Wyo. Code R. 053-0008-4
OSHA - Construction 1926
Chapter 4: Occ Health & Env. Controls (D)
Effective Date: 01/19/1999 to 04/02/2007
Rule Type: Superceded Rules & Regulations
Reference Number: 053.0008.4.01191999
| 1926.50 | Medical services and first aid. |
|---|---|
| 1926.51 | Sanitation. |
| 1926.52 | Occupational noise exposure. |
| 1926.53 | Ionizing radiation. |
| 1926.54 | Nonionizing radiation. |
| 1926.55 | Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists. |
| 1926.56 | Illumination. |
| 1926.57 | Ventilation. |
| 1926.58 | [Reserved] |
| 1926.59 | Hazard communication. |
| 1926.60 | Methylenedianiline. |
| Appendix A to Section 1926.60 Substance Data Sheet, for |
4-4'-Methylenedianiline
| Appendix B to Section 1926.60 Substance Technical Guidelines, MDA |
|---|
| Appendix C to Section 1926.60 Medical Surveillance Guidelines for MDA |
| Appendix D to Section 1926.60 Sampling and Analytical Methods for MDA |
| Monitoring and Measurement Procedures |
| Appendix E to Section 1926.60 Qualitative and Quantitative Fit Testing |
Procedures
| 1926.61 | Retention of DOT markings, placards and labels. |
|---|---|
| 1926.62 | Lead. |
| 1926.64 | Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals. |
| 1926.65 | Hazardous waste operations and emergency response. |
| 1926.66 | Spray finishing using flammable and combustible materials. |
Authority: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 333); sec. 4, 6, and 8 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), 9-83 (48 FR 35736) or 6-96 (62 FR 111), as applicable; and 29 CFR Part 11.
1926.50 Medical services and first aid. STD 1-8.2
(a) The employer shall insure the availability of medical personnel for advice and consultation on matters of occupational health.
(b) Provisions shall be made prior to commencement of the project for prompt medical attention in case of serious injury.
(c) In the absence of an infirmary, clinic, hospital, or physician, that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite, which is available for the treatment of injured employees, a person who has a valid certificate in first-aid training from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the American Red Cross, or equivalent training that can be verified by documentary evidence, shall be available at the worksite to render first aid.
(d)
(1) First-aid supplies shall be easily accessible when required.
(2) The contents of the first-aid kit shall be placed in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item, and shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced.
(e) Proper equipment for prompt transportation of the injured person to a physician or hospital, or a communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service, shall be provided.
(f) In areas where 911 is not available, the telephone numbers of the physicians, hospitals, or ambulances shall be conspicuously posted.
(The information collection requirements contained in paragraph (f) were approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0093.)
(g) Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.
First aid supplies are required to be easily accessible under paragraph Sec. 1926.50(d)(1). An example of the minimal contents of a generic first aid kit is described in American National Standard
(ANSI) Z308.1-1978 'Minimum Requirements for Industrial Unit-Type First-aid Kits'. The contents of the kit listed in the ANSI standard should be adequate for small work sites. When larger operations or multiple operations are being conducted at the same location, employers should determine the need for additional first aid kits at the worksite, additional types of first aid equipment and supplies and additional quantities and types of supplies and equipment in the first aid kits.
In a similar fashion, employers who have unique or changing first-aid needs in their workplace, may need to enhance their first-aid kits. The employer can use the OSHA 200 log, OSHA 101's or other reports to identify these unique problems. Consultation from the local Fire/Rescue Department, appropriate medical professional, or local emergency room may be helpful to employers in these circumstances. By assessing the specific needs of their workplace, employers can ensure that reasonably anticipated supplies are available. Employers should assess the specific needs of their worksite periodically and augment the first aid kit appropriately.
If it is reasonably anticipated employees will be exposed to blood or other potentially infectious materials while using first-aid supplies, employers should provide personal protective equipment (PPE). Appropriate PPE includes gloves, gowns, face shields, masks and eye protection (see 'Occupational Exposure to Blood borne Pathogens', 29 CFR 1910.1030(d)(3)) (56 FR 64175).
(1) An adequate supply of potable water shall be provided in all places of employment. STEP
(2) Portable containers used to dispense drinking water shall be capable of being tightly closed, and equipped with a tap. Water shall not be dipped from containers. STEP
(3) Any container used to distribute drinking water shall be clearly marked as to the nature of its contents and not used for any other purpose. STEP
(4) The common drinking cup is prohibited. STEP
(5) Where single service cups (to be used but once) are supplied, both a sanitary container for the unused cups and a receptacle for disposing of the used cups shall be provided. STEP
(6) Potable water means water which meets the quality standards prescribed in the U.S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, published in 42 CFR part 72, or water which is approved for drinking purposes by the State or local authority having jurisdiction.
(1) Outlets for nonpotable water, such as water for industrial or firefighting purposes only, shall be identified by signs meeting the requirements of Subpart G of this part, to indicate clearly that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for drinking, washing, or cooking purposes. STEP
(2) There shall be no cross-connection, open or potential, between a system furnishing potable water and a system furnishing nonpotable water.
STEP
(c) Toilets at construction jobsites.
(1) Toilets shall be provided for employees according to the following table: STEP
Table D-1
| Number of employees | : |
|---|---|
| 20 or less...: | 1. |
| 20 or more...: | 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 40 workers. |
| 200 or more...: | 1 toilet seat and 1 urinal per 50 workers. |
(2) Under temporary field conditions, provisions shall be made to assure not less than one toilet facility is available. STEP
(3) Job sites, not provided with a sanitary sewer, shall be provided with one of the following toilet facilities unless prohibited by local codes: STEP
(4) The requirements of this paragraph (c) for sanitation facilities shall not apply to mobile crews having transportation readily available to nearby toilet facilities.
(d) Food handling.
(1) All employees' food service facilities and operations shall meet the applicable laws, ordinances, and regulations of the jurisdictions in which they are located. STEP
(2) All employee food service facilities and operations shall be carried out in accordance with sound hygienic principles. In all places of employment where all or part of the food service is provided, the food dispensed shall be wholesome, free from spoilage, and shall be processed, prepared, handled, and stored in such a manner as to be protected against contamination.
(e) Temporary sleeping quarters. When temporary sleeping quarters are provided, they shall be heated, ventilated, and lighted. STEP
(f) Washing facilities.
(1) The employer shall provide adequate washing facilities for employees engaged in the application of paints, coating, herbicides, or insecticides, or in other operations where contaminants may be harmful to the employees. Such facilities shall be in near proximity to the worksite and shall be so equipped as to enable employees to remove such substances. STEP
(2) General. Washing facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition.
(3) Lavatories.
(i) Lavatories shall be made available in all places of employment. The requirements of this subdivision do not apply to mobile crews or to normally unattended work locations if employees working at these locations have transportation readily available to nearby washing facilities which meet the other requirements of this paragraph.
(ii) Each lavatory shall be provided with hot and cold running water, or tepid running water.
(iii) Hand soap or similar cleansing agents shall be provided.
(iv) Individual hand towels or sections thereof, of cloth or paper, warm air blowers or clean individual sections of continuous cloth toweling, convenient to the lavatories, shall be provided.
(4) Showers.
(i) Whenever showers are required by a particular standard, the showers shall be provided in accordance with paragraphs (f)(4) (ii) through (v) of this section.
(ii) One shower shall be provided for each 10 employees of each sex, or numerical fraction thereof, who are required to shower during the same shift.
(iii) Body soap or other appropriate cleansing agents convenient to the showers shall be provided as specified in paragraph (f)(3)(iii) of this section.
(iv) Showers shall be provided with hot and cold water feeding a common discharge line.
(v) Employees who use showers shall be provided with individual clean towels.
(g) Eating and drinking areas. No employee shall be allowed to consume food or beverages in a toilet room nor in any area exposed to a toxic material.
(h) Vermin control. Every enclosed workplace shall be so constructed, equipped, and maintained, so far as reasonably practicable, as to prevent the entrance or harborage of rodents, insects, and other vermin. A continuing and effective extermination program shall be instituted where their presence is detected.
(i) Change rooms. Whenever employees are required by a particular standard to wear protective clothing because of the possibility of contamination with toxic materials, change rooms equipped with storage facilities for street clothes and separate storage facilities for the protective clothing shall be provided.
(a) Protection against the effects of noise exposure shall be provided when the sound levels exceed those shown in Table D-2 of this section when measured on the A-scale of a standard sound level meter at slow response. STEP
(b) When employees are subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed in Table D-2 of this section, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be utilized. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table, personal protective equipment as required in Subpart E, shall be provided and used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table. STEP
(c) If the variations in noise level involve maxima at intervals of 1 second or less, it is to be considered continuous.
(d)
(1) In all cases where the sound levels exceed the values shown herein, a continuing, effective hearing conservation program shall be administered. STEP
TABLE D-2 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES
| Duration per day, hours | : Sound level : dBA slow : response |
|---|---|
| 8 | 90 |
|---|---|
| 6 | 92 |
| 4 | 95 |
| 3 | 97 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 1 1/2 | 102 |
| 1 | 105 |
| 1/2 | 110 |
| 1/4 or less | 115 |
(i) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the individual effect of each. Exposure to different levels for various periods of time shall be computed according to the formula set forth in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section.
(ii) $F(e)=(T(1)\text{divided by } L(1))+(T(2)\text{divided by } L(2))+ \dots + (T(n)\text{ divided by } L(n))$ where:
$F(e)$ =The equivalent noise exposure factor.
$T$ =The period of noise exposure at any essentially constant level.
$L$ =The duration of the permissible noise exposure at the constant level (from Table D-2).
If the value of $F(e)$ exceeds unity (1) the exposure exceeds permissible levels.
(iii) A sample computation showing an application of the formula in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section is as follows. An employee is exposed at these levels for these periods:
110 db A 1/4 hour.
100 db A 1/2 hour.
90 db A 1 1/2 hours.
$F(e)=(1/4 \text{ divided by } 1/2)+(1/2 \text{ divided by } 2)+(1 1/2 \text{ divided by } 8)$
$$F(e)=0.500+0.25+0.188$$
$$F(e)=0.938$$
Since the value of $F(e)$ does not exceed unity, the exposure is within permissible limits.
(e) Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level. STEP
1926.53 Ionizing radiation.
(a) In construction and related activities involving the use of sources of ionizing radiation, the pertinent provisions of the Atomic Energy Commission's Standards for Protection Against Radiation (10 CFR Part 20), relating to protection against occupational radiation exposure, shall apply.
(b) Any activity which involves the use of radioactive materials or X-rays, whether or not under license from the Atomic Energy Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specially trained in the proper and safe operation of such equipment. In the case of materials used under Commission license, only persons actually licensed, or competent persons under direction and supervision of the licensee, shall perform such work. STEP
(c) Definitions applicable to this section.
(1) 'Radiation' includes alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, and other atomic particles; but such term does not include sound or radio waves, or visible light, or infrared or ultraviolet light.
(2) 'Radioactive material' means any material which emits, by spontaneous nuclear disintegration, corpuscular or electromagnetic emanations.
(3) 'Restricted area' means any area access to which is controlled by the employer for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
(4) 'Unrestricted area' means any area access to which is not controlled by the employer for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
(5) 'Dose' means the quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed, per unit of mass, by the body or by any portion of the body. When the provisions in this section specify a dose during a period of time, the dose is the total quantity of radiation absorbed, per unit of mass, by the body or by any portion of the body during such period of time. Several different units of dose are in current use. Definitions of units used in this section are set forth in paragraphs (a) (6) and (7) of this section.
(6) "Rad" means a measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissues in terms of the energy absorbed per unit of mass of the tissue. One rad is the dose corresponding to the absorption of 100 ergs per gram of tissue (1 millirad (mrad)=0.001 rad).
(7) "Rem" means a measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissue in terms of its estimated biological effect relative to a dose of 1 roentgen (r) of X-rays (1 millirem (mrem)=0.001 rem). The relation of the rem to other dose units depends upon the biological effect under consideration and upon the conditions for irradiation. Each of the following is considered to be equivalent to a dose of 1 rem:
(i) A dose of 1 roentgen due to X- or gamma radiation;
(ii) A dose of 1 rad due to X-, gamma, or beta radiation;
(iii) A dose of 0.1 rad due to neutrons or high energy protons;
(iv) A dose of 0.05 rad due to particles heavier than protons and with sufficient energy to reach the lens of the eye;
(v) If it is more convenient to measure the neutron flux, or equivalent, than to determine the neutron dose in rads, as provided in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, 1 rem of neutron radiation may, for purposes of the provisions in this section be assumed to be equivalent to 14 million neutrons per square centimeter incident upon the body; or, if there is sufficient information to estimate with reasonable accuracy the approximate distribution in energy of the neutrons, the incident number of neutrons per square centimeter equivalent to 1 rem may be estimated from Table G-17:
TABLE D-53.1 - NEUTRON FLUX DOSE EQUIVALENTS
| : Number of : | ||
|---|---|---|
| : neutrons per : | Average | |
| : square : | flux to : | |
| Neutron energy (million : | centimeter : | deliver 100 : |
| electron volts (Mev)) : | equivalent to : | millirem in : |
| : a dose of 1 : | 40 hours : | |
| : rem : | (neutrons/cm(2) : | |
| :(neutrons/cm(2)): | per sec) | |
| : | : |
Thermal...: 970 X 10(6) : 670
| 0.0001 | 720 X 10(6) : | 500 |
|---|---|---|
| 0.005 | 820 X 10(6) : | 570 |
| 0.02 | 400 X 10(6) : | 280 |
| 0.1 | 120 X 10(6) : | 80 |
| 0.5 | 43 X 10(6) : | 30 |
| 1.0 | 26 X 10(6) : | 18 |
| 2.5 | 29 X 10(6) : | 20 |
| 5.0 | 26 X 10(6) : | 18 |
| 7.5 | 24 X 10(6) : | 17 |
| 10 | 24 X 10(6) : | 17 |
| 10 to 30 | 14 X 10(6) : | 10 |
| : |
(8) For determining exposures to X- or gamma rays up to 3 Mev., the dose limits specified in this section may be assumed to be equivalent to the "air dose". For the purpose of this section "air dose" means that the dose is measured by a properly calibrated appropriate instrument in air at or near the body surface in the region of the highest dosage rate.
(d) Exposure of individuals to radiation in restricted areas.
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, no employer shall possess, use, or transfer sources of ionizing radiation in such a manner as to cause any individual in a restricted area to receive in any period of one calendar quarter from sources in the employer's possession or control a dose in excess of the limits specified in Table G-18:
TABLE D-53.2
| : Rems per calendar | ||
|---|---|---|
| : quarter | ||
| : _____ Whole body: | ||
| Head and trunk; active blood-forming | : | |
| organs; lens of eyes; or gonads | : | 1 1/4 |
| Hands and forearms; feet and ankles | : | 18 3/4 |
| Skin of whole body | : | 7 1/2 |
| : |
(2) An employer may permit an individual in a restricted area to receive doses to the whole body greater than those permitted under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, so long as:
(i) During any calendar quarter the dose to the whole body shall not exceed 3 rems; and (ii) The dose to the whole body, when added to the accumulated occupational dose to the whole body, shall not exceed 5 (N-18) rems, where 'N' equals the individual's age in years at his last birthday; and
(iii) The employer maintains adequate past and current exposure records which show that the addition of such a dose will not cause the individual to exceed the amount authorized in this subparagraph. As used in this subparagraph 'Dose to the whole body' shall be deemed to include any dose to the whole body, gonad, active bloodforming organs, head and trunk, or lens of the eye.
(3) No employer shall permit any employee who is under 18 years of age to receive in any period of one calendar quarter a dose in excess of 10 percent of the limits specified in Table G-18.
(4) 'Calendar quarter' means any 3-month period determined as follows:
(i) The first period of any year may begin on any date in January: Provided, That the second, third, and fourth periods accordingly begin on the same date in April, July, and October, respectively, and that the fourth period extends into January of the succeeding year, if necessary to complete a 3-month quarter. During the first year of use of this method of determination, the first period for that year shall also include any additional days in January preceding the starting date for the first period; or
(ii) The first period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the second period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive weeks; the third period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the fourth period in a calendar year of 13 complete, consecutive calendar weeks. If at the end of a calendar year there are any days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included within the last complete calendar week of that year. If at the beginning of any calendar year there are days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included within the last complete calendar week of the previous year; or
(iii) The four periods in a calendar year may consist of the first 14 complete, consecutive calendar weeks; the next 12 complete, consecutive calendar weeks, the next 14 complete, consecutive calendar weeks, and the last 12 complete, consecutive calendar weeks. If at the end of a calendar year there are any days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included (for purposes of this section) within the last complete calendar week of the year. If at the beginning of any calendar year there are days not falling within a complete calendar week of that year, such days shall be included (for purposes of this section) within the last complete week of the previous year.
(e) Exposure to airborne radioactive material.
