Charles DONELSON, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Randy PFISTER, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 14-3395.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Submitted May 26, 2015. Decided Jan. 28, 2016.
811 F.3d 911
Before POSNER, ROVNER, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
In this appeal we address an unusual state court ruling denying a prisoner‘s challenge to discipline that deprived him of liberty, he says, without having an opportunity to call supporting witnesses and to offer supporting evidence. The state appellate court denied relief without reaching the merits. The court‘s reason, not mentioned at any earlier stage of the case, was that the prisoner had not followed the instruction on the paper form for requesting witnesses or evidence to tear off the top portion of the form. As we explain below, this novel ruling carried bureaucratic concerns about paperwork to an unreasonable extreme and does not bar federal consideration of the prisoner‘s constitutional claim on the merits.
Appellant Charles Donelson, an Illinois prisoner, lost a year of accumulated good time as punishment for two incidents involving the same guard. After unsuccessfully challenging that punishment in state court, Donelson filed in the federal district court a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under
Charles Donelson, Joliet, IL, pro se.
Leah Myers Bendik, Attorney, Office of the Attorney General, Chicago, IL, for Respondent-Appellee.
The two incidents both involved guard Jimmie Watson and occurred on the same day in July 2011. Watson, who wrote one of two reports accusing Donelson of mis-
An hour later Donelson and Watson had their second confrontation. Matthew Lindsey, the guard who wrote the other incident report, alleged that he saw Donelson step around a closing door, evade two nearby guards, and run straight at Watson. According to Lindsey, Donelson punched Watson in the face several times with a closed fist before the other guards could intervene. Even then, Lindsey said, Donelson kicked and jerked his arms to avoid being restrained.
Donelson has consistently disputed both of the guards’ reports. In a written statement submitted to the prison adjustment committee and attached to his
After these incidents Donelson was charged with unauthorized movement within the prison, disobeying orders, insolence, and assaulting Watson. He was given copies of the incident reports that Watson and Lindsey had written using a standard form.
The form explains that inmates may call witnesses and present physical evidence at disciplinary hearings. At the bottom of the form, below a dotted line, is space for the names of two witnesses and a single line to describe their anticipated testimony. Above the dotted line, inmates are told that if they want to call witnesses, they must name those witnesses “in advance of the hearing” and “specify what they could testify to by filling out the appropriate space on this form, tearing it off, and returning it to the Adjustment Committee.” The form says nothing about physical evidence, above or below the line.
On Watson‘s incident report, Donelson asked for the video from the “R1 B Wing Camera” and named as witnesses “C/O Cox” and “I/M Leamon,” a guard and inmate who, Donelson says, witnessed the first incident with Watson. On Lindsey‘s incident report, Donelson again asked for the video from the “R1 B Wing Camera” along with the recording of his phone call (which he identified with a number).
But Donelson then took action that the state appellate court deemed fatal to his claim. Rather than detaching and submitting just the bottom portion of the incident reports, Donelson made copies for himself and then submitted the entire pages to the adjustment committee. There is no indica-
The adjustment committee found Donelson guilty and, in addition to other punishments, revoked a year of his good time. The deprivation of a statutory right to credit toward a prisoner‘s sentence is a deprivation of liberty that requires due process of law. E.g., Meeks v. McBride, 81 F.3d 717, 719 (7th Cir.1996), citing Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974); Jackson v. Carlson, 707 F.2d 943, 946 (7th Cir.1983). The committee‘s “Summary Report” drew heavily from Watson‘s and Lindsey‘s incident reports in the section titled “Basis for Decision.” The committee wrote, “No Witness Requested” in the section reserved for identifying the hearing witnesses. No mention was made of physical evidence.
After exhausting his administrative remedies, Donelson filed a petition for a writ of mandamus in an Illinois trial court. See
The state trial court rejected Donelson‘s petition “for the reasons stated” in the respondent‘s motion to dismiss. None of those arguments had anything to do with Donelson asking for witnesses and physical evidence on forms that were not cut on the dotted line. Nor did the respondent make that argument when Donelson appealed the state trial court‘s decision.
Instead, the state appellate court on its own initiative first faulted Donelson for not following the instruction to detach and submit only the bottom portion of the form. Donelson v. Godinez, No. 4-12-0795, 2013 WL 3325003, at *4 (Ill.App.2013). On that basis the state appellate court, which did not distinguish between witnesses and physical evidence, reasoned that Donelson was not entitled to relief “on this issue” because he “failed to follow Department rules in requesting witnesses.” Id. As for the evidence supporting the adjustment committee‘s decision, the appellate court concluded that the guards’ reports underlying that decision were “sufficiently detailed” to satisfy due process. Id. The Supreme Court of Illinois denied review. Donelson v. Godinez, 374 Ill.Dec. 564, 996 N.E.2d 11 (Ill.2013).
