Adris ABDUS-SHAHID; Bаiyina Jones, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 15-2181
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Submitted: October 6, 2016. Decided: January 4, 2017
674 Fed. Appx. 267
VACATED AND REMANDED
Before SHEDD, AGEE, and WYNN, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Idris Abdus-Shahid and Bayina Jones appeal the district court‘s dismissal of their claims against the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore (“the City“). Abdus-Shahid‘s1 Complaint alleged violations of state and federal law based upon the City‘s policy of requiring its employees to submit proof of their recorded civil marriage certificate in order to establish a spouse as eligible for health insurance coverage. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the district court dismissing the Complaint.
In 1998, Abdus-Shahid and Jones were married in an Islamic ceremony performed in Baltimore, Maryland. They are Muslims who, as part of their faith, “believe that their relationship is governed by Islamic law and that a civil, or secular, marriage license is both unnecessary to their union and contrary to their religious beliefs.” App. 6, ¶ 7. Accordingly, they did not obtain a civil mаrriage license prior to their religious ceremony, nor have they obtained a civil marriage certificate.
In 2008, Abdus-Shahid began working as a civil engineer for the City‘s Department of Transportation. As part of his employment, Abdus-Shahid was provided the opportunity to participate in the City‘s health insurance program, including coverage for his spouse and children. He enrolled Jones and their children without objection for several years.
In 2013, after a city-wide audit of the City‘s employee health insurancе program, the City revoked Abdus-Shahid‘s family health insurance coverage. Although Abdus-Shahid was subsequently allowed to re-enroll his children, the City refused to allow him to re-enroll Jones because he could not “provide an ‘Official Court-Certified State Marriage Certificate (must be Certified and dated by the appropriate state or County official, such as the Clerk of Court) From [sic] the court in the County or City in which the marriage took place‘” (“the policy“). App. 7-8, ¶ 16. Abdus-Shahid attempted to file his religious marriage certificate with the Clerk of the Baltimore Circuit Court, but the Clerk refused to accept it for recording because it was not a civil license and had not been obtained from the Clerk prior to the ceremony. In August 2014, Abdus-Shahid filed a charge of religious discrimination with the Baltimore Community Relations Commission, the City‘s equivalent of the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), and also with the EEOC (“EEOC charge“). Abdus-Shahid listed the “particulars” of his charge as follows:
I. ... In or about July 2013, an audit was conducted which resulted in my family being dropped from my health insurance without explanation.... When I completed the forms to [re-enroll] my family, I was informed my Islamic marriage is not recognize[d]; therefore, I have been unable to reinstate my wife to my health insurance plan.... I am aware of another employee who is experiencing the same issue.
II. I have been given no explanation for the employer‘s actions.
III. I believe I have been discriminated against in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, regarding benefits because of my religion, Muslim.
App. 18.
After receiving a letter from the EEOC dismissing the investigation and informing Abdus-Shahid of his right to sue, he filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The City removed it to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. The Complaint alleges three claims: (1) infringement of the free exercise of religion, in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution; (2) deprivation of religious freedom and due process, in violation of
The Complaint sought a declaratory judgment that the City‘s refusal to recognize Abdus-Shahid‘s marriage violates the U.S. Constitution and Maryland Declaration of Rights, an order directing the City to recognize his marriage (“and the lawful marriages of other Muslims whose marriage certificates have not been recorded by a clerk of the court“), and other monetary damages, costs, and fees. App. 8-13.
The City moved to dismiss pursuant to
In response, Abdus-Shahid contended he had sufficiently pled each claim. Citing the fundamental constitutional right to marry and to exercise his religious beliefs, he argued the City‘s policy served no legitimate purposе and was not a neutral law of general applicability. Furthermore, Abdus-Shahid claimed the policy imposed an unfair burden on religious adherents of any faith who sought religious rather than civil marriages. He also asserted his state-law claims were not subject to the statutory notice provisions because he only sought declaratory relief. In the alternative, he asserted substantial compliance with any state-law requirements. Lastly, Abdus-Shahid maintained that his Title VII claim alleged disparate impact discriminatiоn rather than intentional discrimination and thus should be allowed to proceed.