(1) No employer shall possess, use or transport radioactive material in such a manner as to cause any employee, within a restricted area, to be exposed to airborne radioactive material in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20. The limits given in Table 1 are for exposure to the concentrations specified for 40 hours in any workweek of 7 consecutive days. In any such period where the number of hours of exposure is less than 40, the limits specified in the table may be increased proportionately. In any such period where the number of hours of exposure is greater than 40, the limits specified in the table shall be decreased proportionately.
(2) No employer shall possess, use, or transfer radioactive material in such a manner as to cause any individual within a restricted area, who is under 18 years of age, to be exposed to airborne radioactive material in an average concentration in excess of the limits specified in Table II of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20. For purposes of this paragraph, concentrations may be averaged over periods not greater than 1 week.
(3) 'Exposed' as used in this paragraph means that the individual is present in an airborne concentration. No allowance shall be made for the use of protective clothing or equipment, or particle size.
(f) Precautionary procedures and personal monitoring.
(1) Every employer shall make such surveys as may be necessary for him to comply with the provisions in this section. 'Survey' means an evaluation of the radiation hazards incident to the production, use, release, disposal, or presence of radioactive materials or other sources of radiation under a specific set of conditions. When appropriate, such evaluation includes a physical survey of the location of materials and equipment, and measurements of levels of radiation or concentrations of radioactive material present.
(2) Every employer shall supply appropriate personnel monitoring equipment, such as film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, or film rings, and shall require the use of such equipment by:
(i) Each employee who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 25 percent of the applicable value specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
(ii) Each employee under 18 years of age who enters a restricted area under such circumstances that he receives, or is likely to receive, a dose in any calendar quarter in excess of 5 percent of the applicable value specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
(iii) Each employee who enters a high radiation area.
(3) As used in this section:
(i) 'Personnel monitoring equipment' means devices designed to be worn or carried by an individual for the purpose of measuring the dose received (e.g., film badges, pocket chambers, pocket dosimeters, film rings, etc.);
(ii) 'Radiation area' means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any 1 hour a dose in excess of 5 millirem, or in any 5 consecutive days a dose in excess of 100 millirem; and
(iii) 'High radiation area' means any area, accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 100 millirem.
(g) Caution signs, labels, and signals
(1) General.
(i) Symbols prescribed by this paragraph shall use the conventional radiation caution colors (magenta or purple on yellow background). The symbol prescribed by this paragraph is the conventional three-bladed design:
(For Figure G-10, see printed copy)
(2) Radiation area. Each radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph and the words:
CAUTION
RADIATION AREA
(3) High radiation area.
(i) Each high radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and the words:
CAUTION
HIGH RADIATION AREA
(ii) Each high radiation area shall be equipped with a control device which shall either cause the level of radiation to be reduced below that at which an individual might receive a dose of 100 millirems in 1 hour upon entry into the area or shall energize a conspicuous visible or audible alarm signal in such a manner that the individual entering and the employer or a supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry. In the case of a high radiation area established for a period of 30 days or less, such control device is not required.
(i) As used in the provisions of this section, 'airborne radioactivity area' means:
(a) Any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive materials, composed wholly or partly of radioactive material, exist in concentrations in excess of the amounts specified in column 1 of Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20 or
(b) Any room, enclosure, or operating area in which airborne radioactive materials exist in concentrations which, averaged over the number of hours in any week during which individuals are in the area, exceed 25 percent of the amounts specified in column 1 of Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.
(ii) Each airborne radioactivity area shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
(i) Each area or room in which radioactive material is used or stored and which contains any radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) in any amount exceeding 10 times the quantity of such material specified in Appendix C to 10 CFR Part 20 shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
(ii) Each area or room in which natural uranium or thorium is used or stored in an amount exceeding 100 times the quantity of such material specified in 10 CFR Part 20 shall be conspicuously posted with a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
(i) Each container in which is transported, stored, or used a quantity of any radioactive material (other than natural uranium or thorium) greater than the quantity of such material specified in Appendix C to 10 CFR Part 20 shall bear a durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
(ii) Each container in which natural uranium or thorium is transported, stored, or used in a quantity greater than 10 times the quantity specified in Appendix C to 10 CFR Part 20 shall bear a durable, clearly visible label bearing the radiation caution symbol described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section and the words:
(iii) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs (e)(6) (i) and (ii) of this section a label shall not be required:
(a) If the concentration of the material in the container does not exceed that specified in column 2 of Table 1 of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20, or
(b) For laboratory containers, such as beakers, flasks, and test tubes, used transiently in laboratory procedures, when the user is present.
(iv) Where containers are used for storage, the labels required in this subparagraph shall state also the quantities and kinds of radioactive materials in the containers and the date of measurement of the quantities.
(h) Immediate evacuation warning signal
(i) The signal shall be a midfrequency complex sound wave amplitude modulated at a subsonic frequency. The complex sound wave in free space shall have a fundamental frequency (f(1)) between 450 and 500 hertz (Hz) modulated at a subsonic rate between 4 and 5 hertz.
(ii) The signal generator shall not be less than 75 decibels at every location where an individual may be present whose immediate, rapid, and complete evacuation is essential.
(iii) A sufficient number of signal units shall be installed such that the requirements of paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section are met at every location where an individual may be present whose immediate, rapid, and complete evacuation is essential.
(iv) The signal shall be unique in the plant or facility in which it is installed.
(v) The minimum duration of the signal shall be sufficient to insure that all affected persons hear the signal.
(vi) The signal-generating system shall respond automatically to an initiating event without requiring any human action to sound the signal.
(i) The signal-generating system shall be designed to incorporate components which enable the system to produce the desired signal each time it is activated within one-half second of activation.
(ii) The signal-generating system shall be provided with an automatically activated secondary power supply which is adequate to simultaneously power all emergency equipment to which it is connected, if operation during power failure is necessary, except in those systems using batteries as the primary source of power.
(iii) All components of the signal-generating system shall be located to provide maximum practicable protection against damage in case of fire, explosion, corrosive atmosphere, or other environmental extremes consistent with adequate system performance.
(iv) The signal-generating system shall be designed with the minimum number of components necessary to make it function as intended, and should utilize components which do not require frequent servicing such as lubrication or cleaning.
(v) Where several activating devices feed activating information to a central signal generator, failure of any activating device shall not render the signal-generator system inoperable to activating information from the remaining devices.
(vi) The signal-generating system shall be designed to enhance the probability that alarm occurs only when immediate evacuation is warranted. The number of false alarms shall not be so great that the signal will come to be disregarded and shall be low enough to minimize personal injuries or excessive property damage that might result from such evacuation.
(i) Initial tests, inspections, and checks of the signal-generating system shall be made to verify that the fabrication and installation were made in accordance with design plans and specifications and to develop a thorough knowledge of the performance of the system and all components under normal and hostile conditions.
(ii) Once the system has been placed in service, periodic tests, inspections, and checks shall be made to minimize the possibility of malfunction.
(iii) Following significant alterations or revisions to the system, tests and checks similar to the initial installation tests shall be made.
(iv) Tests shall be designed to minimize hazards while conducting the tests.
(v) Prior to normal operation the signal-generating system shall be checked physically and functionally to assure reliability and to demonstrate accuracy and performance. Specific tests shall include:
(a) All power sources.
(b) Calibration and calibration stability.
(c) Trip levels and stability.
(d) Continuity of function with loss and return of required services such as AC or DC power, air pressure, etc.
(e) All indicators.
(f) Trouble indicator circuits and signals, where used.
(g) Air pressure (if used)
(h) Determine that sound level of the signal is within the limit of paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section at all points that require immediate evacuation.
(vi) In addition to the initial startup and operating tests, periodic scheduled performance tests and status checks must be made to insure that the system is at all times operating within design limits and capable of the required response. Specific periodic tests or checks or both shall include:
(a) Adequacy of signal activation device.
(b) All power sources.
(c) Function of all alarm circuits and trouble indicator circuits including trip levels.
(d) Air pressure (if used).
(e) Function of entire system including operation without power where required.
(f) Complete operational tests including sounding of the signal and determination that sound levels are adequate.
(vii) Periodic tests shall be scheduled on the basis of need, experience, difficulty, and disruption of operations. The entire system should be operationally tested at least quarterly.
(viii) All employees whose work may necessitate their presence in an area covered by the signal shall be made familiar with the actual sound of the signal-preferably as it sounds at their work location. Before placing the system into operation, all employees normally working in the area shall be made acquainted with the signal by actual demonstration at their work locations.
(i) Exceptions from posting requirements. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (e) of this section:
(1) A room or area is not required to be posted with a caution sign because of the presence of a sealed source, provided the radiation level 12 inches from the surface of the source container or housing does not exceed 5 millirem per hour.
(2) Rooms or other areas in onsite medical facilities are not required to be posted with caution signs because of the presence of patients containing radioactive material, provided that there are personnel in attendance who shall take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive material in excess of the limits established in the provisions of this section.
(3) Caution signs are not required to be posted at areas or rooms containing radioactive materials for periods of less than 8 hours: Provided, That
(i) The materials are constantly attended during such periods by an individual who shall take the precautions necessary to prevent the exposure of any individual to radiation or radioactive materials in excess of the limits established in the provisions of this section; and
(ii) Such area or room is subject to the employer's control.
(j) Exemptions for radioactive materials packaged for shipment. Radioactive materials packaged and labeled in accordance with regulations of the Department of Transportation published in 49 CFR Chapter I, are exempt from the labeling and posting requirements of this subpart during shipment, provided that the inside containers are labeled in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (e) of this section.
(k) Instruction of personnel, posting.
(1) Employers regulated by the Atomic Energy Commission shall be governed by 10 CFR Part 20 standards. Employers in a State named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section shall be governed by the requirements of the laws and regulations of that State. All other employers shall be regulated by the following:
(2) All individuals working in or frequenting any portion of a radiation area shall be informed of the occurrence of radioactive materials or of radiation in such portions of the radiation area; shall be instructed in the safety problems associated with exposure to such materials or radiation and in precautions or devices to minimize exposure; shall be instructed in the applicable provisions of this section for the protection of employees from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials; and shall be advised of reports of radiation exposure which employees may request pursuant to the regulations in this section.
(3) Each employer to whom this section applies shall post a current copy of its provisions and a copy of the operating procedures applicable to the work conspicuously in such locations as to insure that employees working in or frequenting radiation areas will observe these documents on the way to and from their place of employment, or shall keep such documents available for examination of employees upon request.
(l) Storage of radioactive materials. Radioactive materials stored in a non-radiation area shall be secured against unauthorized removal from the place of storage.
(m) Waste disposal. No employer shall dispose of radioactive material except by transfer to an authorized recipient, or in a manner approved by the Atomic Energy Commission or a State named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section.
(n) Notification of incidents
(1) Immediate notification. Each employer shall immediately notify the Assistant Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative, for employees not protected by the Atomic Energy Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; paragraph (p)(2) of this section, or the requirements of the laws and regulations of States named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section, by telephone or telegraph of any incident involving radiation which may have caused or threatens to cause:
(i) Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 25 rems or more of radiation; exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 150 rems or more of radiation; or exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms of any individual to 375 rems or more of radiation; or
(ii) The release of radioactive material in concentrations which, if averaged over a period of 24 hours, would exceed 5,000 times the limit specified for such materials in Table II of Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.
(2) Twenty-four hour notification. Each employer shall within 24 hours following its occurrence notify the Assistant Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative for employees not protected by the Atomic Energy Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; paragraph (p)(2) of this section, or the requirements of the laws and applicable regulations of States named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section, by telephone or telegraph of any incident involving radiation which may have caused or threatens to cause:
(i) Exposure of the whole body of any individual to 5 rems or more of radiation; exposure of the skin of the whole body of any individual to 30 rems or more of radiation; or exposure of the feet, ankles, hands, or forearms to 75 rems or more of radiation; or
(o) Reports of overexposure and excessive levels and concentrations.
(1) In addition to any notification required by paragraph (1) of this section each employer shall make a report in writing within 30 days to the Assistant Secretary of Labor or his duly authorized representative, for employees not protected by the Atomic Energy Commission by means of 10 CFR Part 20; or under paragraph (p)(2) of this section, or the requirements of the laws and regulations of States named in paragraph (p)(3) of this section, of each exposure of an individual to radiation or concentrations of radioactive material in excess of any applicable limit in this section. Each report required under this paragraph shall describe the extent of exposure of persons to radiation or to radioactive material; levels of radiation and concentration of radioactive material involved, the cause of the exposure, levels of concentrations; and corrective steps taken or planned to assure against a recurrence.
(2) In any case where an employer is required pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph to report to the U.S. Department of Labor any exposure of an individual to radiation or to concentrations of radioactive material, the employer shall also notify such individual of the nature and extent of exposure. Such notice shall be in writing and shall contain the following statement: 'You should preserve this report for future reference.'
(p) Records.
(1) Every employer shall maintain records of the radiation exposure of all employees for whom personnel monitoring is required under paragraph (d) of this section and advise each of his employees of his individual exposure on at least an annual basis.
(2) Every employer shall maintain records in the same units used in tables in paragraph (b) of this section and Appendix B to 10 CFR Part 20.
(q) Disclosure to former employee of individual employee's record.
(1) At the request of a former employee an employer shall furnish to the employee a report of the employee's exposure to radiation as shown in records maintained by the employer pursuant to paragraph (n)(1) of this section. Such report shall be furnished within 30 days from the time the request is made, and shall cover each calendar quarter of the individual's employment involving exposure to radiation or such lesser period as may be requested by the employee. The report shall also include the results of any calculations and analysis of radioactive material deposited in the body of the employee. The report shall be in writing and contain the following statement: 'You should preserve this report for future reference.'
(r) Atomic Energy Commission licensees - AEC contractors operating AEC plants and facilities - AEC Agreement State licensees or registrants.
(1) Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, under a license issued by the Atomic Energy Commission and in accordance with the requirements of 10 CFR Part 20 shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section with respect to such possession and use.
(2) AEC contractors operating AEC plants and facilities: Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, special nuclear material, or other radiation sources under a contract with the Atomic Energy Commission for the operation of AEC plants and facilities and in accordance with the standards, procedures, and other requirements for radiation protection established by the Commission for such contract pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), shall be deemed to be in compliance with the requirements of this section with respect to such possession and use.
(3) AEC-agreement State licensees or registrants:
(i) Atomic Energy Act sources. Any employer who possesses or uses source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), and has either registered such sources with, or is operating under a license issued by, a State which has an agreement in effect with the Atomic Energy Commission pursuant to section 274(b) (42 U.S.C. 2021(b)) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and in accordance with the requirements of that State's laws and regulations shall be deemed to be in compliance with the radiation requirements of this section, insofar as his possession and use of such material is concerned, unless the Secretary of Labor, after conference with the Atomic Energy Commission, shall determine that the State's program for control of these radiation sources is incompatible with the requirements of this section. Such agreements currently are in effect only in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Kansas,
Kentucky, Florida, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Nebraska, Washington, Maryland, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Georgia.
(ii) Other sources. Any employer who possesses or uses radiation sources other than source material, byproduct material, or special nuclear material, as defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.), and has either registered such sources with, or is operating under a license issued by a State which has an agreement in effect with the Atomic Energy Commission pursuant to section 274(b) (42 U.S.C. 2021(b)) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and in accordance with the requirements of that State's laws and regulations shall be deemed to be in compliance with the radiation requirements of this section, insofar as his possession and use of such material is concerned, provided the State's program for control of these radiation sources is the subject of a currently effective determination by the Assistant Secretary of Labor that such program is compatible with the requirements of this section. Such determinations currently are in effect only in the States of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Kansas, Kentucky, Florida, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Texas, Tennessee, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, Louisiana, Nebraska, Washington, Maryland, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Georgia.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 1218-0103)
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 43 FR 51759, Nov. 7, 1978; 49 FR 18295, Apr. 30, 1984]
(a) Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to install, adjust, and operate laser equipment. STEP
(b) Proof of qualification of the laser equipment operator shall be available and in possession of the operator at all times. STEP
(c) Employees, when working in areas in which a potential exposure to direct or reflected laser light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts) exists, shall be provided with antilaser eye protection devices as specified in Subpart E of this part. STEP
(d) Areas in which lasers are used shall be posted with standard laser warning placards. STEP
(e) Beam shutters or caps shall be utilized, or the laser turned off, when laser transmission is not actually required. When the laser is left unattended for a substantial period of time, such as during lunch hour, overnight, or at change of shifts, the laser shall be turned off. STEP
(f) Only mechanical or electronic means shall be used as a detector for guiding the internal alignment of the laser. STEP
(g) The laser beam shall not be directed at employees. STEP
(h) When it is raining or snowing, or when there is dust or fog in the air, the operation of laser systems shall be prohibited where practicable; in any event, employees shall be kept out of range of the area of source and target during such weather conditions. STEP
(i) Laser equipment shall bear a label to indicate maximum output. STEP
(j) Employees shall not be exposed to light intensities above:
(1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; STEP
(2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; STEP
(3) Diffused reflected light: 2 1/2 watts per square centimeter. STEP
(k) Laser unit in operation should be set up above the heads of the employees, when possible. STEP (l) Employees shall not be exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. STEP
1926.55 Gases, vapors, fumes, dusts, and mists.
(a) Exposure of employees to inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption, or contact with any material or substance at a concentration above those specified in the "Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants for 1970" of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, shall be avoided. See Appendix A to this section.
