Diller v. DillerDiller v. Diller
NOTICE
This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
SLIP OPINION NO. 2023-OHIO-1508
[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as Diller v. Diller, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-1508.]
Appeal dismissed as having been improvidently accepted.
(Submitted January 10, 2023—Decided April 2, 2023.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Mercer County, Nos. 10-21-03 and 10-21-04, 2021-Ohio-4252.
{¶ 1} This cause is dismissed as having been improvidently accepted.
FISCHER, DEWINE, DONNELLY, BRUNNER, and DETERS, JJ., concur.
KENNEDY, C.J., dissents and would affirm the court of appeals’ judgment.
STEWART, J., dissents, with an opinion.
{¶ 2} I disagree with the majority‘s decision to dismiss this appeal as having been improvidently accepted. We should answer the questions before us on the merits and in so doing, reverse the Third District Court of Appeals’ determination that former
Overview
{¶ 3} This case involves a dispute about a devise2 to a beneficiary who died before the testator. The central question before this court is whether Ohio‘s antilapse statute that was in effect at the time of the testator‘s death prevented the devise from lapsing.
{¶ 4} The common-law rule is that a devise to a beneficiary who predeceases the testator lapses upon the beneficiary‘s death. See 1 Restatement of the Law 3d, Property: Wills & Other Donative Transfers, Section 1.2, Comment a (1999). The lapsed devise then becomes part of the testator‘s residual estate, which is distributed pursuant to the terms of a residuary clause contained in the testator‘s will or through intestate succession if there is no residuary clause. See Margolis v. Pagano, 39 Ohio Misc.2d 1, 3-4, 528 N.E.2d 1331 (C.P.1986); Shalkhauser v. Beach, 14 Ohio Misc. 1, 3, 233 N.E.2d 527 (P.C.1968).
{¶ 5} The common-law lapse rule originates from the understanding that a testator cannot gift property to a person who is deceased, because that person (i.e., the beneficiary) is unable to receive the gift. 1 Restatement, Section 1.2, Comment a. Although this may be a logical way to view a devise, depriving a deceased beneficiary of gifted property under this rule consequently stops the deceased beneficiary‘s heirs from inheriting the property that would have gone to the deceased beneficiary had he or she survived the testator. The common-law lapse rule has been criticized for this harsh result because it is entirely reasonable to assume that the testator would have understood when executing his or her will that in devising the property to a beneficiary, that property would or could be passed to the beneficiary‘s heirs upon the beneficiary‘s death. See Woolley v. Paxson, 46 Ohio St. 307, 314, 24 N.E. 599 (1889). In other words, it is logical to assume that a testator intends the heirs of a deceased beneficiary to eventually inherit the property that is the subject of a devise anyway. See id.; see also Belardo v. Belardo, 187 Ohio App.3d 9, 2010-Ohio-1758, 930 N.E.2d 862, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.). With this understanding, the Ohio legislature enacted the first “antilapse” law in 1840. See Woolley at 313-314. Although Ohio‘s antilapse law has been repealed, reenacted, and revised multiple times over the years, the essence of the law has remained more or less the same—it prevents a devise from lapsing under the common-law rule when a beneficiary under a will predeceases the testator. See, e.g., id.; see also West v. Aigler, 127 Ohio St. 370, 376-377, 188 N.E. 563 (1933); Cochrel v. Robinson, 113 Ohio St. 526, 536, 149 N.E. 871 (1925).
{¶ 6} Since 1953, Ohio‘s antilapse statute has been codified in
{¶ 7} Turning to the facts of this case: In May 2019, Theodore Penno, a retired farmer who owned roughly 65 acres of farmland, died leaving a will that was validly executed in 1998. The will read in part:
ITEM II. I hereby give, devise and bequeath my farm located in Butler Township, Mercer County, Ohio, and any interest that I may have in any farm chattel property to my brother, JOHN PENNO.
ITEM III. All the rest, residue, and remainder of my property, real and personal, of every kind, nature, and description, wheresoever situated, which I may own or have the right to dispose of at the time of my decease, I give, devise, and bequeath equally to my brother, JOHN PENNO and my sister, MARY ANN DILLER, absolutely and in fee simple, share and share alike therein, per stirpes.
(Underlining, boldface, and capitalization sic.)
{¶ 8} When Theodore executed the will, he was farming the Butler Township land with his brother, John, and John‘s son, David Penno. John died in 2016—three years before Theodore died. John was survived by appellants—his son, David, and his daughter, Linda Pennucci. Appellee Mary Ann Diller3 was Theodore‘s only surviving sibling.
{¶ 10} Mary Ann additionally argued that Ohio‘s antilapse statute did not save the devise to John in Item II of the will, because it was a “primary devise” that did not fall within the meaning of “devise” found in that statute. See former
{¶ 11} The probate court determined that the devise in Item II did not lapse and that John‘s children were entitled to the farmland. Mary Ann appealed to the Third District. She argued that the devise to John was a primary devise and that because Ohio‘s antilapse statute protected only an alternative devise, a devise in the form of a class gift, or an exercise of a power of appointment, see id., the statute did not apply in this case.