The district court granted the City‘s motion to dismiss as to all claims. It held that the City‘s policy “is neutral on its face,” and “is reasonable since it provides a common standard by which to determine whether spouses should be afforded health insurance coverage.” App. 39. It also concluded Abdus-Shahid‘s state-law claims were barred by the Maryland Local Government Tort Claims Act (“LGTCA“), which applied because he sought more than declaratоry relief. And it held Abdus-Shahid‘s Title VII claim based on disparate impact could not proceed because he had not exhausted his administrative remedies as to that claim.
Abdus-Shahid noted a timely appeal, and we have jurisdiction under
II.
On appeal, Abdus-Shahid challenges the dismissal of each of his claims. We address each issue in turn, reviewing de novo the district court‘s grant of the
A. Federal Constitutional Claim
Abdus-Shahid contends the district court erred in dismissing his claim under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. Pointing to Maryland and federal case law discussing civilly recognized marriages and the fundamental right to marry, he asserts thаt the City‘s policy contradicts state law concerning what it means to be married and it impermissibly divides marriage into two tiers, marriages that are entitled to coverage and marriages that are not. He submits that “intentionally or not,” the City has “unconstitutionally burdened his free exercise of religion” by failing to recognize his religious-based marriage and that the district court‘s dismissal of this claim should be reversed.
We disagree with Abdus-Shahid; the district court did not err in dismissing this claim pursuant to
Reviewed in light of the applicable Free Exercise Clause case law, Abdus-Shahid failed to articulate a constitutional claim based on his right to free exercise of religion. The First Amendment provides that “Congress shall make no law ... prohibiting the free exercise” of religion.
Abdus-Shahid does not dispute that the City‘s policy requiring a civil marriage certificate to demonstrate eligibility for spousal health insurance coverage is generally applicable to City employees. Instead, he maintains that the City‘s policy is not neutral toward religion because it has the effect of prohibiting Abdus-Shahid from enrolling Jones for insurance coverage despite hеr being his spouse based on an Islamic marriage ceremony. But that is not the test for neutrality. The Supreme Court has held that a law lacks neutrality if it “target[s] religious beliefs” or if its “object ... is to infringe upon or restrict practices because of their religious motivation.” Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah, 508 U.S. 520, 533 (1993).
Because the City‘s policy is generally applicable and neutral toward religion it “need not be justified by a compelling governmental interest even if [it] has the incidental effect of burdеning a particular religious practice.” Id. at 531. Thus, as the Complaint failed to state a claim for the violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, the district court did not err in dismissing the claim.
B. State Constitutional Claim
Abdus-Shahid next asserts the district court erred in dismissing his state constitutional claims for failure to comply with the notice provisions of Maryland‘s LGTCA. See Ransom v. Leopold, 183 Md. App. 570, 962 A.2d 1025, 1030-31 (2008) (observing that the LGTCA‘s requirements apply to all torts, including constitutional ones). He contends that the LGTCA notice provisions do not apply to his claim because he оnly sought declaratory relief for the alleged violations of state law. Alternatively, he alleges he substantially complied with the LGTCA‘s requirements.
Under the version of the LGTCA applicable to Abdus-Shahid‘s claim, before suing the City for “unliquidated damages” he was required to provide the municipality written notice of his claimed injury within 180 days of that injury.