STEP
(b) To achieve compliance with paragraph (a) of this section, administrative or engineering controls must first be implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. Any equipment and technical measures used for this purpose must first be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with 1926.103. STEP
(c) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the exposure of employees to airborne asbestos dust. Whenever any employee is exposed to airborne asbestos, tremolite, anthophyllite, or actinolite dust, the requirements of 1910.1101 or 1926.58 of this title shall apply.
(d) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section do not apply to the exposure of employees to formaldehyde. Whenever any employee is exposed to formaldehyde, the requirements of 1910.1048 of this title shall apply.
Appendix A to 1926.55 - 1970 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants
| Substance | CAS No. (d) | ppm (a) |
|---|---|---|
| Abate; see Temephos | ||
| Acetaldehyde | 75-07-0 | 200 |
| Acetic acid | 64-19-7 | 10 |
| Acetic anhydride | 108-24-7 | 5 |
| Acetone | 67-64-1 | 1000 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetonitrile | 75-05-8 | 40 | |
| 2-Acetylaminofluorene; see 1926.1114. | 53-96-3 | ||
| Acetylene | 74-86-2 | E | |
| Acetylene dichloride; | |||
| see 1,2-Dichloroethylene | |||
| Acetylene tetrabromide | 79-27-6 | 1 | |
| Acrolein | 107-02-8 | 0.1 | |
| Acrylamide | 79-06-1 | ||
| Acrylonitrile; see 1926.1145 | 107-13-1 | ||
| Aldrin | 309-00-2 | ||
| Allyl alcohol | 107-18-6 | 2 | |
| Allyl chloride | 107-05-1 | 1 | |
| Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) | 106-92-3 | (C)10 | |
| Allyl propyl disulfide | 2179-59-1 | 2 | |
| alpha-Alumina | 1344-28-1 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Alundum; see alpha-Alumina | |||
| 4-Aminodiphenyl; see 1926.1111 | 92-67-1 | ||
| 2-Aminoethanol; see Ethanolamine | |||
| 2-Aminopyridine | 504-29-0 | 0.5 | |
| Ammonia | 7664-41-7 | 50 | |
| Ammonium sulfamate | 7773-06-0 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| n-Amyl acetate | 628-63-7 | 100 | |
| sec-Amyl acetate | 626-38-0 | 125 | |
| Aniline and homologs | 62-53-3 | 5 | |
| Anisidine (o-,p-isomers) | 29191-52-4 | ||
| Antimony and compounds (as Sb) | 7440-36-0 | ||
| ANTU (alpha Naphthylthiourea) | 86-88-4 | ||
| Argon | 7440-37-1 | E | |
| Arsenic, inorganic compounds (as As); | |||
| see 1926.1118 | 7440-38-2 | ||
| Arsenic, organic compounds (as As) | 7440-38-2 | ||
| Arsine | 7784-42-1 | 0.05 | |
| Asbestos; see 1926.58 | |||
| Azinphos-methyl | 86-50-0 | ||
| Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba) | 7440-39-3 | ||
| Benzene(g); See 1926.1128 | 71-43-2 | ||
| Benzidine; See 1926.1110 | 92-87-5 | ||
| p-Benzoquinone; see Quinone | |||
| Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch |
| volatiles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzoyl peroxide | 94-36-0 | ||
| Benzyl chloride | 100-44-7 | 1 | |
| Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) | 7440-41-7 | ||
| Biphenyl; see Diphenyl | |||
| Bisphenol A; see Diglycidyl ether | |||
| Boron oxide | 1303-86-2 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Boron tribromide | 10294-33-4 | 1 | |
| Boron trifluoride | 7637-07-2 | (C)1 | |
| Bromine | 7726-95-6 | 0.1 | |
| Bromine pentafluoride | 7789-30-2 | 0.1 | |
| Bromoform | 75-25-2 | 0.5 | |
| *Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene); See 29 | |||
| CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19(1) | 106-99-0 | 1 ppm/5 | |
| ppm STEL | |||
| Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan | |||
| 2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) | 78-93-3 | 200 | |
| 2-Butoxyethanol | 111-76-2 | 50 | |
| n-Butyl-acetate | 123-86-4 | 150 | |
| sec-Butyl acetate | 105-46-4 | 200 | |
| tert-Butyl-acetate | 540-88-5 | 200 | |
| n-Butyl alcohol | 71-36-3 | 100 | |
| sec-Butyl alcohol | 78-92-2 | 150 | |
| tert-Butyl alcohol | 75-65-0 | 100 | |
| Butylamine | 109-73-9 | (C)5 | |
| tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO(3)) | 1189-85-1 | ||
| n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) | 2426-08-6 | 50 | |
| Butyl mercaptan | 109-79-5 | 0.5 | |
| p-tert-Butyltoluene | 98-51-1 | 10 | |
| Cadmium (as Cd); see 1910.1027 | 7440-43-9 | ||
| Calcium Carbonate | 1317-65-3 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Calcium oxide | 1305-78-8 | ||
| Calcium sulfate | 7778-18-9 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Camphor, synthetic | 76-22-2 | ||
| Carbaryl (Sevin) | 63-25-2 | ||
| Carbon black | 1333-86-4 | ||
| Carbon dioxide | 124-38-9 | 5000 | |
| Carbon disulfide | 75-15-0 | 20 |
| Carbon monoxide | 630-08-0 | 50 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon tetrachloride | 56-23-5 | 10 | |
| Cellulose | 9004-34-6 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Chlordane | 57-74-9 | ||
| Chlorinated camphene | 8001-35-2 | ||
| Chlorinated diphenyl oxide | 55720-99-5 | ||
| Chlorine | 7782-50-5 | 1 | |
| Chlorine dioxide | 10049-04-4 | 0.1 | |
| Chlorine trifluoride | 7790-91-2 | (C)0.1 | |
| Chloroacetaldehyde | 107-20-0 | (C)1 | |
| a-Chloroacetophenone | |||
| (Phenacyl chloride) | 532-27-4 | 0.05 | |
| Chlorobenzene | 108-90-7 | 75 | |
| o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile | 2698-41-1 | 0.05 | |
| Chlorobromomethane | 74-97-5 | 200 | |
| 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; | |||
| See beta-Chloroprene | |||
| Chlorodiphenyl (42 percent Chlorine) | |||
| (PCB) | 53469-21-9 | ||
| Chlorodiphenyl (54 percent Chlorine) | |||
| (PCB) | 11097-69-1 | ||
| 1-Chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane; | |||
| See Epichlorohydrin | |||
| 2-Chloroethanol; | |||
| See Ethylene chlorohydrin | |||
| Chloroethylene; See Vinyl chloride | |||
| Chloroform (Trichloromethane) | 67-66-3 | (C)50 | |
| bis(Chloromethyl) ether; | |||
| see 1926.1108 | 542-88-1 | ||
| Chloromethyl methyl ether; | |||
| see 1926.1106 | 107-30-2 | ||
| 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane | 600-25-9 | 20 | |
| Chloropicrin | 76-06-2 | 0.1 | |
| beta-Chloroprene | 126-99-8 | 25 | |
| Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO(3)) | Varies with | ||
| compound | |||
| Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr) | 7440-47-3 | ||
| Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr) | 7440-47-3 | ||
| Chromium metal and insol. salts | |||
| (as Cr) | 7440-47-3 | ||
| Chrysene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles | |||
| Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene |
| soluble fraction), anthracene, BaP, | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, | |||
| pyrene | 65996-93-2 | ||
| Cobalt metal, dust, and fume (as Co.) | 7440-48-4 | ||
| Coke oven emissions; see 1926.1129... | |||
| Copper | 7440-50-8 | ||
| Fume (as Cu) | |||
| Dusts and mists (as Cu) | |||
| Corundum; see Emery | |||
| Cotton dust (raw) | |||
| Crag herbicide (Sesone) | 136-78-7 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Cresol, all isomers | 1319-77-3 | 5 | |
| Crotonaldehyde | 123-73-9 | 2 | |
| 4170-30-3 | |||
| Cumene | 98-82-8 | 50 | |
| Cyanides (as CN) | Varies with | ||
| Compound | |||
| Cyanogen | 460-19-5 | 10 | |
| Cyclohexane | 110-82-7 | 300 | |
| Cyclohexanol | 108-93-0 | 50 | |
| Cyclohexanone | 108-94-1 | 50 | |
| Cyclohexene | 110-83-8 | 300 | |
| Cyclonite | 121-82-4 | ||
| Cyclopentadiene | 542-92-7 | 75 | |
| DDT, | |||
| see Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | |||
| DDVP, see Dichlorvos | |||
| 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) | 94-75-7 | ||
| Decaborane | 17702-41-9 | 0.05 | |
| Demeton (Systox) | 8065-48-3 | ||
| Diacetone alcohol | |||
| (4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) | 123-42-2 | 50 | |
| 1,2-Diaminoethane; | |||
| see Ethylenediamine | |||
| Diazomethane | 334-88-3 | 0.2 | |
| Diborane | 19287-45-7 | 0.1 | |
| 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP); | |||
| see 1926.1144 | 96-12-8 | ||
| 1,2-Dibromoethane; | |||
| see Ethylene dibromide | |||
| Dibutyl phosphate | 107-66-4 | 1 | |
| Dibutyl phthalate | 84-74-2 |
| Dichloroacetylene | 7572-29-4 | (C)0.1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| o-Dichlorobenzene | 95-50-1 | (C)50 | |
| p-Dichlorobenzene | 106-46-7 | 75 | |
| 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine; see 1926.1107. | 91-94-1 | ||
| Dichlorodifluoromethane | 75-71-8 | 1000 | |
| 1,3-Dichloro-5, 5-dimethyl hydantoin. | 118-52-5 | ||
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). | 50-29-3 | ||
| 1,1-Dichloroethane | 75-34-3 | 100 | |
| 1,2-Dichloroethane; | |||
| see Ethylene dichloride | |||
| 1,2-Dichloroethylene | 540-59-0 | 200 | |
| Dichloroethyl ether | 111-44-4 | (C)15 | |
| Dichloromethane; | |||
| see Methylene chloride | |||
| Dichloromonofluoromethane | 75-43-4 | 1000 | |
| 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane | 594-72-9 | (C)10 | |
| 1,2-Dichloropropane; | |||
| see Propylene dichloride | |||
| Dichlorotetrafluoroethane | 76-14-2 | 1000 | |
| Dichlorvos (DDVP) | 62-73-7 | ||
| Dieldrin | 60-57-1 | ||
| Diethylamine | 109-89-7 | 25 | |
| 2-Diethylaminoethanol | 100-37-8 | 10 | |
| Diethylene triamine | 111-40-0 | (C)10 | |
| Diethyl ether; see Ethyl ether | |||
| Difluorodibromomethane | 75-61-6 | 100 | |
| Diglycidyl ether (DGE) | 2238-07-5 | (C)0.5 | |
| Dihydroxybenzene; see Hydroquinone | |||
| Diisobutyl ketone | 108-83-8 | 50 | |
| Diisopropylamine | 108-18-9 | 5 | |
| 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; | |||
| see 1926.1115 | 60-11-7 | ||
| Dimethoxymethane; see Methylal | |||
| Dimethyl acetamide | 127-19-5 | 10 | |
| Dimethylamine | 124-40-3 | 10 | |
| Dimethylaminobenzene; see Xylidine | |||
| Dimethylaniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline). | 121-69-7 | 5 | |
| Dimethylbenzene; see Xylene | |||
| Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2, | |||
| 2-dichloroethyl phosphate | 300-76-5 | ||
| Dimethylformamide | 68-12-2 | 10 | |
| 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone; | |||
| see Diisobutyl ketone | |||
| 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine | 57-14-7 | 0.5 |
| Dimethylphthalate | 131-11-3 | |
|---|---|---|
| Dimethyl sulfate | 77-78-1 | 1 |
| Dinitrobenzene | ||
| (all isomers) | ||
| (ortho) | 528-29-0 | |
| (meta) | 99-65-0 | |
| (para) | 100-25-4 | |
| Dinitro-o-cresol | 534-52-1 | |
| Dinitrotoluene | 25321-14-6 | |
| Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide) | 123-91-1 | 100 |
| Diphenyl (Biphenyl) | 92-52-4 | 0.2 |
| Diphenylamine | 122-39-4 | |
| Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; | ||
| see Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate. | ||
| Dipropylene glycol methyl ether | 34590-94-8 | 100 |
| Di-sec octyl phthalate | ||
| (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) | 117-81-7 | |
| Emery | 12415-34-8 | |
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Endosulfan | 115-29-7 | |
| Endrin | 72-20-8 | |
| Epichlorohydrin | 106-89-8 | 5 |
| EPN | 2104-64-5 | |
| 1,2-Epoxypropane; see Propylene oxide. | ||
| 2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol; see Glycidol | ||
| Ethane | 74-84-0 | E |
| Ethanethiol; see Ethyl mercaptan | ||
| Ethanolamine | 141-43-5 | 3 |
| 2-Ethoxyethanol (Cellosolve) | 110-80-5 | 200 |
| 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate | ||
| (Cellosolve acetate) | 111-15-9 | 100 |
| Ethyl acetate | 141-78-6 | 400 |
| Ethyl acrylate | 140-88-5 | 25 |
| Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) | 64-17-5 | 1000 |
| Ethylamine | 75-04-7 | 10 |
| Ethyl amyl ketone | ||
| (5-Methyl-3-heptanone) | 541-85-5 | 25 |
| Ethyl benzene | 100-41-4 | 100 |
| Ethyl bromide | 74-96-4 | 200 |
| Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) | 106-35-4 | 50 |
| Ethyl chloride | 75-00-3 | 1000 |
| Ethyl ether | 60-29-7 | 400 |
| Ethyl formate | 109-94-4 | 100 |
| Ethyl mercaptan | 75-08-1 | 0.5 |
|---|---|---|
| Ethyl silicate | 78-10-4 | 100 |
| Ethylene | 74-85-1 | E |
| Ethylene chlorohydrin | 107-07-3 | 5 |
| Ethylenediamine | 107-15-3 | 10 |
| Ethylene dibromide | 106-93-4 | (C)25 |
| Ethylene dichloride | ||
| (1,2-Dichloroethane) | 107-06-2 | 50 |
| Ethylene glycol dinitrate | 628-96-6 | (C)0.2 |
| Ethylene glycol methyl acetate; | ||
| see Methyl cellosolve acetate | ||
| Ethyleneimine; see 1926.1112 | 151-56-4 | |
| Ethylene oxide; see 1926.1147 | 75-21-8 | |
| Ethylidene chloride; | ||
| see 1,1-Dichlorethane | ||
| N-Ethylmorpholine | 100-74-3 | 20 |
| Ferbam | 14484-64-1 | |
| Total dust | ||
| Ferrovanadium dust | 12604-58-9 | |
| Fibrous Glass | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Fluorides (as F) | Varies with | |
| compound | ||
| Fluorine | 7782-41-4 | 0.1 |
| Fluorotrichloromethane | ||
| (Trichlorofluoromethane) | 75-69-4 | 1000 |
| Formaldehyde; see 1926.1148 | 50-00-0 | |
| Formic acid | 64-18-6 | 5 |
| Furfural | 98-01-1 | 5 |
| Furfuryl alcohol | 98-00-0 | 50 |
| Gasoline | 8006-61-9 | |
| Glycerin (mist) | 56-81-5 | |
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Glycidol | 556-52-5 | 50 |
| Glycol monoethyl ether; | ||
| see 2-Ethoxyethanol | ||
| Graphite, natural | ||
| respirable dust | 7782-42-5 | (2) |
| Graphite, synthetic | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable Fraction | ||
| Guthion; see Azinphos methyl |
| Gypsum | 13397-24-5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Hafnium | 7440-58-6 | ||
| Helium | 7440-59-7 | E | |
| Heptachlor | 76-44-8 | ||
| Heptane (n-Heptane) | 142-82-5 | 500 | |
| Hexachloroethane | 67-72-1 | 1 | |
| Hexachloronaphthalene | 1335-87-1 | ||
| n-Hexane | 110-54-3 | 500 | |
| 2-Hexanone (Methyl n-butyl ketone) | 591-78-6 | 100 | |
| Hexone (Methylisobutyl ketone) | 108-10-1 | 100 | |
| sec-Hexyl acetate | 108-84-9 | 50 | |
| Hydrazine | 302-01-2 | 1 | |
| Hydrogen | 1333-74-0 | E | |
| Hydrogen bromide | 10035-10-6 | 3 | |
| Hydrogen chloride | 7647-01-0 | (C)5 | |
| Hydrogen cyanide | 74-90-8 | 10 | |
| Hydrogen fluoride (as F) | 7664-39-3 | 3 | |
| Hydrogen peroxide | 7722-84-1 | 1 | |
| Hydrogen selenide (as Se) | 7783-07-5 | 0.05 | |
| Hydrogen sulfide | 7783-06-4 | 10 | |
| Hydroquinone | 123-31-9 | ||
| Indene | 95-13-6 | 10 | |
| Indium and compounds (as in) | 7440-74-6 | ||
| Iodine | 7553-56-2 | (C)0.1 | |
| Iron oxide fume | 1309-37-1 | ||
| Iron salts (soluble) (as Fe) | Varies with | ||
| compound | |||
| Isomyl acetate | 123-92-2 | 100 | |
| Isomyl alcohol (primary and secondary) | 123-51-3 | 100 | |
| Isobutyl acetate | 110-19-0 | 150 | |
| Isobutyl alcohol | 78-83-1 | 100 | |
| Isophorone | 78-59-1 | 25 | |
| Isopropyl acetate | 108-21-4 | 250 | |
| Isopropyl alcohol | 67-63-0 | 400 | |
| Isopropylamine | 75-31-0 | 5 | |
| Isopropyl ether | 108-20-3 | 500 | |
| Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) | 4016-14-2 | 50 | |
| Kaolin | 1332-58-7 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Ketene | 463-51-4 | 0.5 | |
| Lead inorganic (as Pb); see 1926.62 | 7439-92-1 |
| Limestone | 1317-65-3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Lindane | 58-89-9 | ||