{¶ 12} The court of appeals agreed. The court began its analysis by broadly defining the different types of testamentary gifts:
A “primary devise” is a “devise to the first person named as taker.” PRIMARY DEVISE, Black‘s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019). In contrast, an “alternative devise” is a “devise that, under the terms of the will, is designed to displace another devise if one or more
specified events occur.” ALTERNATIVE DEVISE, Black‘s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019). An alternative devise necessarily follows a primary devise. “For example, a devise of ‘Blackacre to A, but if A does not survive me then to B’ names A as the recipient of the primary devise and B as the recipient of the * * * alternative devise.” PRIMARY DEVISE, Black‘s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019). A “class gift” is a “gift to a group of persons, uncertain in number at the time of the gift but to be ascertained at a future time, who are all to take in definite proportions, the share of each being dependent on the ultimate number in the group.” CLASS GIFT, Black‘s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019). Finally, a “power of appointment” is a “power created or reserved by a person having property subject to disposition, enabling the donee of the power to designate transferees of the property or shares in which it will be received; esp., a power conferred on a donee by will * * * to select and determine one or more recipients of the donor‘s estate.” POWER OF APPOINTMENT, Black‘s Law Dictionary (11th Ed.2019).
(Capitalization sic; footnote omitted.) 2021-Ohio-4252, 182 N.E.3d 370, ¶ 35.
{¶ 13} The court of appeals then turned to the language of former
{¶ 14} David and Linda appealed, and we accepted the appeal on the following two propositions of law:
Proposition of Law No. 1:
R.C. §2107.52 , Ohio‘s Anti-Lapse Statute, applies to the primary devise of a testator‘s last will and testament, and such application is not limited to only an alternative devise, class gift or power of appointment.Proposition of Law No. 2: Reading
R.C. §2107.52 to preclude application to a primary devise creates an absurd result, which was not intended by the [G]eneral [A]ssembly in its revision of the statute.
See 166 Ohio St.3d 1467, 2022-Ohio-1163, 185 N.E.3d 104.
Discussion
{¶ 15} The Third District‘s decision leads to a result that was never intended by the legislature and one that is absurd given the history of the antilapse statute and what it was always designed to protect. For this reason alone, the court of appeals’ decision should be reversed.
{¶ 16} The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to determine and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Christe v. GMS Mgt. Co., Inc., 88 Ohio St.3d 376, 377, 726 N.E.2d 497 (2000). We seek first to determine legislative intent from the plain language of a statute, Summerville v. Forest Park, 128 Ohio St.3d 221, 2010-Ohio-6280, 943 N.E.2d 522, ¶ 18, the general rule being that “[i]f the meaning of the statute is unambiguous and definite, it must be applied as written and no further interpretation is necessary,” State ex rel. Savarese v. Buckeye Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 74 Ohio St.3d 543, 545, 660 N.E.2d 463 (1996). An exception to the plain-language rule exists, however, when the plain language of the statute would lead to absurd results that the legislature obviously did not intend. State ex rel. Clay v. Cuyahoga Cty. Med. Examiner‘s Office, 152 Ohio St.3d 163, 2017-Ohio-8714, 94 N.E.3d 498, ¶ 22; Scalia & Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts 239 (2012) (“The doctrine of absurdity is meant to correct obvious unintended dispositions, not to revise purposeful dispositions that, in light of other provisions of the applicable code, make little if any sense” [emphasis sic]). A court may correct such an absurdity when it is “reparable by changing or supplying a particular word or phrase whose inclusion or omission was obviously a technical or ministerial error.” Scalia & Garner at 238. The absurdity doctrine applies in full force here.
{¶ 17} To begin, it is well understood that antilapse statutes, as a general matter, apply to primary devises. See 1 Restatement of the Law 3d, Property: Wills & Donative Transfers, Section 5.5, Comment k (1999). Indeed, nearly 200 years have passed since the first antilapse law was enacted in Ohio in 1840. See Woolley, 46 Ohio St. at 313, 24 N.E. 599. And in that time, there appears to have been little to no dispute about whether the antilapse law should apply to a primary devise until the issue was raised in the present case. See, e.g., Larwill‘s Exrs. v. Ewing, 73 Ohio St. 177, 76 N.E. 503 (1905) (applying a much older version of the antilapse law to a primary devise without question). That the issue has now arisen at all appears to
{¶ 18} Also significant to the year 2012 was the fact that the General Assembly made certain updates to Ohio‘s trust laws. By way of background, in Dollar Savs. & Trust Co. of Youngstown v. Turner, 39 Ohio St.3d 182, 185, 529 N.E.2d 1261 (1988), this court determined that
{¶ 19} Given the nearly 200-year history of Ohio‘s antilapse statute applying to primary devises without any apparent question, as well as the context in which the 2012 changes to
{¶ 20} Following the appellate court‘s decision and our acceptance of this appeal, the General Assembly rather quickly amended the definition of “devise” in
{¶ 21} Because the majority dismisses this appeal as having been improvidently accepted rather than answering the questions before us, I dissent.
Howell, Gast-Schlater & Co., L.P.A., and Paul E. Howell, for appellee Mary Ann Diller.
Faber & Associates, L.L.C., John R. Willamowski Jr., and Travis J. Faber, for appellee Phyllis Diller, coexecutor of the estate of Theodore C. Penno.
Cory, Meredith, Witter & Smith, L.P.A., Ashley R. Doty, J. Alan Smith, and Dalton J. Smith, for appellants, Linda Pennucci, individually and as coexecutor of the estate of Theodore C. Penno, and David Penno.
Koesters Law Office and Judy A. Koesters, cocounsel for appellants Linda Pennucci, individually, and David Penno.
Knapke Law and Jeffrey P. Knapke, cocounsel for appellant Linda Pennucci, as coexecutor of the estate of Theodore C. Penno.