In denying Donelson‘s federal petition, the district court first found that relief under
We first consider Donelson‘s argument that the adjustment committee‘s decision was not supported by “some evidence.” The state appellate court reached the merits of this due-process theory, and we must uphold that court‘s decision unless it was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law,” or otherwise rested on an “unreasonable determination of the facts.”
Donelson also contends that the disciplinary hearing was not fair because he was denied due process when he could not present evidence in his defense. Before considering the merits of this argument, we must first decide whether the Illinois appellate court relied on an adequate and independent state-law ground to reject this aspect of Donelson‘s claim: that Donelson failed to tear off the top of the forms before he returned his requests for witnesses and evidence.
The state appellate court did not cite, the respondent does not identify, and we have not found any Illinois law, regulation, or precedent requiring inmates, on penalty of loss of their right to be heard, to detach and submit only the bottom portion of the form. As far as we can tell, the Department of Corrections added this directive to its standard form, most likely so that the inmate could retain what is in essence the charging information on the top of the form without having to make a copy before submitting a witness request.
The respondent has never before claimed that an adjustment committee is authorized to reject a request for witnesses or physical evidence on the ground that too much of the form has been submitted. Nor has the respondent asserted that any adjustment committee, including Donelson‘s, has ever done so. Instead, the state appellate court itself was the source of this post-hoc rationale. The respondent did not make this argument to the state trial or appellate courts, and the adjustment committee did not give this rationale during the hearing or in its summary report. The committee instead said mistakenly that Donelson just did not request any witnesses. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 526-27, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003) (rejecting post-hoc rationale invoked by state courts and respondent); see also Marcrum v. Luebbers, 509 F.3d 489, 502-03 (8th Cir.2007).
This asserted state-law ground is not adequate to support the state appellate court‘s decision and thus does not bar our review of Donelson‘s federal due-process claim on the merits. See Kaczmarek v. Rednour, 627 F.3d 586, 591 (7th Cir.2010) (explaining that review under
Illinois allows prison administrators to refuse to hear witness testimony when offenders do not timely request those witnesses on the provided form. See
The respondent has not identified any case in which an adjustment committee has denied a request for witnesses or physical evidence on the ground that a properly completed form was not trimmed to the correct size. Nor does the respondent deny Donelson‘s assertion in the district court that he previously submitted witness requests in the same way. Nor has the respondent identified any case before this one in which an Illinois court found that an adjustment committee was authorized to refuse an inmate‘s request for witnesses or physical evidence simply because the inmate sent in too much of a properly completed request form.
The record simply does not support the respondent‘s assertion that such a procedural rule “had been established and regularly followed for several years prior to petitioner‘s July 2011 hearing.” We must therefore reject respondent‘s argument that the state court relied on an adequate state-law ground. The procedural rule adopted and enforced by the state court could not support a defense of procedural default against Donelson unless that rule was already established. See Ford v. Georgia, 498 U.S. 411, 423-24, 111 S.Ct. 850, 112 L.Ed.2d 935 (1991). Aberrant state procedural rulings are not adequate to foreclose federal review under
Because the Illinois appellate court did not reach the merits of Donelson‘s claim that he was denied the right to call witnesses and to present video and audio recordings, federal courts will review the adjustment committee‘s actions without any deference to the state court‘s decision. See Woolley v. Rednour, 702 F.3d 411, 422 (7th Cir.2012); Harris v. Thompson, 698 F.3d 609, 624 (7th Cir.2012); Sturgeon v. Chandler, 552 F.3d 604, 611 (7th Cir.2009). Due process requires that prisoners in disciplinary proceedings, before being deprived of good time, be allowed to call witnesses and present other evidence. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 566, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974);
Donelson told the adjustment committee that the named witnesses would testify that he complied with rather than opposed Watson‘s orders, that the surveillance videos would confirm he had permission to leave the wing during the first incident and that two guards kept him from fleeing Watson‘s assault during the second incident, and that the telephone recording would show that he called for help during Watson‘s assault. This evidence, if Donelson has described it accurately, would undermine the committee‘s decision. We could not conclude that any error in excluding the evidence was harmless. Compare Pannell v. McBride, 306 F.3d 499, 503 (7th Cir.2002) (remanding for evidentiary hearing when testimony “might have buttressed a potentially valid defense“), and Piggie v. Cotton, 344 F.3d 674, 679 (7th Cir.2003) (remanding for evidentiary hearing when record did not “demonstrate with any degree of certainty that” requested evidence “lacked exculpatory value or was otherwise irrelevant“), with Jones, 637 F.3d at 846-47 (affirming denial of
Accordingly, we VACATE the district court‘s judgment and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.