| Lithium hydride | 7580-67-8 | ||
| L.P.G. (Liquified petroleum gas) | 68476-85-7 | 1000 | |
| Magnesite | 546-93-0 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Magnesium oxide fume | 1309-48-4 | ||
| Total Particulate | |||
| Malathion | 121-75-5 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Maleic anhydride | 108-31-6 | 0.25 | |
| Manganese compounds (as Mn) | 7439-96-5 | ||
| Manganese fume (as Mn) | 7439-96-5 | ||
| Marble | 1317-65-3 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Mercury (aryl and inorganic)(as Hg) | 7439-97-6 | ||
| Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) | 7439-97-6 | ||
| Mercury (vapor) (as Hg) | 7439-97-6 | ||
| Mesityl oxide | 141-79-7 | 25 | |
| Methane | 74-82-8 | E | |
| Methanethiol; see Methyl mercaptan | |||
| Methoxychlor | 72-43-5 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| 2-Methoxyethanol; (Methyl cellosolve) | 109-86-4 | 25 | |
| 2- Methoxyethyl acetate (Methyl cellosolve acetate) | 110-49-6 | 25 | |
| Methyl acetate | 79-20-9 | 200 | |
| Methyl acetylene (Propyne) | 74-99-7 | 1000 | |
| Methyl acetylene propadiene mixture (MAPP) | 1000 | ||
| Methyl acrylate | 96-33-3 | 10 | |
| Methylal (Dimethoxy-methane) | 109-87-5 | 1000 | |
| Methyl alcohol | 67-56-1 | 200 | |
| Methylamine | 74-89-5 | 10 | |
| Methyl amyl alcohol; see Methyl Isobutyl carbinol | |||
| Methyl n-amyl ketone | 110-43-0 | 100 | |
| Methyl bromide | 74-83-9 | (C)20 | |
| Methyl butyl ketone; see 2-Hexanone |
| Methyl cellosolve; | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| see 2-Methoxyethanol | ||||
| Methyl cellosolve acetate; | ||||
| see 2-Methoxyethyl acetate | ||||
| Methyl chloride | 74-87-3 | 100 | ||
| Methyl chloroform | ||||
| (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) | 71-55-6 | 350 | ||
| Methylcyclohexane | 108-87-2 | 500 | ||
| Methylcyclohexanol | 25639-42-3 | 100 | ||
| o-Methylcyclohexanone | 583-60-8 | 100 | ||
| Methylene chloride | 75-09-2 | 500 | ||
| Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); | ||||
| see 2-Butanone | ||||
| Methyl formate | 107-31-3 | 100 | ||
| Methyl hydrazine | ||||
| (Monomethyl hydrazine) | 60-34-4 | (C)0.2 | ||
| Methyl iodide | 74-88-4 | 5 | ||
| Methyl isoamyl ketone | 110-12-3 | 100 | ||
| Methyl isobutyl carbinol | 108-11-2 | 25 | ||
| Methyl isobutyl ketone; see Hexone | ||||
| Methyl isocyanate | 624-83-9 | 0.02 | ||
| Methyl mercaptan | 74-93-1 | 0.5 | ||
| Methyl methacrylate | 80-62-6 | 100 | ||
| Methyl propyl ketone; see 2-Pentanone | ||||
| Methyl silicate | 681-84-5 | (C)5 | ||
| alpha-Methyl styrene | 98-83-9 | (C)100 | ||
| Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) | 101-68-8 | (C)0.02 | ||
| Methylenedianiline (MDA) | 101-77-9 | |||
| Mica; see Silicates | ||||
| Molybdenum (as Mo) | 7439-98-7 | |||
| Soluble compounds | ||||
| Insoluble Compounds | ||||
| Total dust | ||||
| Monomethyl aniline | 100-61-8 | 2 | ||
| Monomethyl hydrazine; | ||||
| see Methyl hydrazine | ||||
| Morpholine | 110-91-8 | 20 | ||
| Naphtha (Coal tar) | 8030-30-6 | 100 | ||
| Naphthalene | 91-20-3 | 10 | ||
| alpha-Naphthylamine; see 1926.1104 | 134-32-7 | |||
| beta-Naphthylamine; see 1926.1109 | 91-59-8 | |||
| Neon | 7440-01-9 | E | ||
| Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) | 13463-39-3 | 0.001 | ||
| Nickel, metal and insoluble compounds |
| (as Ni) | 7440-02-0 | |
|---|---|---|
| Nickel, soluble compounds (as Ni) | 7440-02-0 | |
| Nicotine | 54-11-5 | |
| Nitric acid | 7697-37-2 | 2 |
| Nitric oxide | 10102-43-9 | 25 |
| p-Nitroaniline | 100-01-6 | 1 |
| Nitrobenzene | 98-95-3 | 1 |
| p-Nitrochlorobenzene | 100-00-5 | |
| 4-Nitrodiphenyl; see 1926.1103 | 92-93-3 | |
| Nitroethane | 79-24-3 | 100 |
| Nitrogen | 7727-37-9 | E |
| Nitrogen dioxide | 10102-44-0 | (C)5 |
| Nitrogen trifluoride | 7783-54-2 | 10 |
| Nitroglycerin | 55-63-0 | (C)0.2 |
| Nitromethane | 75-52-5 | 100 |
| 1-Nitropropane | 108-03-2 | 25 |
| 2-Nitropropane | 79-46-9 | 25 |
| N-Nitrosodimethylamine; see 1926.1116 | 62-79-9 | |
| Nitrotoluene (all isomers) | 5 | |
| o-isomer | 88-72-2 | |
| m-isomer | 99-08-1 | |
| p-isomer | 99-99-0 | |
| Nitrotrichloromethane; see Chloropicrin | ||
| Nitrous oxide | 10024-97-2 | E |
| Octachloronaphthalene | 2234-13-1 | |
| Octane | 111-65-9 | 400 |
| Oil mist, mineral | 8012-95-1 | |
| Osmium tetroxide (as Os) | 20816-12-0 | |
| Oxalic acid | 144-62-7 | |
| Oxygen difluoride | 7783-41-7 | 0.05 |
| Ozone | 10028-15-6 | 0.1 |
| Paraquat, respirable dust | 4685-14-7 | |
| 1910-42-5 | ||
| 2074-50-2 | ||
| Parathion | 56-38-2 | |
| Particulates not otherwise regulated | ||
| Total dust organic and inorganic | ||
| PCB; see Chlorodiphenyl (42 percent and 54 percent chlorine) | ||
| Pentaborane | 19624-22-7 | 0.005 |
| Pentachloronaphthalene | 1321-64-8 | |
| Pentachlorophenol | 87-86-5 | |
| Pentaerythritol | 115-77-5 |
| Total dust | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Pentane | 109-66-0 | 500 | |
| 2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone) | 107-87-9 | 200 | |
| Perchloroethylene | |||
| (Tetrachloroethylene) | 127-18-4 | 100 | |
| Perchloromethyl mercaptan | 594-42-3 | 0.1 | |
| Perchloryl fluoride | 7616-94-6 | 3 | |
| Petroleum distillates | |||
| (Naphtha)(Rubber Solvent) | |||
| Phenol | 108-95-2 | 5 | |
| p-Phenylene diamine | 106-50-3 | ||
| Phenyl ether, vapor | 101-84-8 | 1 | |
| Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture, vapor | 1 | ||
| Phenylethylene; see Styrene | |||
| Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) | 122-60-1 | 10 | |
| Phenylhydrazine | 100-63-0 | 5 | |
| Phosdrin (Mevinphos) | 7786-34-7 | ||
| Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride) | 75-44-5 | 0.1 | |
| Phosphine | 7803-51-2 | 0.3 | |
| Phosphoric acid | 7664-38-2 | ||
| Phosphorus (yellow) | 7723-14-0 | ||
| Phosphorus pentachloride | 10026-13-8 | ||
| Phosphorus pentasulfide | 1314-80-3 | ||
| Phosphorus trichloride | 7719-12-2 | 0.5 | |
| Phthalic anhydride | 85-44-9 | 2 | |
| Picric acid | 88-89-1 | ||
| Pindone (2-Pivalyl-1, 3-indandione) | 83-26-1 | ||
| Plaster of paris | 26499-65-0 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Platinum (as Pt) | 7440-06-4 | ||
| Metal | |||
| Soluble Salts | |||
| Polytetrafluoroethylene | |||
| decomposition products | |||
| Portland cement | 65997-15-1 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Propane | 74-98-6 | E | |
| Propargyl alcohol | 107-19-7 | 1 | |
| beta-Propiolactone; see 1926.1113 | 57-57-8 | ||
| n-Propyl acetate | 109-60-4 | 200 | |
| n-Propyl alcohol | 71-23-8 | 200 |
| n-Propyl nitrate | 627-13-4 | 25 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Propylene dichloride | 78-87-5 | 75 | |
| Propylene imine | 75-55-8 | 2 | |
| Propylene oxide | 75-56-9 | 100 | |
| Propyne; see Methyl acetylene | |||
| Pyrethrum | 8003-34-7 | ||
| Pyridine | 110-86-1 | 5 | |
| Quinone | 106-51-4 | 0.1 | |
| RDX: see Cyclonite | |||
| Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds | 7440-16-6 | ||
| Rhodium (as Rh), soluble compounds | 7440-16-6 | ||
| Ronnel | 299-84-3 | ||
| Rotenone | 83-79-4 | ||
| Rouge | |||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Selenium compounds (as Se) | 7782-49-2 | ||
| Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) | 7783-79-1 | 0.05 | |
| Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel | 112926-00-8 | (2) | |
| Silica, amorphous, diatomaceous earth, containing less than 1 percent crystalline silica | 61790-53-2 | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline cristobalite, respirable dust | 14464-46-1 | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline quartz, respirable dust | 14808-60-7 | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline tripoli (as quartz), respirable dust | 1317-95-9 | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline tridymite, respirable dust | 15468-32-3 | (2) | |
| Silica, fused, respirable dust | 60676-86-0 | (2) | |
| Silicates (less than 1 percent crystalline silica) Mica (respirable dust) | 12001-26-2 | (2) | |
| Soapstone, total dust | (2) | ||
| Soapstone, respirable dust | (2) | ||
| Talc (containing asbestos); use asbesto limit; see 1926.58 | |||
| Talc (containing no asbestos), respirable dust | 14807-96-6 | (2) | |
| Tremolite, asbestosiform; see 1926.58 | |||
| Silicon carbide | 409-21-2 |
| Total dust | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Silver, metal and soluble compounds | |||
| (as Ag) | 7440-22-4 | ||
| Soapstone; see Silicates | |||
| Sodium fluoroacetate | 62-74-8 | ||
| Sodium hydroxide | 1310-73-2 | ||
| Starch | 9005-25-8 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Stibine | 7803-52-3 | 0.1 | |
| Stoddard solvent | 8052-41-3 | 200 | |
| Strychnine | 57-24-9 | ||
| Styrene | 100-42-5 | (C)100 | |
| Sucrose | 57-50-1 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Sulfur dioxide | 7446-09-5 | 5 | |
| Sulfur hexafluoride | 2551-62-4 | 1000 | |
| Sulfuric acid | 7664-93-9 | ||
| Sulfur monochloride | 10025-67-9 | 1 | |
| Sulfur pentafluoride | 5714-22-7 | 0.025 | |
| Sulfuryl fluoride | 2699-79-8 | 5 | |
| Systox; see Demeton | |||
| 2,4,5-T | |||
| (2,4,5-tri-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) | 93-76-5 | ||
| Talc; see Silicates | |||
| Tantalum, metal and oxide dust | 7440-25-7 | ||
| TEDP (Sulfotep) | 3689-24-5 | ||
| Teflon decomposition products | |||
| Tellurium and compounds (as Te) | 13494-80-9 | ||
| Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) | 7783-80-4 | 0.02 | |
| Temephos | 3383-96-8 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| TEPP (Tetraethyl pyrophosphaate) | 107-49-3 | ||
| Terphenylis | 26140-60-3 | (C)1 | |
| 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2, | |||
| 2-difluoroethane | 76-11-9 | 500 | |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1, | |||
| 2-difluoroethane | 76-12-0 | 500 | |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 79-34-5 | 5 | |
| Tetrachloroethylene; | |||
| see Perchloroethylene |
| Tetrachloromethane; | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| see Carbon tetrachloride... | |||
| Tetrachloronaphthalene... | 1335-88-2 | ... | |
| Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)... | 78-00-2 | ... | |
| Tetrahydrofuran... | 109-99-9 | 200 | |
| Tetramethyl lead, (as Pb)... | 75-74-1 | ... | |
| Tetramethyl succinonitrile... | 3333-52-6 | 0.5 | |
| Tetranitromethane... | 509-14-8 | 1 | |
| Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethyl- nitramine)... | 479-45-8 | ... | |
| Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl)... | 7440-28-0 | ... | |
| Thiram... | 137-26-8 | ... | |
| Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn)... | 7440-31-5 | ... | |
| Tin, organic compounds (as Sn)... | 7440-31-5 | ... | |
| Tin oxide (as Sn)... | 21651-19-4 | ... | |
| Total dust... | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction... | ... | ||
| Titanium dioxide... | 13463-67-7 | ||
| Total dust... | ... | ||
| Toluene... | 108-88-3 | 200 | |
| Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI)... | 584-84-9 | (C)0.02 | |
| o-Toluidine... | 95-53-4 | 5 | |
| Toxaphene; see Chlorinated camphene... | |||
| Tremolite; see Silicates... | |||
| Tributyl phosphate... | 126-73-8 | ... | |
| 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; see Methyl chloroform... | |||
| 1,1,2-Trichloroethane... | 79-00-5 | 10 | |
| Trichloroethylene... | 79-01-6 | 100 | |
| Trichloromethane; see Chloroform... | |||
| Trichloronaphthalene... | 1321-65-9 | ... | |
| 1,2,3-Trichloropropane... | 96-18-4 | 50 | |
| 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2, 2-trifluoroethane | 76-13-1 | 1000 | |
| Triethylamine... | 121-44-8 | 25 | |
| Trifluorobromomethane... | 75-63-8 | 1000 | |
| Trimethyl benzene... | 25551-13-7 | 25 | |
| 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl; see Picric acid. | |||
| 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethyl nitramine; see Tetryl... | |||
| 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)... | 118-96-7 | ... | |
| Triorthocresyl phosphate... | 78-30-8 | ... | |
| Triphenyl phosphate... | 115-86-6 | ... | |
| Tungsten (as W)... | 7440-33-7 |
| Insoluble compounds | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Soluble compounds | |||
| Turpentine | 8006-64-2 | 100 | |
| Uranium (as U) | 7440-61-1 | ||
| Soluble compounds | |||
| Insoluble compounds | |||
| Vanadium | 1314-62-1 | ||
| Respirable dust (as V(2)O(5)) | |||
| Fume (as V(2)O(5)) | |||
| Vegetable oil mist | |||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Vinyl benzene; see Styrene | |||
| Vinyl chloride; see 1926.1117 | 75-01-4 | ||
| Vinyl cyanide; see Acrylonitrile | |||
| Vinyl toluene | 25013-15-4 | 100 | |
| Warfarin | 81-81-2 | ||
| Xylenes (o-, m-, p-isomers) | 1330-20-7 | 100 | |
| Xylidine | 1300-73-8 | 5 | |
| Yttrium | 7440-65-5 | ||
| Zinc chloride fume | 7646-85-7 | ||
| Zinc oxide fume | 1314-13-2 | ||
| Zinc oxide | 1314-13-2 | ||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Zirconium compounds (as Zr) | 7440-67-7 |
CONTAMINANTS FOR CONSTRUCTION
[Continued]
| Substance | mg/m(3)(b) | Skin Designation |
|---|---|---|
| Abate; see Temephos | ||
| Acetaldehyde | 360 | |
| Acetic acid | 25 |
| Acetic anhydride | 20 | ... | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetone | 2400 | ... | ||
| Acetonitrile | 70 | ... | ||
| 2-Acetylaminofluorene; see 1926.1114. | ||||
| Acetylene | ||||
| Acetylene dichloride; | ||||
| see 1,2-Dichloroethylene | ||||
| Acetylene tetrabromide | 14 | ... | ||
| Acrolein | 0.25 | ... | ||
| Acrylamide | 0.3 | X | ||
| Acrylonitrile; see 1926.1145 | ||||
| Aldrin | 0.25 | X | ||
| Allyl alcohol | 5 | X | ||
| Allyl chloride | 3 | ... | ||
| Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) | (C)45 | ... | ||
| Allyl propyl disulfide | 12 | ... | ||
| alpha-Alumina | ||||
| Total dust | ... | |||
| Respirable fraction | ... | |||
| Alundum; see alpha-Alumina | ||||
| 4-Aminodiphenyl; see 1926.1111 | ||||
| 2-Aminoethanol; see Ethanolamine | ||||
| 2-Aminopyridine | 2 | ... | ||
| Ammonia | 35 | ... | ||
| Ammonium sulfamate | ||||
| Total dust | 15 | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction | 5 | ... | ||
| n-Amyl acetate | 525 | ... | ||
| sec-Amyl acetate | 650 | ... | ||
| Aniline and homologs | 19 | X | ||
| Anisidine (o-,p-isomers) | 0.5 | X | ||
| Antimony and compounds (as Sb) | 0.5 | ... | ||
| ANTU (alpha Naphthylthiourea) | 0.3 | ... | ||
| Argon | ||||
| Arsenic, inorganic compounds (as As); | ||||
| see 1926.1118 | ... | |||
| Arsenic, organic compounds (as As) | 0.5 | ... | ||
| Arsine | 0.2 | ... | ||
| Asbestos; see 1926.58 | ||||
| Azinphos-methyl | 0.2 | X | ||
| Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba) | 0.5 | ... | ||
| Benzene(g); See 1926.1128 | ||||
| Benzidine; See 1926.1110 | ||||
| p-Benzoquinone; see Quinone |
| Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzoyl peroxide | 5 | ... | |
| Benzyl chloride | 5 | ... | |
| Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) | 0.002 | ... | |
| Biphenyl; see Diphenyl | |||
| Bisphenol A; see Diglycidyl ether | |||
| Boron oxide | |||