The district court did not err in concluding that the LGTCA‘s notice provisions apply to Abdus-Shahid‘s state-law claims because the Complaint specifically asks, in relevant part, “that the Court determine the respective rights and remedies of the parties hereto with respect to the” state constitutional claim. App. 11, ¶ 33 (emphasis added). Elsewhere, the Complaint plainly contemplated аn award of damages to compensate for the sums Abdus-Shahid was having to pay for out-of-pocket medical expenses. See App. 8, ¶ 18 (“Plaintiffs are currently expecting and, as a result of the City‘s refusal to recognize their marriage, Baiyina Jones is without health insurance coverage. As a result, Plaintiffs are incurring out-of-pocket healthcare expenses and expect to continue to incur such expenses until Baiyina Jones is properly insured.“); App. 10, ¶ 30
Based on the foregoing, the Complaint contemplates the possibility of more than solely declaratory relief related to the state law claim. As such, the district court did not err in concluding that Abdus-Shahid was required to comply with the notice provision of the LGTCA prior to bringing his state law claim and that he did not do so. Cf. Rounds v. Md.-Nat‘l Capital Park & Planning Comm‘n, 441 Md. 621, 109 A.3d 639, 646 n.10 (2015) (concluding plaintiffs sought unliquidated damages—and thus fell “under the purview of the LGTCA“—despite labelling their claim as one for “Declaratory Judgment“—because they sought compensatory, statutory, and punitive damages arising from the alleged violation).
Abdus-Shahid does not contend he strictly comрlied with the LGTCA‘s provisions. Instead, Abdus-Shahid argues the district court erred by not considering whether he had substantially complied with the LGTCA‘s provisions. He asserts that had the district court done so, it would have concluded he had substantially complied by filing the EEOC charge and therefore could proceed with the state law claim.
To be sure, Maryland courts do not require strict compliance with the LGTCA‘s notice provisions. See Faulk v. Ewing, 371 Md. 284, 808 A.2d 1262, 1275 (2002) (“[W]here ... [a] claimant provides the local government, through the unit or division with the responsibility for investigating [such] claims against that local government, or the company with whom the local government or unit has contracted for that function, the information required by § 5-304(b)(3) to be supplied, who thus acquires actual knowledge within the statutory period, the ... claimant has substantially complied with the notice provisions of the LGTCA.“). That legal principle has no effect here, however, because Maryland courts also require plaintiffs to plead their strict or substantive compliance with the LGTCA as part of their state-law claims. See Hansen v. City of Laurel, 420 Md. 670, 25 A.3d 122, 137 & n.16 (2011). Failure to do so makes the claim “subject to a motion to dismiss ... based on a failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Id. at 137. Here, the Complaint fails to plead any compliance with the LGTCA. Although Abdus-Shahid attached a copy of the EEOC charge to his Complaint, he failed to allege any facts directly in the Complaint from which his compliance with the LGTCA—substantial or otherwise—could be gleaned.
In any event, we readily conclude that the documentation Abdus-Shahid attached to the Complaint does not constitute substantial compliance under Maryland law. The substantial compliance exception is “narrow,” Huggins v. Prince George‘s County, 683 F.3d 525, 538 (4th Cir. 2012), and must be demonstrated with respect to each of the LGTCA‘s requirements, see Moore v. Norouzi, 371 Md. 154, 807 A.2d 632, 643 (2002).
Here, the EEOC charge alleges religious discrimination in employment practices, in violation of Title VII, but it does not necessarily follow that claim adequately alerted the City to a potential claim based on violations of Maryland‘s constitutional guaranteеs of religious freedom and
C. Title VII Claim
The final issue Abdus-Shahid raises on appeal challenges the district court‘s dismissal of his Title VII claim for failure to еxhaust administrative remedies. He maintains that “the City‘s policy disparately impacts [him], and other religiously observant employees and their families, by requiring that they either engage in conduct that interferes with their religious beliefs or forego the privileges ordinarily accorded to married people.” Appellants’ Opening Br. 16. He argues that this claim was adequately alleged in his EEOC charge, which referred to “religious discrimination,” and he urges that it requires too much of the non-lawyers filling out EEOC charges to require more than a layman‘s explanation of the conduct at issue.
Title VII authorizes two causes of action against employers: disparate treatment (intentional discrimination) and disparate impact. EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc., 575 U.S. 768, 135 S.Ct. 2028, 2032, 192 L.Ed.2d 35 (2015). Although they are similar in their objectives, each cause of action has different elements. A disparate treatment claim requires proof of discriminatory motive, “although [that impermissible motive] can in some situations be inferred from the mere fact of differences in treatment.” Int‘l Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 335 n.15 (1977). A disparate impact claim, in contrast, does not require proof of discriminatory motive. Id. Instead, disparate impact claims “involve employment practices that are facially neutral in their treatment of different groups but that in fact fall more harshly on one group than another and cannot be justified by business necessity.” Id.
