
For the foregoing reasons, the district court‘s judgment is
AFFIRMED IN PART AND VACATED IN PART.
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
This case represents yet another effort by state and local authorities to regulate the purveyance of sexually explicit dancing in nightclubs and bars in their communities. In this case, the purveyors of such dancing in North Carolina challenge a North Carolina law prohibiting licensees who are authorized to sell alcoholic beverages from providing entertainment during which private parts are exposed, entertainment that includes or simulates sexual intercourse or any other sexual act, or entertainment that is otherwise lewd or obscene.
Acting under the direction of this statute, the North Carolina Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission adopted a regulation that provides as follows:
(a) No permittee or his employee shall allow any person to perform acts of or acts that simulate:
(1) sexual intercourse, masturbation, sodomy, bestiality, oral copulation, flagellation, or any sexual acts that are prohibited by law;
(2) the touching, caressing or fondling of the breasts, buttocks, anus, vulva or genitals;
(3) the display of the pubic hair, anus, vulva or genitals.
(b) No permittee or his employee shall allow any person to use artificial devices or inanimate objects to depict any of the prohibited activities described in Paragraph (a) of this Rule.
(c) No permittee or his employee shall allow any person who exposes to public view any portion of his pubic hair, vulva, genitals or anus to remain in or upon the licensed premises.
When Christie‘s Cabaret, a nude dancing establishment in Greensboro, North Carolina, was charged with violation of the statute and regulation, it, together with a dancer, commenced this action facially challenging the prohibitions as unconstitutional. Without challenging their violation of the statute, they argue that the statute and regulation deny them the right to free speech under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
The district court preliminarily enjoined enforcement of the North Carolina law. For the reasons that follow, I would reverse.
In writing to affirm, the majority seeks to protect the offensive conduct which concededly violates both the statute and the regulation by concluding that the statute and regulation are unconstitutionally overbroad. It rеlies on an array of Supreme Court decisions that fail to dispose of the issue before us. With respect to the one dispositive case, California v. LaRue, 409 U.S. 109, 93 S.Ct. 390, 34 L.Ed.2d 342 (1972), the majority refuses to follow the decision through an effort to distinguish it.
In LaRue, the Supreme Court was faced with a statute virtually identical to the one before us and found it constitutional against a facial challenge that it violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Supreme Court observed that as the mode of expression moves from the printed page to the commission of public acts that may themselves violate valid penal statutes, the scope of permissible state regulations significantly increases. Id. at 117, 93 S.Ct. 390. In concluding that the California law before it was constitutional, the Court explained that the State had more latitude in regulating nude dancing because the restrictions were imposed in cоnnection with liquor licenses:
The substance of the regulations struck down prohibits licensed bars or nightclubs from displaying, either in the form of movies or live entertainment, performances that partake more of gross sexuality than of communication. While we agree that at least some of the performances to which these regulations address themselves are within the limits of the constitutional protection of freedom of expression, the critical fact is that California has not forbidden these performances across the board. It has merely proscribed such performances in establishments that it licenses to sell liquor by the drink.
Viewed in this light, we conceive the State‘s authority in this area to be somewhat broader than did the District Court.
In seeking to distinguish the Supreme Court‘s holding, the majority points out that the State in LaRue did not concede the argument, as did the State in this case, that the language of the statute could reach some main street establishments. Whether a legal argument is conceded or not, however, does not affect the Supreme Court‘s holding, which reviewed the statute, not the legal arguments. Moreover, the Supreme Court addressed the concession made in this case, observing that the prohibition was constitutional even though some of the performances to which these regulations address themselves are within the limits of constitutional protection. Id. at 118, 93 S.Ct. 390.
The majority also seeks to distinguish LaRue on the ground that the Court in LaRue affirmed the statute on the strength of a detailed record of public hearings documenting serious problems with prostitution, public sexual conduct, and sexually transmitted disease in establishments presenting nude dancing and sexually explicit movies. Ante at 16 (citing LaRue, 409 U.S. at 110-12, 93 S.Ct. 390). But the fact that the record here was not as complete as the one in the California context cannot mean that the effects of sexually explicit conduct in North Carolina would be different on the community than sexually explicit conduct in California. The sexual appetite is a fact of the human condition everywhere. And the cases are replete in acceptance of the ill effects and moral degradation caused by such sexually explicit conduct in bars and nightclubs. See, e.g., City of Newport, Ky. v. Iacobucci, 479 U.S. 92, 96, 107 S.Ct. 383, 93 L.Ed.2d 334 (1986); New York State Liquor Auth. v. Bellanca, 452 U.S. 714, 717-18, 101 S.Ct. 2599, 69 L.Ed.2d 357 (1981) (recognizing the potential for disturbances associated with mixing alcohol and nude dancing).
Finally, the majority suggests that LaRue is no longer good law because it was reinterpreted in 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 517 U.S. 484, 116 S.Ct. 1495, 134 L.Ed.2d 711 (1996). This argument, however, is simply based on a misreading of 44 Liquormart. In that case, the court disavowed only the reasoning in LaRue that depended on the Twenty-first Amendment to support its holding. The Court was careful to state that it did not question[] the holding of LaRue as it applied the First and Fourteenth Amendments. See 44 Liquormart, 517 U.S. at 516, 116 S.Ct. 1495. Indeed, the Court pointed out that it would have reached precisely the same result [in LaRue] if it had placed no reliance on the Twenty-first Amendment. Id. at 515, 116 S.Ct. 1495.
The other circuit courts that have been faced with the exact issue presented in this case have held, as I would, that the holding in LaRue remains binding precedent with respect to similarly worded statutes. See, e.g., BZAPS, Inc. v. City of Mankato, 268 F.3d 603, 608 (8th Cir.2001) (Because the Supreme Court has refused to reject the holding of LaRue, the case remains precedent that we are obliged to apply to similar cases); Sammy‘s of Mobile, Ltd. v. City of Mobile, 140 F.3d 993, 996 & n. 5 (11th Cir.1998) (applying LaRue because 44 Liquormart held that LaRue would have had the same outcome even if the Twenty-first Amendment reasoning had not been applied).
For these reasons, I would reverse the entry of the p