| Total dust | 15 | ... | |
| Boron tribromide | 10 | ... | |
| Boron trifluoride | (C)3 | ... | |
| Bromine | 0.7 | ... | |
| Bromine pentafluoride | 0.7 | ... | |
| Bromoform | 5 | X | |
| *Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene); See 29 CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19(1) | |||
| Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan | |||
| 2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) | 590 | ... | |
| 2-Butoxyethanol | 240 | X | |
| n-Butyl-acetate | 710 | ... | |
| sec-Butyl acetate | 950 | ... | |
| tert-Butyl-acetate | 950 | ... | |
| n-Butyl alcohol | 300 | ... | |
| sec-Butyl alcohol | 450 | ... | |
| tert-Butyl alcohol | 300 | ... | |
| Butylamine | (C)15 | X | |
| tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO(3)) | (C)0.1 | X | |
| n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) | 270 | ... | |
| Butyl mercaptan | 1.5 | ... | |
| p-tert-Butyltoluene | 60 | ... | |
| Cadmium (as Cd); see 1910.1027 | |||
| Calcium Carbonate | |||
| Total dust | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction | ... | ||
| Calcium oxide | 5 | ... | |
| Calcium sulfate | |||
| Total dust | 15 | ... | |
| Respirable fraction | 5 | ... | |
| Camphor, synthetic | 2 | ... | |
| Carbaryl (Sevin) | 5 | ... | |
| Carbon black | 3.5 | ... | |
| Carbon dioxide | 9000 | ... | |
| Carbon disulfide | 60 | X |
| Carbon monoxide | 55 | ... | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon tetrachloride | 65 | X | ||
| Cellulose | ||||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Chlordane | 0.5 | X | ||
| Chlorinated camphene | 0.5 | X | ||
| Chlorinated diphenyl oxide | 0.5 | ... | ||
| Chlorine | 3 | ... | ||
| Chlorine dioxide | 0.3 | |||
| Chlorine trifluoride | (C)0.4 | ... | ||
| Chloroacetaldehyde | (C)3 | ... | ||
| a-Chloroacetophenone | ||||
| (Phenacyl chloride) | 0.3 | ... | ||
| Chlorobenzene | 350 | ... | ||
| o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile | 0.4 | ... | ||
| Chlorobromomethane | 1050 | ... | ||
| 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; | ||||
| See beta-Chloroprene | ||||
| Chlorodiphenyl (42 percent Chlorine) | ||||
| (PCB) | 1 | X | ||
| Chlorodiphenyl (54 percent Chlorine) | ||||
| (PCB) | 0.5 | X | ||
| 1-Chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane; | ||||
| See Epichlorohydrin | ||||
| 2-Chloroethanol; | ||||
| See Ethylene chlorohydrin | ||||
| Chloroethylene; See Vinyl chloride | ||||
| Chloroform (Trichloromethane) | (C)240 | ... | ||
| bis(Chloromethyl) ether; | ||||
| see 1926.1108 | ||||
| Chloromethyl methyl ether; | ||||
| see 1926.1106 | ||||
| 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane | 100 | ... | ||
| Chloropicrin | 0.7 | ... | ||
| beta-Chloroprene | 90 | X | ||
| Chromic acid and chromates (as CrO(3)) | 0.1 | ... | ||
| Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr) | 0.5 | ... | ||
| Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr) | 0.5 | ... | ||
| Chromium metal and insol. salts | ||||
| (as Cr) | 1 | ... | ||
| Chrysene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles | ||||
| Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene | ||||
| soluble fraction), anthracene, BaP, |
| phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| pyrene | 0.2 | ||
| Cobalt metal, dust, and fume (as Co) | 0.1 | ||
| Coke oven emissions; see 1926.1129 | 0.15 | ||
| Copper | |||
| Fume (as Cu) | 0.1 | ||
| Dusts and mists (as Cu) | 1 | ||
| Corundum; see Emery | |||
| Cotton dust (raw) | 1 | ||
| Crag herbicide (Sesone) | |||
| Total dust | |||
| Respirable fraction | |||
| Cresol, all isomers | 22 | X | |
| Crotonaldehyde | 6 | ||
| Cumene | 245 | X | |
| Cyanides (as CN) | 5 | X | |
| Cyanogen | |||
| Cyclohexane | 1050 | ||
| Cyclohexanol | 200 | ||
| Cyclohexanone | 200 | ||
| Cyclohexene | 1015 | ||
| Cyclonite | 1.5 | X | |
| Cyclopentadiene | 200 | ||
| DDT, | |||
| see Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | |||
| DDVP, see Dichlorvos | |||
| 2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) | 10 | ||
| Decaborane | 0.3 | X | |
| Demeton (Systox) | 0.1 | X | |
| Diacetone alcohol | |||
| (4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) | 240 | ||
| 1,2-Diaminoethane; | |||
| see Ethylenediamine | |||
| Diazomethane | 0.4 | ||
| Diborane | 0.1 | ||
| 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP); | |||
| see 1926.1144 | |||
| 1,2-Dibromoethane; | |||
| See Ethylene dibromide | |||
| Dibutyl phosphate | 5 | ||
| Dibutyl phthalate | 5 | ||
| Dichloroacetylene | (C)0.4 | ||
| o-Dichlorobenzene | (C)300 |
| p-Dichlorobenzene | 450 | ... | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine; see 1926.1107. | ||||
| Dichlorodifluoromethane | 4950 | ... | ||
| 1,3-Dichloro-5, 5-dimethyl hydantoin. | 0.2 | ... | ||
| Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). | 1 | X | ||
| 1,1-Dichloroethane | 400 | ... | ||
| 1,2-Dichloroethane; | ||||
| See Ethylene dichloride | ||||
| 1,2-Dichloroethylene | 790 | ... | ||
| Dichloroethyl ether | (C)90 | X | ||
| Dichloromethane; | ||||
| See Methylene chloride | ||||
| Dichloromonofluoromethane | 4200 | ... | ||
| 1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane | (C)60 | ... | ||
| 1,2-Dichloropropane; | ||||
| see Propylene dichloride | ||||
| Dichlorotetrafluoroethane | 7000 | ... | ||
| Dichlorvos (DDVP) | 1 | X | ||
| Dieldrin | 0.25 | X | ||
| Diethylamine | 75 | ... | ||
| 2-Diethylaminoethanol | 50 | X | ||
| Diethylene triamine | (C)42 | X | ||
| Diethyl ether; see Ethyl ether | ||||
| Difluorodibromomethane | 860 | ... | ||
| Diglycidyl ether (DGE) | (C)2.8 | ... | ||
| Dihydroxybenzene; see Hydroquinone | ||||
| Diisobutyl ketone | 290 | ... | ||
| Diisopropylamine | 20 | X | ||
| 4-Dimethylaminoazo benzene; | ||||
| see 1926.1115 | ||||
| Dimethoxymethane; see Methylal | ||||
| Dimethyl acetamide | 35 | X | ||
| Dimethylamine | 18 | ... | ||
| Dimethylaminobenzene; see Xylidine | ||||
| Dimethylaniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline). | 25 | X | ||
| Dimethylbenzene; see Xylene | ||||
| Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2, | ||||
| 2-dichloroethyl phosphate | 3 | ... | ||
| Dimethylformamide | 30 | X | ||
| 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone; | ||||
| See Diisobutyl ketone | ||||
| 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine | 1 | X | ||
| Dimethylphthalate | 5 | ... | ||
| Dimethyl sulfate | 5 | X |
| Dinitrobenzene | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| (all isomers) | 1 | X | |
| (ortho) | |||
| (meta) | |||
| (para) | |||
| Dinitro-o-cresol | 0.2 | X | |
| Dinitrotoluene | 1.5 | X | |
| Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide) | 360 | X | |
| Diphenyl (Biphenyl) | 1 | ... | |
| Diphenylamine | 10 | ... | |
| Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; see Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate. | |||
| Dipropylene glycol methyl ether | 600 | X | |
| Di-sec octyl phthalate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) | 5 | ... | |
| Emery | |||
| Total dust | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction | ... | ||
| Endosulfan | 0.1 | X | |
| Endrin | 0.1 | X | |
| Epichlorohydrin | 19 | X | |
| EPN | 0.5 | X | |
| 1,2-Epoxypropane; see Propylene oxide. | |||
| 2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol; see Glycidol | |||
| Ethane | |||
| Ethanethiol; see Ethyl mercaptan | |||
| Ethanolamine | 6 | ... | |
| 2-Ethoxyethanol (Cellosolve) | 740 | X | |
| 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve acetate) | 540 | X | |
| Ethyl acetate | 1400 | ... | |
| Ethyl acrylate | 100 | X | |
| Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) | 1900 | ... | |
| Ethylamine | 18 | ... | |
| Ethyl amyl ketone (5-Methyl-3-heptanone) | 130 | ... | |
| Ethyl benzene | 435 | ... | |
| Ethyl bromide | 890 | ... | |
| Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) | 230 | ... | |
| Ethyl chloride | 2600 | ... | |
| Ethyl ether | 1200 | ... | |
| Ethyl formate | 300 | ... | |
| Ethyl mercaptan | 1 | ... | |
| Ethyl silicate | 850 | ... |
| Ethylene | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethylene chlorohydrin | 16 | X | ||
| Ethylenediamine | 25 | ... | ||
| Ethylene dibromide | (C)190 | X | ||
| Ethylene dichloride | ||||
| (1,2-Dichloroethane) | 200 | ... | ||
| Ethylene glycol dinitrate | (C)1 | X | ||
| Ethylene glycol methyl acetate; | ||||
| see Methyl cellosolve acetate | ||||
| Ethyleneimine; see 1926.1112 | ||||
| Ethylene oxide; see 1926.1147 | ||||
| Ethylidene chloride; | ||||
| see 1,1-Dichlorethane | ||||
| N-Ethylmorpholine | 94 | X | ||
| Ferbam | ||||
| Total dust | 15 | ... | ||
| Ferrovanadium dust | 1 | ... | ||
| Fibrous Glass | ||||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Fluorides (as F) | 2.5 | ... | ||
| Fluorine | 0.2 | ... | ||
| Fluorotrichloromethane | ||||
| (Trichlorofluoromethane) | 5600 | ... | ||
| Formaldehyde; see 1926.1148 | ||||
| Formic acid | 9 | ... | ||
| Furfural | 20 | X | ||
| Furfuryl alcohol | 200 | ... | ||
| Gasoline | A(3) | ... | ||
| Glycerin (mist) | ||||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction | ||||
| Glycidol | 150 | ... | ||
| Glycol monoethyl ether; | ||||
| see 2-Ethoxyethanol | ||||
| Graphite, natural | ||||
| respirable dust | (2) | (2) | ||
| Graphite, synthetic | ||||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable Fraction | ||||
| Guthion; see Azinphos methyl | ||||
| Gypsum | ||||
| Total dust | ||||
| Respirable fraction |
| Hafnium | 0.5 | ... | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helium | ||||
| Heptachlor | 0.5 | X | ||
| Heptane (n-Heptane) | 2000 | ... | ||
| Hexachloroethane | 10 | X | ||
| Hexachloronaphthalene | 0.2 | X | ||
| n-Hexane | 1800 | ... | ||
| 2-Hexanone (Methyl n-butyl ketone) | 410 | ... | ||
| Hexone (Methyl isobutyl ketone) | 410 | ... | ||
| sec-Hexyl acetate | 300 | ... | ||
| Hydrazine | 1.3 | X | ||
| Hydrogen | ||||
| Hydrogen bromide | 10 | ... | ||
| Hydrogen chloride | (C)7 | ... | ||
| Hydrogen cyanide | 11 | X | ||
| Hydrogen fluoride (as F) | 2 | ... | ||
| Hydrogen peroxide | 1.4 | ... | ||
| Hydrogen selenide (as Se) | 0.2 | ... | ||
| Hydrogen sulfide | 15 | ... | ||
| Hydroquinone | 2 | ... | ||
| Indene | 45 | ... | ||
| Indium and compounds (as in) | 0.1 | ... | ||
| Iodine | (C)1 | ... | ||
| Iron oxide fume | 10 | ... | ||
| Iron salts (soluble) (as Fe) | 1 | ... | ||
| Isomyl acetate | 525 | ... | ||
| Isomyl alcohol (primary and secondary) | 360 | ... | ||
| Isobutyl acetate | 700 | ... | ||
| Isobutyl alcohol | 300 | ... | ||
| Isophorone | 140 | ... | ||
| Isopropyl acetate | 950 | ... | ||
| Isopropyl alcohol | 980 | ... | ||
| Isopropylamine | 12 | ... | ||
| Isopropyl ether | 2100 | ... | ||
| Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) | 240 | ... | ||
| Kaolin | ||||
| Total dust | ... | |||
| Respirable fraction | ... | |||
| Ketene | 0.9 | ... | ||
| Lead inorganic (as Pb); see 1926.62 | ||||
| Limestone | ||||
| Total dust | ... | |||
| Respirable fraction | ... | |||
| Lindane | 0.5 | X |
| Lithium hydride | 0.025 | |
|---|---|---|
| L.P.G. (Liquified petroleum gas) | 1800 | |
| Magnesite | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Magnesium oxide fume | ||
| Total Particulate | 15 | |
| Malathion | ||
| Total dust | 15 | X |
| Maleic anhydride | ||
| Manganese compounds (as Mn) | (C)5 | |
| Manganese fume (as Mn) | (C)5 | |
| Marble | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Mercury (aryl and inorganic)(as Hg) | 0.1 | X |
| Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds (as Hg) | 0.01 | X |
| Mercury (vapor) (as Hg) | 0.1 | X |
| Mesityl oxide | 100 | |
| Methane | ||
| Methanethiol; see Methyl mercaptan | ||
| Methoxychlor | ||
| Total dust | 15 | |
| 2-Methoxyethanol; (Methyl cellosolve) | 80 | X |
| 2- Methoxyethyl acetate (Methyl cellosolve acetate) | 120 | X |
| Methyl acetate | 610 | |
| Methyl acetylene (Propyne) | 1650 | |
| Methyl acetylene propadiene mixture (MAPP) | 1800 | |
| Methyl acrylate | 35 | X |
| Methylal (Dimethoxy-methane) | 3100 | |
| Methyl alcohol | 260 | |
| Methylamine | 12 | |
| Methyl amyl alcohol; see Methyl Isobutyl carbinol | ||
| Methyl n-amyl ketone | 465 | |
| Methyl bromide | (C)80 | X |
| Methyl butyl ketone; see 2-Hexanone | ||
| Methyl cellosolve; see 2-Methoxyethanol | ||
| Methyl cellosolve acetate; see 2-Methoxyethyl acetate |
| Methyl chloride | 210 | ... | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Methyl chloroform | ||||
| (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) | 1900 | ... | ||
| Methylcyclohexane | 2000 | ... | ||
| Methylcyclohexanol | 470 | ... | ||
| o-Methylcyclohexanone | 460 | X | ||
| Methylene chloride | 1740 | ... | ||
| Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); see 2-Butanone | ||||
| Methyl formate | 250 | ... | ||
| Methyl hydrazine | ||||
| (Monomethyl hydrazine) | (C)0.35 | X | ||
| Methyl iodide | 28 | X | ||
| Methyl isoamyl ketone | 475 | ... | ||
| Methyl isobutyl carbinol | 100 | X | ||
| Methyl isobutyl ketone; see Hexone | ||||
| Methyl isocyanate | 0.05 | X | ||
| Methyl mercaptan | 1 | ... | ||
| Methyl methacrylate | 410 | ... | ||
| Methyl propyl ketone; see 2-Pentanone | ||||
| Methyl silicate | (C)30 | ... | ||
| alpha-Methyl styrene | (C)480 | ... | ||
| Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) | (C)0.2 | ... | ||
| Methylenedianiline (MDA) | ||||
| Mica; see Silicates | ||||
| Molybdenum (as Mo) | ||||
| Soluble compounds | 5 | ... | ||
| Insoluble Compounds | ||||
| Total dust | 15 | ... | ||
| Monomethyl aniline | 9 | X | ||
| Monomethyl hydrazine; see Methyl hydrazine | ||||
| Morpholine | 70 | X | ||
| Naphtha (Coal tar) | 400 | ... | ||
| Naphthalene | 50 | ... | ||
| alpha-Naphthylamine; see 1926.1104 | ||||
| beta-Naphthylamine; see 1926.1109 | ... | |||
| Neon | ||||
| Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) | 0.007 | ... | ||
| Nickel, metal and insoluble compounds | ||||
| (as Ni) | 1 | ... | ||
| Nickel, soluble compounds (as Ni) | 1 | ... | ||
| Nicotine | 0.5 | X | ||
| Nitric acid | 5 | ... |
| Nitric oxide | 30 | ... | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-Nitroaniline | 6 | X | ||
| Nitrobenzene | 5 | X | ||
| p-Nitrochlorobenzene | 1 | X | ||
| 4-Nitrodiphenyl; see 1926.1103 | ||||
| Nitroethane | 310 | ... | ||
| Nitrogen | ||||
| Nitrogen dioxide | (C)9 | ... | ||
| Nitrogen trifluoride | 29 | ... | ||
| Nitroglycerin | (C)2 | X | ||
| Nitromethane | 250 | ... | ||
| 1-Nitropropane | 90 | ... | ||
| 2-Nitropropane | 90 | ... | ||
| N-Nitrosodimethylamine; see 1926.1116 | ... | |||
| Nitrotoluene (all isomers) | 30 | X | ||
| o-isomer | ||||
| m-isomer | ||||
| p-isomer | ||||
| Nitrotrichloromethane; | ||||
| see Chloropicrin | ||||
| Nitrous oxide | ||||
| Octachloronaphthalene | 0.1 | X | ||
| Octane | 1900 | ... | ||
| Oil mist, mineral | 5 | ... | ||
| Osmium tetroxide (as Os) | 0.002 | ... | ||
| Oxalic acid | 1 | ... | ||
| Oxygen difluoride | 0.1 | ... | ||
| Ozone | 0.2 | ... | ||
| Paraquat, respirable dust | 0.5 | X | ||
| Parathion | 0.1 | X | ||