In order to promote voluntary compliance with the law, Title VII claimants must pursue their administrative remedies before filing a lawsuit. Balas v. Huntington Ingalls Indus. Inc., 711 F.3d 401, 406-07 (4th Cir. 2013). They do so by filing a “charge” with the EEOC “notif[ying] the charged party of the asserted violation” and “bring[ing] the charged party before the EEOC.” Id. at 407. “[A] federal court may only consider those allegations included in the EEOC charge.” Id. Any other claims that “would naturally have arisen from an investigation” are procedurally barred and the court lacks jurisdiction to consider them. Id.
On appeal, as he did in opposing the motion to dismiss, Abdus-Shahid repeatedly disavows raising a disparate treatment claim in his Complaint. E.g., Appellants’ Opening Br. 9 (“Abdus-Shahid‘s claim is based uрon disparate impact
Turning to whether Abdus-Shahid‘s disparate impact claim can survive the motion to dismiss stage, we conclude it cannot. Even construing the EEOC charge broadly, we agree with the district court that it fails to assert a disparate impact claim. “Central to proof of a prima facie case under th[at] theory” is proof of a policy or practice, “which, though facially neutral or even benign in actual purpose, nevertheless imposes a substantially disproportionate burden upon a claimant‘s protected group as compared to a favored group within the total set of persons to whom it is applied.” Wright v. Nat‘l Archives & Records Serv., 609 F.2d 702, 711 (4th Cir. 1979). Abdus-Shahid‘s allegations in the EEOC charge sound as a disparate treatment or intentional discrimination claim rather than a disparate impact claim: he claims he has been denied insurance and believes that he is being “discriminated against ... because of [his] religion, Muslim.” App. 18. Critically, the EEOC charge does not identify any policy (neutral or otherwise) being challenged as discriminatory in its effect, and, in fact, it asserts Abdus-Shahid had “been given no explanation for [his] employer‘s action.” App. 18 (emphasis added).
Abdus-Shahid also did not assert any facts that would allow a conclusion that Muslims were being disproportionately impacted by the City‘s actions. While he claims another employee experienced the “same issue,” that allegation is vague and does not suggest anything more than discrete discriminatory acts. E.g., Wright, 609 F.2d at 712 (“The policy or practice contemplated by disparate impact doctrine consists of more than the mere occurrence of isolated or ... sporadic discriminatory acts, having reference instead to an employer‘s standard operating procedure[; it concerns] the regular rather than the unusual practice.“).4 Lastly, in his brief on appeal, Abdus-Shahid contends that the “heart” of his disparate impact claim is a failure to accommodate, Appellants’ Opening Br. 17, but the EEOC charge does not provide any information suggesting that to be the case. To be clear, the problem is not—as Abdus-Shahid incorrectly suggests the district court held—that his EEOC charge lacked any specific legal terminology. Abdus-Shahid is correct that “the exhaustion requirement should not become a tripwire for hapless plaintiffs [and that] we may not erect insurmountable barriers to
Abdus-Shahid thus failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to a disparate impact claim under Title VII and the district court did not err in dismissing this claim. See, е.g., Burgis v. N.Y.C. Dep‘t of Sanitation, 798 F.3d 63, 71 (2d Cir. 2015) (affirming dismissal of disparate impact claim for failure to exhaust where the EEOC charge “complain[ed] of individualized disparate treatment“); Pacheco v. Mineta, 448 F.3d 783, 792 (5th Cir. 2006) (concluding plaintiff failed to exhaust remedies as to a disparate impact theory where the EEOC charge “facially alleged disparate treatment,” “identified no neutral employment policy,” and “complained of past incidents of disparate treatment only“).
III.
For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the district cоurt is
AFFIRMED.