| Particulates not otherwise regulated | ||||
| Total dust organic and inorganic | 15 | ... | ||
| PCB; see Chlorodiphenyl | ||||
| (42 percent and 54 percent chlorine) | ||||
| Pentaborane | 0.01 | ... | ||
| Pentachloronaphthalene | 0.5 | X | ||
| Pentachlorophenol | 0.5 | X | ||
| Pentaerythritol | ||||
| Total dust | ... | |||
| Respirable fraction | ... | |||
| Pentane | 1500 | ... | ||
| 2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone) | 700 | ... |
| Perchloroethylene | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| (Tetrachloroethylene)... | 670 | ... | |
| Perchloromethyl mercaptan... | 0.8 | ... | |
| Perchloryl fluoride... | 13.5 | ... | |
| Petroleum distillates | |||
| (Naphtha)(Rubber Solvent)... | A(3) | ... | |
| Phenol... | 19 | X | |
| p-Phenylene diamine... | 0.1 | X | |
| Phenyl ether, vapor... | 7 | ... | |
| Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture, vapor.. | 7 | ... | |
| Phenylethylene; see Styrene... | |||
| Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE)... | 60 | ... | |
| Phenylhydrazine... | 22 | X | |
| Phosdrin (Mevinphos)... | 0.1 | X | |
| Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride)... | 0.4 | ... | |
| Phosphine... | 0.4 | ... | |
| Phosphoric acid... | 1 | ... | |
| Phosphorus (yellow)... | 0.1 | ... | |
| Phosphorus pentachloride... | 1 | ... | |
| Phosphorus pentasulfide... | 1 | ... | |
| Phosphorus trichloride... | 3 | ... | |
| Phthalic anhydride... | 12 | ... | |
| Picric acid... | 0.1 | X | |
| Pindone (2-Pivalyl-1, 3-indandione)... | 0.1 | ... | |
| Plaster of paris... | |||
| Total dust... | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction... | ... | ||
| Platinum (as Pt)... | |||
| Metal... | ... | ||
| Soluble Salts... | 0.002 | ... | |
| Polytetrafluoroethylene | |||
| decomposition products... | A(2) | ||
| Portland cement... | |||
| Total dust... | 15 | ... | |
| Respirable fraction... | 5 | ... | |
| Propane... | |||
| Propargyl alcohol... | X | ||
| beta-Propiolactone; see 1926.1113... | |||
| n-Propyl acetate... | 840 | ... | |
| n-Propyl alcohol... | 500 | ... | |
| n-Propyl nitrate... | 110 | ... | |
| Propylene dichloride... | 350 | ... | |
| Propylene imine... | 5 | X | |
| Propylene oxide... | 240 | ... |
| Propyne; see Methyl acetylene... | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pyrethrum... | 5 | ... | |
| Pyridine... | 15 | ... | |
| Quinone... | 0.4 | ... | |
| RDX; see Cyclonite... | |||
| Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds... | 0.1 | ... | |
| Rhodium (as Rh), soluble compounds... | 0.001 | ... | |
| Ronnel... | 10 | ... | |
| Rotenone... | 5 | ... | |
| Rouge... | |||
| Total dust... | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction... | ... | ||
| Selenium compounds (as Se)... | 0.2 | ... | |
| Selenium hexafluoride (as Se)... | 0.4 | ... | |
| Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silica, amorphous, diatomaceous earth, containing less than 1 percent crystalline silica... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline cristobalite, respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline quartz, respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline tripoli (as quartz), respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silica, crystalline tridymite, respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silica, fused, respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Silicates (less than 1 percent crystalline silica) Mica (respirable dust)... | (2) | (2) | |
| Soapstone, total dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Soapstone, respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Talc (containing asbestos); use asbesto limit; see 1926.58... | |||
| Talc (containing no asbestos), respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Tremolite, asbestosiform; see 1926.58.. | |||
| Soapstone, total dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Soapstone, respirable dust... | (2) | (2) | |
| Talc (containing asbestos)... | (3) | (3) | |
| Talc (containing no asbestos), respirable dust... | (2) | (2) |
| Tremolite | (1) | (1) |
|---|---|---|
| Silicon carbide | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag) | 0.01 | |
| Soapstone; see Silicates | ||
| Sodium fluoroacetate | 0.05 | X |
| Sodium hydroxide | 2 | |
| Starch | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Stibine | 0.5 | |
| Stoddard solvent | 1150 | |
| Strychnine | 0.15 | |
| Styrene | (C)420 | |
| Sucrose | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| Sulfur dioxide | 13 | |
| Sulfur hexafluoride | 6000 | |
| Sulfuric acid | 1 | |
| Sulfur monochloride | 6 | |
| Sulfur pentafluoride | 0.25 | |
| Sulfuryl fluoride | 20 | |
| Systox; see Demeton | ||
| 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-tri-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) | 10 | |
| Talc; see Silicates | ||
| Tantalum, metal and oxide dust | 5 | |
| TEDP (Sulfotep) | 0.2 | X |
| Teflon decomposition products | A2 | |
| Tellurium and compounds (as Te) | 0.1 | |
| Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) | 0.2 | |
| Temephos | ||
| Total dust | ||
| Respirable fraction | ||
| TEPP (Tetraethyl pyrophosphaate) | 0.05 | X |
| Terphenylis | (C)9 | |
| 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2, 2-difluoroethane | 4170 | |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1, 2-difluoroethane | 4170 | |
| 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane | 35 | X |
| Tetrachloroethylene; | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| see Perchloroethylene... | |||
| Tetrachloromethane; | |||
| See Carbon tetrachloride... | |||
| Tetrachloronaphthalene... | 2 | X | |
| Tetraethyl lead (as Pb)... | 0.1 | X | |
| Tetrahydrofuran... | 590 | ... | |
| Tetramethyl lead, (as Pb)... | 0.15 | X | |
| Tetramethyl succinonitrile... | 3 | X | |
| Tetranitromethane... | 8 | ... | |
| Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethyl- nitramine)... | 1.5 | X | |
| Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl)... | 0.1 | X | |
| Thiram... | 5 | ... | |
| Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn)... | 2 | ... | |
| Tin, organic compounds (as Sn)... | 0.1 | ... | |
| Tin oxide (as Sn)... | ... | ... | |
| Total dust... | ... | ||
| Respirable fraction... | ... | ||
| Titanium dioxide... | ... | ||
| Total dust... | ... | ||
| Toluene... | 750 | ... | |
| Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI)... | (C)0.14 | ... | |
| o-Toluidine... | 22 | X | |
| Toxaphene; see Chlorinated camphene.. | |||
| Tremolite; see Silicates... | |||
| Tributyl phosphate... | 5 | ... | |
| 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; see Methyl chloroform... | |||
| 1,1,2-Trichloroethane... | 45 | X | |
| Trichloroethylene... | 535 | ... | |
| Trichloromethane; see Chloroform | |||
| Trichloronaphthalene... | 5 | X | |
| 1,2,3-Trichloropropane... | 300 | ... | |
| 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2, 2-trifluoroethane | 7600 | ... | |
| Triethylamine... | 100 | ... | |
| Trifluorobromomethane... | 6100 | ... | |
| Trimethyl benzene... | 120 | ... | |
| 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol; see Picric acid. | |||
| 2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethyl nitramine; see Tetryl... | |||
| 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)... | 1.5 | X | |
| Triorthocresyl phosphate... | 0.1 | ... |
| Triphenyl phosphate | 3 | ... |
|---|---|---|
| Tungsten (as W) | ||
| Insoluble compounds | 5 | ... |
| Soluble compounds | 1 | ... |
| Turpentine | 560 | ... |
| Uranium (as U) | ||
| Soluble compounds | 0.2 | ... |
| Insoluble compounds | 0.2 | ... |
| Vanadium | ||
| Respirable dust (as V(2)O(5)) | (C)0.5 | ... |
| Fume (as V(2)O(5)) | (C)0.1 | ... |
| Vegetable oil mist | ||
| Total dust | ... | |
| Respirable fraction | ... | |
| Vinyl benzene; see Styrene | ||
| Vinyl chloride; see 1926.1117 | ||
| Vinyl cyanide; see Acrylonitrile | ||
| Vinyl toluene | 480 | ... |
| Warfarin | 0.1 | ... |
| Xylenes (o-, m-, p-isomers) | 435 | ... |
| Xylidine | 25 | X |
| Yttrium | 1 | ... |
| Zinc chloride fume | 1 | ... |
| Zinc oxide fume | 5 | ... |
| Zinc oxide | ||
| Total dust | 15 | ... |
| Respirable fraction | 5 | ... |
| Zirconium compounds (as Zr) | 5 |
| : --- | : --- | : --- |
|---|---|---|
| : Substance | : mppcf (j) | : --- |
| : --- | : --- | : --- |
| : SILICA: | : --- | : --- |
| : Crystalline | : --- | : --- |
| : Quartz. Threshold Limit | : 250 (k) | : --- |
| : calculated from the formula | : --- | : --- |
| : --- | : --- | : --- |
| : --- | : %SiO2+5 | : --- |
: Cristobalite : : : Amorphous, including natural : 20 : : diatomaceous earth : : : SILICATES (less than 1% : : : crystalline silica) : : : Mica : 20 : : Portland cement : 50 : : Soapstone : 20 : : Talc (non-asbestiform) : 20 : : Talc (fibrous), use asbestos : -- : : limit : : : Graphite (natural) : 15 : : : : : Inert or Nuisance Particulates: : 50 (or 15 mg/m3 : : (m) : whichever is : :[*Inert or nuisance Dusts include: the smaller) of : :all mineral, inorganic, and : total dust <1% : :organic dusts as indicated by : SiO2 : :examples in TLV's Appendix D] :---:---:
(1) [Reserved] (2) See Mineral Dusts Table. (3) Use Asbestos Limit 1926.58. (4) See 1926.58. * The PELs are 8-hour TWAs unless otherwise noted; a (C) designation denotes a ceiling limit. As determined from breathing-zone air samples. a) Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of contaminated air by volume at 25C and 760 torr. b) Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. When entry is in this column only, the value is exact; when listed with a ppm entry, it is approximate. c) [Reserved] d) The CAS number is for information only. Enforcement is based on the substance name. For an entry covering more than one metal compound, measured as the metal, the CAS number for the metal is given--not CAS numbers for the individual compounds. e-f) [Reserved] g) For sectors excluded from 1926.1128 the limit is 10 ppm TWA. h) REMOVED i) [Reserved] j) Millions of particles per cubic foot of air, based on impinger samples counted by light-field techniques.
k) The percentage of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from airborne samples, except in those instances in which other methods have been shown to be applicable. l) [Reserved] m) Covers all organic and inorganic particulates not otherwise regulated. Same as Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated.
The 1970 TLV uses letter designations instead of a numerical value as follows:
A(1) [Reserved]
A(2) Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products. Because these products decompose in part by hydrolysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively determined in air as fluoride to provide an index of exposure. No TLV is recommended pending determination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentrations should be minimal. A(3) Gasoline and/or Petroleum Distillates. The composition of these materials varies greatly and thus a single TLV for all types of these materials is no longer applicable. The content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be determined to arrive at the appropriate TLV. E) Simple asphyxiants. The limiting factor is the available oxygen which shall be at least 19.5% and be within the requirements addressing explosion in part 1926.
[39 FR 22801, June 24, 1974, as amended at 51 FR 37007, Oct. 17, 1986; 52 FR 46312, Dec. 4, 1987]
1926.56 Illumination.
(a) General. Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors, offices, shops, and storage areas shall be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination intensities listed in Table D-3 while any work is in progress: STEP
TABLE D-3 - MINIMUM ILLUMINATION INTENSITIES IN FOOT-CANDLES
| Foot- : | |
|---|---|
| Candles : | Area of Operation |
| : | |
| 5...: General construction area lighting. | |
| 3...: General construction areas, concrete placement, | |
| : excavation and waste areas, accessways, active storage | |
| : areas, loading platforms, refueling, and field | |
| : maintenance areas. | |
| 5...: Indoors: warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways. | |
| 5...: Tunnels, shafts, and general underground work areas: |
: (Exception: minimum of 10 foot-calndles is required at : tunnel and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, and : scaling. Bureau of Mines approved cap lights shall : be acceptable for use in the tunnel heading) 10...: General construction plant and shops (e.g., batch plants, : screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipment : rooms, carpenter shops, rigging lofts and active store : rooms, mess halls, and indoor toilets and workrooms.) 30...: First aid stations, infirmaries, and offices.
(b) Other areas. For areas or operations not covered above, refer to the American National Standard STEP
1926.57 Ventilation.
(a) General. Whenever hazardous substances such as dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases exist or are produced in the course of construction work, their concentrations shall not exceed the limits specified in 1926.55(a). When ventilation is used as an engineering control method, the system shall be installed and operated according to the requirements of this section.
(b) Local exhaust ventilation. Local exhaust ventilation when used as described in (a) shall be designed to prevent dispersion into the air of dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, and gases in concentrations causing harmful exposure. Such exhaust systems shall be so designed that dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases are not drawn through the work area of employees. STEP
(c) Design and operation. Exhaust fans, jets, ducts, hoods, separators, and all necessary appurtenances, including refuse receptacles, shall be so designed, constructed, maintained and operated as to ensure the required protection by maintaining a volume and velocity of exhaust air sufficient to gather dusts, fumes, vapors, or gases from said equipment or process, and to convey them to suitable points of safe disposal, thereby preventing their dispersion in harmful quantities into the atmosphere where employees work.
STEP
(d) Duration of operations.
(1) The exhaust system shall be in operation continually during all operations which it is designed to serve. If the employee remains in the contaminated zone, the system shall continue to operate after the cessation of said operations, the length of time to depend upon the individual circumstances and effectiveness of the general ventilation system. STEP
(2) Since dust capable of causing disability is, according to the best medical opinion, of microscopic size, tending to remain for hours in suspension in still air, it is essential that the exhaust system be continued in operation for a time after the work process or equipment served by the same shall have ceased, in order to ensure the removal of the harmful elements to the required extent. For the same reason, employees wearing respiratory equipment should not remove same immediately until the atmosphere seems clear.
(e) Disposal of exhaust materials. The air outlet from every dust separator, and the dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases collected by an exhaust or ventilating system shall discharge to the outside atmosphere. Collecting systems which return air to work area may be used if concentrations which accumulate in the work area air do not result in harmful exposure to employees. Dust and refuse discharged from an exhaust system shall be disposed of in such a manner that it will not result in harmful exposure to employees.
(i) Abrasive. A solid substance used in an abrasive blasting operation.
(ii) Abrasive-blasting respirator. A respirator constructed so that it covers the wearer's head, neck, and shoulders to protect him from rebounding abrasive.
(iii) Blast cleaning barrel. A complete enclosure which rotates on an axis, or which has an internal moving tread to tumble the parts, in order to expose various surfaces of the parts to the action of an automatic blast spray.
(iv) Blast cleaning room. A complete enclosure in which blasting operations are performed and where the operator works inside of the room to operate the blasting nozzle and direct the flow of the abrasive material.
(v) Blasting cabinet. An enclosure where the operator stands outside and operates the blasting nozzle through an opening or openings in the enclosure.
(vi) Clean air. Air of such purity that it will not cause harm or discomfort to an individual if it is inhaled for extended periods of time.
(vii) Dust collector. A device or combination of devices for separating dust from the air handled by an exhaust ventilation system.
(viii) Exhaust ventilation system. A system for removing contaminated air from a space, comprising two or more of the following elements (a) enclosure or hood, (b) duct work, (c) dust collecting equipment, (d) exhauster, and (e) discharge stack.
(ix) Particulate-filter respirator. An air purifying respirator, commonly referred to as a dust or a fume respirator, which removes most of the dust or fume from the air passing through the device.
(x) Respirable dust. Airborne dust in sizes capable of passing through the upper respiratory system to reach the lower lung passages.
(xi) Rotary blast cleaning table. An enclosure where the pieces to be cleaned are positioned on a rotating table and are passed automatically through a series of blast sprays.
(xii) Abrasive blasting. The forcible application of an abrasive to a surface by pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, or centrifugal force.
(i) Abrasives and the surface coatings on the materials blasted are shattered and pulverized during blasting operations and the dust formed will contain particles of respirable size. The composition and toxicity of the dust from these sources shall be considered in making an evaluation of the potential health hazards.
(ii) The concentration of respirable dust or fume in the breathing zone of the abrasive-blasting operator or any other worker shall be kept below the levels specified in 1926.55 or other pertinent sections of this part.
(iii) Organic abrasives which are combustible shall be used only in automatic systems. Where flammable or explosive dust mixtures may be present, the construction of the equipment, including the exhaust system and all electric wiring, shall conform to the requirements of American National Standard Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems for Dust, Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conveying, Z33.1-1961 (NFPA 91-1961), and Subpart S of this part. The blast nozzle shall be bonded and grounded to prevent the build up of static charges. Where flammable or explosive dust mixtures may be present, the abrasive blasting enclosure, the ducts, and the dust collector shall be constructed with loose panels or explosion venting areas, located on sides away from any occupied area, to provide for pressure relief in case of explosion, following the principles set forth in the National Fire Protection Association Explosion Venting Guide. NFPA 68-1954.
(i) Blast-cleaning enclosures shall be exhaust ventilated in such a way that a continuous inward flow of air will be maintained at all openings in the enclosure during the blasting operation.
(a) All air inlets and access openings shall be baffled or so arranged that by the combination of inward air flow and baffling the escape of abrasive or dust particles into an adjacent work area will be minimized and visible spurts of dust will not be observed.
(b) The rate of exhaust shall be sufficient to provide prompt clearance of the dust-laden air within the enclosure after the cessation of blasting. STEP (c) Before the enclosure is opened, the blast shall be turned off and the exhaust system shall be run for a sufficient period of time to remove the dusty air within the enclosure.
(d) Safety glass protected by screening shall be used in observation windows, where hard deep-cutting abrasives are used.
(e) Slit abrasive-resistant baffles shall be installed in multiple sets at all small access openings where dust might escape, and shall be inspected regularly and replaced when needed.
(1) Doors shall be flanged and tight when closed.
(2) Doors on blast-cleaning rooms shall be operable from both inside and outside, except that where there is a small operator access door, the large work access door may be closed or opened from the outside only.
(4) Exhaust ventilation systems.
(i) The construction, installation, inspection, and maintenance of exhaust systems shall conform to the principles and requirements set forth in American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960, and ANSI Z33.1-1961.
(a) When dust leaks are noted, repairs shall be made as soon as possible.
(b) The static pressure drop at the exhaust ducts leading from the equipment shall be checked when the installation is completed and periodically thereafter to assure continued satisfactory operation. Whenever an appreciable change in the pressure drop indicates a partial blockage, the system shall be cleaned and returned to normal operating condition.
(ii) In installations where the abrasive is recirculated, the exhaust ventilation system for the blasting enclosure shall not be relied upon for the removal of fines from the spent abrasive instead of an abrasive separator. An abrasive separator shall be provided for the purpose.
(iii) The air exhausted from blast-cleaning equipment shall be discharged through dust collecting equipment. Dust collectors shall be set up so that the accumulated dust can be emptied and removed without contaminating other working areas.
(5) Personal protective equipment.
(i) Employers must use only respirators approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84 for protecting employees from dusts produced during abrasive-blasting operations.
(ii) Abrasive-blasting respirators shall be worn by all abrasive-blasting operators:
(a) When working inside of blast-cleaning rooms, or
(b) When using silica sand in manual blasting operations where the nozzle and blast are not physically separated from the operator in an exhaust ventilated enclosure, or
(c) Where concentrations of toxic dust dispersed by the abrasive blasting may exceed the limits set in 1926.55 or other pertinent part sections of this part and the nozzle and blast are not physically separated from the operator in an exhaust-ventilated enclosure.
(iii) Properly fitted particulate filter respirators, commonly referred to as dust-filter respirators, may be used for short, intermittent, or occasional dust exposures such as cleanup, dumping of dust collectors, or unloading shipments of sand at a receiving point, when it is not feasible to control the dust by enclosure, exhaust ventilation, or other means. The respirators used must be approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84 for protection against the specific type of dust encountered.
(a) Dust-filter respirators may be used to protect the operator of outside abrasive-blasting operations where nonsilica abrasives are used on materials having low toxicities.
(b) Dust-filter respirators shall not be used for continuous protection where silica sand is used as the blasting abrasive, or toxic materials are blasted.
(iv) A respiratory protection program as defined and described in 1926.103, shall be established wherever it is necessary to use respiratory protective equipment.
(v) Operators shall be equipped with heavy canvas or leather gloves and aprons or equivalent protection to protect them from the impact of abrasives. Safety shoes shall be worn to protect against foot injury where heavy pieces of work are handled.
(a) Safety shoes shall conform to the requirements of American National Standard for Men's Safety-Toe Footwear, Z41.1-1967.
(b) Equipment for protection of the eyes and face shall be supplied to the operator when the respirator design does not provide such protection and to any other personnel working in the vicinity of abrasive blasting operations. This equipment shall conform to the requirements of 1926.102.
(6) Air supply and air compressors. Air for abrasive-blasting respirators must be free of harmful quantities of dusts, mists, or noxious gases, and must meet the requirements for supplied-air quality and use specified in 29 CFR 1910.134(i).
(i) a trap and carbon filter are installed and regularly maintained, to remove oil, water, scale, and odor, STEP
(ii) a pressure reducing diaphragm or valve is installed to reduce the pressure down to requirements of the particular type of abrasive-blasting respirator, and STEP
(iii) an automatic control is provided to either sound an alarm or shut down the compressor in case of overheating. STEP
(7) Operational procedures and general safety. Dust shall not be permitted to accumulate on the floor or on ledges outside of an abrasive-blasting enclosure, and dust spills shall be cleaned up promptly. Aisles and walkways shall be kept clear of steel shot or similar abrasive which may create a slipping hazard. STEP
(8) Scope. This paragraph (a) applies to all operations where an abrasive is forcibly applied to a surface by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure, or by centrifugal force. It does not apply to steam blasting, or steam cleaning, or hydraulic cleaning methods where work is done without the aid of abrasives.
(g) Grinding, polishing, and buffing operations
(1) Definitions applicable to this paragraph
(i) Abrasive cutting-off wheels. Organic-bonded wheels, the thickness of which is not more than one forty-eighth of their diameter for those up to, and including, 20 inches in diameter, and not more than one-sixteeth of their diameter for those larger than 20 inches in diameter, used for a multitude of operations variously known as cutting, cutting off, grooving, slotting, coping, and jointing, and the like. The wheels may be 'solid' consisting of organic-bonded abrasive material throughout, 'steel centered' consisting of a steel disc with a rim of organic-bonded material moulded around the periphery, or of the 'inserted tooth' type consisting of a steel disc with organic-bonded abrasive teeth or inserts mechanically secured around the periphery.
(ii) Belts. All power-driven, flexible, coated bands used for grinding, polishing, or buffing purposes.
(iii) Branch pipe. The part of an exhaust system piping that is connected directly to the hood or enclosure.
(iv) Cradle. A movable fixture, upon which the part to be ground or polished is placed.
(v) Disc wheels. All power-driven rotatable discs faced with abrasive materials, artificial or natural, and used for grinding or polishing on the side of the assembled disc.
(vi) Entry loss. The loss in static pressure caused by air flowing into a duct or hood. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge.
(vii) Exhaust system. A system consisting of branch pipes connected to hoods or enclosures, one or more header pipes, an exhaust fan, means for separating solid contaminants from the air flowing in the system, and a discharge stack to outside.
(viii) Grinding wheels. All power-driven rotatable grinding or abrasive wheels, except disc wheels as defined in this standard, consisting of abrasive particles held together by artificial or natural bonds and used for peripheral grinding.
(ix) Header pipe (main pipe). A pipe into which one or more branch pipes enter and which connects such branch pipes to the remainder of the exhaust system.
(x) Hoods and enclosures. The partial or complete enclosure around the wheel or disc through which air enters an exhaust system during operation.
(xi) Horizontal double-spindle disc grinder. A grinding machine carrying two power-driven, rotatable, coaxial, horizontal spindles upon the inside ends of which are mounted abrasive disc wheels used for grinding two surfaces simultaneously.
(xii) Horizontal single-spindle disc grinder. A grinding machine carrying an abrasive disc wheel upon one or both ends of a power-driven, rotatable single horizontal spindle.
(xiii) Polishing and buffing wheels. All power-driven rotatable wheels composed all or in part of textile fabrics, wood, felt, leather, paper, and may be coated with abrasives on the periphery of the wheel for purposes of polishing, buffing, and light grinding.
(xiv) Portable grinder. Any power-driven rotatable grinding, polishing, or buffing wheel mounted in such manner that it may be manually manipulated.
(xv) Scratch brush wheels. All power-driven rotatable wheels made from wire or bristles, and used for scratch cleaning and brushing purposes.
(xvi) Swing-frame grinder. Any power-driven rotatable grinding, polishing, or buffing wheel mounted in such a manner that the wheel with its supporting framework can be manipulated over stationary objects.
(xvii) Velocity pressure (vp). The kinetic pressure in the direction of flow necessary to cause a fluid at rest to flow at a given velocity. It is usually expressed in inches of water gauge.
(xviii) Vertical spindle disc grinder. A grinding machine having a vertical, rotatable power-driven spindle carrying a horizontal abrasive disc wheel.
(2) Application. Wherever dry grinding, dry polishing or buffing is performed, and employee exposure, without regard to the use of respirators, exceeds the permissible exposure limits prescribed in 1926.55 or other pertinent sections of this part, a local exhaust ventilation system shall be provided and used to maintain employee exposures within the prescribed limits.
(3) Hood and branch pipe requirements.
(i) Hoods connected to exhaust systems shall be used, and such hoods shall be designed, located, and placed so that the dust or dirt particles shall fall or be projected into the hoods in the direction of the air flow. No wheels, discs, straps, or belts shall be operated in such manner and in such direction as to cause the dust and dirt particles to be thrown into the operator's breathing zone.
(ii) Grinding wheels on floor stands, pedestals, benches, and special-purpose grinding machines and abrasive cutting-off wheels shall have not less than the minimum exhaust volumes shown in Table D-57.1 with a recommended minimum duct velocity of 4,500 feet per minute in the branch and 3,500 feet per minute in the main. The entry losses from all hoods except the vertical-spindle disc grinder hood, shall equal 0.65 velocity pressure for a straight takeoff and 0.45 velocity pressure for a tapered takeoff. The entry loss for the vertical-spindle disc grinder hood is shown in figure D-57.1 (following paragraph (b) of this section).
TABLE D-57.1 - GRINDING AND ABRASIVE CUTTING-OFF WHEELS
| Wheel diameter (inches) : Wheel width : Minimum exhaust : (inches) : volume (feet (3)/min.) | ||
|---|---|---|
| To 9... | 1 1/2 : | 220 |
| Over 9 to 16... | 2 : | 390 |
| Over 16 to 19... | 3 : | 500 |
| Over 19 to 24... | 4 : | 610 |
| Over 24 to 30... | 5 : | 880 |
| Over 30 to 36... | 6 : | 1,200 |
For any wheel wider than wheel diameters shown in Table D-57.1, increase the exhaust volume by the ratio of the new width to the width shown.
Example:
If wheel width=4 1/2 inches, then
4.5 divided by 4 X 610=686 (rounded to 690).
(iii) Scratch-brush wheels and all buffing and polishing wheels mounted on floor stands, pedestals, benches, or special-purpose machines shall have not less than the minimum exhaust volume shown in Table D-57.2.
TABLE D-57.2 - BUFFING AND POLISHING WHEELS
| Wheel diameter (inches) : Wheel width : Minimum exhaust : (inches) : volume (feet (3)/min.) | ||
|---|---|---|
| To 9...: | 2 : | 300 |
| Over 9 to 16...: | 3 : | 500 |
| Over 16 to 19...: | 4 : | 610 |
| Over 19 to 24...: | 5 : | 740 |
| Over 24 to 30...: | 6 : | 1,040 |
| Over 30 to 36...: | 6 : | 1,200 |
(iv) Grinding wheels or discs for horizontal single-spindle disc grinders shall be hooded to collect the dust or dirt generated by the grinding operation and the hoods shall be connected to branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table D-57.3.
TABLE D-57.3 - HORIZONTAL SINGLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
*Note: Baffle to reduce front opening as much as possible.
| Disc diameter (inches) | : Exhaust : volume : (cu. ft./min.) |
|---|---|
| Up to 12...: | 220 |
| Over 12 to 19...: | 390 |
| Over 19 to 30...: | 610 |
| Over 30 to 36...: | 880 |
(v) Grinding wheels or discs for horizontal double-spindle disc grinders shall have a hood enclosing the grinding chamber and the hood shall be connected to one or more branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table D-57.4.
TABLE D-57.4 - HORIZONTAL DOUBLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
| Disc diameter (inches) | : Exhaust : volume : (cu. ft./min.) |
|---|---|
| Up to 19 | 610 |
| Over 19 to 25 | 880 |
| Over 25 to 30 | 1,200 |
| Over 30 to 53 | 1,770 |
| Over 53 to 72 | 6,280 |
(vi) Grinding wheels or discs for vertical single-spindle disc grinders shall be encircled with hoods to remove the dust generated in the operation. The hoods shall be connected to one or more branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table D-57.5.
TABLE D-57.5 - VERTICAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER
| Disc diameter (inches) | : One-half or more : of disc covered | : Disc not covered |
|---|---|---|
| : Number : Exhaust : (1) : foot (3)/min. | : Number : Exhaust : (1) : foot (3)/min. | |
| Up to 20 | 1 : 500 | 2 : 780 |
| Over 20 to 30 | 2 : 780 | 2 : 1,480 |
| Over 30 to 53 | 2 : 1,770 | 4 : 3,530 |
| Over 53 to 72 | 2 : 3,140 | 5 : 6,010 |
Footnote(1) Number of exhaust outlets around periphery of hood, or equal distribution provided by other means.
(vii) Grinding and polishing belts shall be provided with hoods to remove dust and dirt generated in the operations and the hoods shall be connected to branch pipes having exhaust volumes as shown in Table D-57.6.
TABLE D-57.6 - GRINDING AND POLISHING BELTS
| : Exhaust |
|---|
| Belts width (inches) | : volume : (cu. ft./min.) |
|---|---|
| Up to 3 | 220 |
| Over 3 to 5 | 300 |
| Over 5 to 7 | 390 |
| Over 7 to 9 | 500 |
| Over 9 to 11 | 610 |
| Over 11 to 13 | 740 |
(viii) Cradles and swing-frame grinders. Where cradles are used for handling the parts to be ground, polished, or buffed, requiring large partial enclosures to house the complete operation, a minimum average air velocity of 150 feet per minute shall be maintained over the entire opening of the enclosure. Swing-frame grinders shall also be exhausted in the same manner as provided for cradles. (See fig. G-3)
(ix) Where the work is outside the hood, air volumes must be increased as shown in American Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960 (section 4, exhaust hoods).
(i) Exhaust systems for grinding, polishing, and buffing operations should be designed in accordance with American Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(ii) Exhaust systems for grinding, polishing, and buffing operations shall be tested in the manner described in American Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(iii) All exhaust systems shall be provided with suitable dust collectors.
(a) It is the dual function of grinding and abrasive cutting-off wheel hoods to protect the operator from the hazards of bursting wheels as well as to provide a means for the removal of dust and dirt generated. All hoods shall be not less in structural strength than specified in the American National Standard Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels, B7.1-1970.
(b) Due to the variety of work and types of grinding machines employed, it is necessary to develop hoods adaptable to the particular machine in question, and such hoods shall be located as close as possible to the operation.
(ii) Exhaust hoods for floor stands, pedestals, and bench grinders shall be designed in accordance with figure G-2. The adjustable tongue shown in the figure shall be kept in working order and shall be adjusted within one-fourth inch of the wheel periphery at all times.
(iii) Swing-frame grinders shall be provided with exhaust booths as indicated in figure G-3.
(iv) Portable grinding operations, whenever the nature of the work permits, shall be conducted within a partial enclosure. The opening in the enclosure shall be no larger than is actually required in the operation and an average face air velocity of not less than 200 feet per minute shall be maintained.
(v) Hoods for polishing and buffing and scratch-brush wheels shall be constructed to conform as closely to figure D-57.4 as the nature of the work will permit.
(vi) Cradle grinding and polishing operations shall be performed within a partial enclosure similar to figure G-5. The operator shall be positioned outside the working face of the opening of the enclosure. The face opening of the enclosure should not be any greater in area than that actually required for the performance of the operation and the average air velocity into the working face of the enclosure shall not be less than 150 feet per minute.
(vii) Hoods for horizontal single-spindle disc grinders shall be constructed to conform as closely as possible to the hood shown in figure Figure D-57.6. It is essential that there be a space between the back of the wheel and the hood, and a space around the periphery of the wheel of at least 1 inch in order to permit the suction to act around the wheel periphery. The opening on the side of the disc shall be no larger than is required for the grinding operation, but must never be less than twice the area of the branch outlet.
(viii) Horizontal double-spindle disc grinders shall have a hood encircling the wheels and grinding chamber similar to that illustrated in figure Figure D-57.7. The openings for passing the work into the grinding chamber should be kept as small as possible, but must never be less than twice the area of the branch outlets.
(ix) Vertical-spindle disc grinders shall be encircled with a hood so constructed that the heavy dust is drawn off a surface of the disc and the lighter dust exhausted through a continuous slot at the top of the hood as shown in figure D-57.1.
(x) Grinding and polishing belt hoods shall be constructed as close to the operation as possible. The hood should extend almost to the belt, and 1-inch wide openings should be provided on either side. Figure D-57.8 shows a typical hood for a belt operation.
FIGURE D-57.1 VERTICAL SPINDLE DISC GRINDER EXHAUST HOOD AND BRANCH PIPE CONNECTIONS
(For Figure D-57.1, see printed copy)
Entry loss=1.0 slot velocity pressure + 0.5 branch velocity pressure.
Minimum slot velocity=2,000 ft/min- 1/2 -inch slot width.
FIGURE D-57.2 STANDARD GRINDER HOOD
(For Figure D-57.2, see printed copy)
| : Over 19 : 24 | : 4 | : 5 | : 610 | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : Over 24 : 30 | : 5 | : 6 | : 880 | : |
| : Over 30 : 36 | : 6 | : 7 | : 1,200 | : |
| :---:---:---:---:---: |
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
FIGURE D-57.3 A METHOD OF APPLYING AN EXHAUST ENCLOSURE TO SWING-FRAME GRINDERS
(For Figure D-57.3, see printed copy)
FIGURE D-57.4 STANDARD BUFFING AND POLISHING HOOD
(For Figure D-57.4, see printed copy)
Standard Buffing and Polishing Hood
| :---:---:---: | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : Wheel dimension, inches : : : | ||||
| :---: Exhaust : Volume of : | ||||
| : Diameter : Width, : outlet, : air at : | ||||
| :---: Max : inches E : 4,500 : | ||||
| : Min=d : Max=D : : : ft/min : | ||||
| :---:---:---: | ||||
| : : 9 : 2 : 3 1/2 : 300 : | ||||
| : Over 9 : 16 : 3 : 4 : 500 : | ||||
| : Over 16 : 19 : 4 : 5 : 610 : | ||||
| : Over 19 : 24 : 5 : 5 1/2 : 740 : | ||||
| : Over 24 : 30 : 6 : 6 1/2 : 1,040 : | ||||
| : Over 30 : 36 : 6 : 7 : 1,200 : | ||||
| :---:---:---: |
Entry loss = 0.15 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff; 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
FIGURE D-57.5 CRADLE POLISHING OR GRINDING ENCLOSURE
Entry loss= 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
(For Figure D-57.5, see printed copy)
FIGURE D-57.6 HORIZONTAL SINGLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER EXHAUST HOOD AND BRANCH PIPE CONNECTIONS
(For Figure D-57.6, see printed copy)
| :---:---:---: | ||
|---|---|---|
| : : : Volume : | ||
| : Dia D, inches : Exhaust E, : exhausted at 4, : | ||
| :---:---: dia. inches : 500 ft/min : |
| : Min. | : Max. | : | : | ft3/min | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| :---:---:---: | |||||
| : | : 12 | : 3 | : | 220 | : |
| : Over 12 : 19 | : | 4 | : | 390 | : |
| : Over 19 : 30 | : | 5 | : | 610 | : |
| : Over 30 : 36 | : | 6 | : | 880 | : |
| :---:---:---: |
Note: If grinding wheels are used for disc grinding purposes, hoods must conform to structural strength and materials as described in 9.1.
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff.
FIGURE D-57.7 HORIZONTAL DOUBLE-SPINDLE DISC GRINDER EXHAUST HOOD AND BRANCH PIPE CONNECTIONS
(For Figure D-57.7, see printed copy)
| :---:---:---: Disc dia. : : | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume exhaust : Note : inches : Exhaust E : at 4,500 : | |||||||
| :---:---: ft/min. : : Min. : Max. : No Pipes : Dia. : | |||||||
| ft3/min : :---:---:---: : 19 | |||||||
| : 1 : 5 : 610 : : Over 19 : 25 : 1 : 6 : 880 | |||||||
| : When width | |||||||
| ``W'' : : : : : : : permits, | |||||||
| exhaust ducts | |||||||
| : : : : : : should be | |||||||
| as near : : : : : : | |||||||
| : heaviest | |||||||
| grinding as | |||||||
| : : : : : : possible. : Over 25 : 30 : 1 : 7 | |||||||
| : 1,200 : : Over 30 : 53 : 2 : 6 : 1,770 : | |||||||
| : Over 53 : 72 : 4 : 8 : 6,280 : | |||||||
| :---:---:---:---: | |||||||
| Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff. |
FIGURE D-57.8 A TYPICAL HOOD FOR A BELT OPERATION
(For Figure D-57.8, see printed copy)
| :---:---: | |
|---|---|
| : Belt width : Exhaust : | |
| : : volume. : | |
| : W. Inches : ft.1/min : | |
| :---:---: | |
| : Up to 3 : 220 : | |
| : 3 to 5 : 300 : |
: 5 to 7 : 390 : : 7 to 9 : 500 : : 9 to 11 : 610 : : 11 to 13 : 740 : :---:---:
Minimum duct velocity = 4,500 ft/min branch, 3,500 ft/min main.
Entry loss = 0.45 velocity pressure for tapered takeoff; 0.65 velocity pressure for straight takeoff.
(6) Scope. This paragraph (b), prescribes the use of exhaust hood enclosures and systems in removing dust, dirt, fumes, and gases generated through the grinding, polishing, or buffing of ferrous and nonferrous metals.
(h) Spray finishing operations
(1) Definitions applicable to this paragraph
(i) Spray-finishing operations. Spray-finishing operations are employment of methods wherein organic or inorganic materials are utilized in dispersed form for deposit on surfaces to be coated, treated, or cleaned. Such methods of deposit may involve either automatic, manual, or electrostatic deposition but do not include metal spraying or metallizing, dipping, flow coating, roller coating, tumbling, centrifuging, or spray washing and degreasing as conducted in self-contained washing and degreasing machines or systems.
(ii) Spray booth. Spray booths are defined and described in 1926.66(a). (See sections 103, 104, and 105 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969).
(iii) Spray room. A spray room is a room in which spray-finishing operations not conducted in a spray booth are performed separately from other areas.
(iv) Minimum maintained velocity. Minimum maintained velocity is the velocity of air movement which must be maintained in order to meet minimum specified requirements for health and safety.
(2) Location and application. Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all operations. Spray-finishing operations shall be located as provided in sections 201 through 206 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969. STEP
(3) Design and construction of spray booths.
(i) Spray booths shall be designed and constructed in accordance with 1926.66(b)(1) through (4) and (6) through (10) (see sections 301-304 and 306-310 of the
Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), for general construction specifications. For a more detailed discussion of fundamentals relating to this subject, see ANSI Z9.2-1960
(a) Lights, motors, electrical equipment, and other sources of ignition shall conform to the requirements of 1926.66 (b)(10) and (c). (See section 310 and chapter 4 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials NFPA No. 33-1969.)
(b) In no case shall combustible material be used in the construction of a spray booth and supply or exhaust duct connected to it. STEP
(ii) Unobstructed walkways shall not be less than 6 1/2 feet high and shall be maintained clear of obstruction from any work location in the booth to a booth exit or open booth front. In booths where the open front is the only exit, such exits shall be not less than 3 feet wide. In booths having multiple exits, such exits shall not be less than 2 feet wide, provided that the maximum distance from the work location to the exit is 25 feet or less. Where booth exits are provided with doors, such doors shall open outward from the booth.
(iii) Baffles, distribution plates, and dry-type overspray collectors shall conform to the requirements of 1926.66(b) (4) and (5). (See sections 304 and 305 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969.)
(a) Overspray filters shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the requirements of 1926.66 (b)(5), (see section 305 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), and shall only be in a location easily accessible for inspection, cleaning, or replacement.
(b) Where effective means, independent of the overspray filters, are installed which will result in design air distribution across the booth cross section, it is permissible to operate the booth without the filters in place.
(iv)
(a) For wet or water-wash spray booths, the water-chamber enclosure, within which intimate contact of contaminated air and cleaning water or other cleaning medium is maintained, if made of steel, shall be 18 gage or heavier and adequately protected against corrosion.
(b) Chambers may include scrubber spray nozzles, headers, troughs, or other devices. Chambers shall be provided with adequate means for creating and maintaining scrubbing action for removal of particulate matter from the exhaust air stream.
(v) Collecting tanks shall be of welded steel construction or other suitable non-combustible material. If pits are used as collecting tanks, they shall be concrete, masonry, or other material having similar properties.
(a) Tanks shall be provided with weirs, skimmer plates, or screens to prevent sludge and floating paint from entering the pump suction box. Means for automatically maintaining the proper water level shall also be provided. Fresh water inlets shall not be submerged. They shall terminate at least one pipe diameter above the safety overflow level of the tank.
(b) Tanks shall be so constructed as to discourage accumulation of hazardous deposits.
(vi) Pump manifolds, risers, and headers shall be adequately sized to insure sufficient water flow to provide efficient operation of the water chamber.
(i) Spray rooms, including floors, shall be constructed of masonry, concrete, or other noncombustible material.
(ii) Spray rooms shall have noncombustible fire doors and shutters.
(iii) Spray rooms shall be adequately ventilated so that the atmosphere in the breathing zone of the operator shall be maintained in accordance with the requirements of subparagraph (6)(ii) of this paragraph.
(iv) Spray rooms used for production spray-finishing operations shall conform to the requirements for spray booths.
(i) Ventilation shall be provided in accordance with provisions of 1926.66(d) (see chapter 5 of the Standard for Spray Finishing Using Flammable or Combustible Materials, NFPA No. 33-1969), and in accordance with the following:
(a) Where a fan plenum is used to equalize or control the distribution of exhaust air movement through the booth, it shall be of sufficient strength or rigidity to withstand the differential air pressure or other superficially imposed loads for which the equipment is designed and also to facilitate cleaning. Construction specifications shall be at least equivalent to those of subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph.
(ii) Inlet or supply ductwork used to transport makeup air to spray booths or surrounding areas shall be constructed of noncombustible materials.
(a) If negative pressure exists within inlet ductwork, all seams and joints shall be sealed if there is a possibility of infiltration of harmful quantities of noxious gases, fumes, or mists from areas through which ductwork passes.
(b) Inlet ductwork shall be sized in accordance with volume flow requirements and provide design air requirements at the spray booth.
(c) Inlet ductwork shall be adequately supported throughout its length to sustain at least its own weight plus any negative pressure which is exerted upon it under normal operating conditions.
(a) Exhaust ductwork shall be adequately supported throughout its length to sustain its weight plus any normal accumulation in interior during normal operating conditions and any negative pressure exerted upon it.
(b) Exhaust ductwork shall be sized in accordance with good design practice which shall include consideration of fan capacity, length of duct, number of turns and elbows, variation in size, volume, and character of materials being exhausted. See American National Standard Z9.2-1960 for further details and explanation concerning elements of design.
(c) Longitudinal joints in sheet steel ductwork shall be either lock-seamed, riveted, or welded. For other than steel construction, equivalent securing of joints shall be provided.
(d) Circumferential joints in ductwork shall be substantially fastened together and lapped in the direction of airflow. At least every fourth joint shall be provided with connecting flanges, bolted together, or of equivalent fastening security.
(e) Inspection or clean-out doors shall be provided for every 9 to 12 feet of running length for ducts up to 12 inches in diameter, but the distance between cleanout doors may be greater for larger pipes. (See 8.3.21 of American National Standard Z9.1-1951.) A clean-out door or doors shall be provided for servicing the fan, and where necessary, a drain shall be provided.
(f) Where ductwork passes through a combustible roof or wall, the roof or wall shall be protected at the point of penetration by open space or fire-resistive material between the duct and the roof or wall. When ducts pass through firewalls, they shall be provided with automatic fire dampers on both sides of the wall, except that three-eighth-inch steel plates may be used in lieu of automatic fire dampers for ducts not exceeding 18 inches in diameter.
(g) Ductwork used for ventilating any process covered in this standard shall not be connected to ducts ventilating any other process or any chimney or flue used for conveying any products of combustion.
(6) Velocity and air flow requirements. STEP
(i) Except where a spray booth has an adequate air replacement system, the velocity of air into all openings of a spray booth shall be not less than that specified in Table D-57.7 for the operating conditions specified. An adequate air replacement system is one which introduces replacement air upstream or above the object being sprayed and is so designed that the velocity of air in the booth cross section is not less than that specified in Table D-57.7 when measured upstream or above the object being sprayed. STEP
TABLE D-57.7 - MINIMUM MAINTAINED VELOCITIES INTO SPRAY BOOTHS
| ---:---:---Operating conditions for objects : | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Crossdraft, : Airflow velocities, f.p.m. | |||
| completely inside booth | : f.p.m. | : Design | : Range |
| ---:---Electrostatic and automatic : | |||
| Negligible : 50 large booth | : 50-75 | ||
| airless operation contained | : | : | : |
| in booth without operator. | : | : | : |
| ---:---:---Air-operated guns, manual : Up to 50 : | |||
| 100 small booth : 75-125 | |||
| or automatic | : | : 100 large booth : 75-125 | |
| ---:---:---Air-operated guns, manual : Up to 100 : | |||
| 150 small booth : 125-175 | |||
| or automatic | : | : 150 large booth : 125-175 | |
| ---:---:--- : | |||
| : 200 small booth : 150-250 | |||
| ---:---:---Notes: |
(1) Attention is invited to the fact that the effectiveness of the spray booth is dependent upon the relationship of the depth of the booth to its height and width. (2) Crossdrafts can be eliminated through proper design and such design should be sought. Crossdrafts in excess of 100fpm (feet per minute) should not be permitted. (3) Excessive air pressures result in loss of both efficiency and material waste in addition to creating a backlash that may carry overspray and fumes into adjacent work areas. (4) Booths should be designed with velocities shown in the column headed Design." However, booths operating with velocities shown in the column headedRange" are in compliance with this standard.
(ii) In addition to the requirements in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph the total air volume exhausted through a spray booth shall be such as to dilute solvent vapor to at least 25 percent of the lower explosive limit of the solvent being sprayed. An example of the method of calculating this volume is given below.
Example: To determine the lower explosive limits of the most common solvents used in spray finishing, see Table D-57.8. Column 1 gives the number of cubic feet of vapor per gallon of solvent and column 2 gives the lower explosive limit (LEL) in percentage by volume of air. Note that the quantity of solvent will be diminished by the quantity of solids and nonflammables contained in the finish.
To determine the volume of air in cubic feet necessary to dilute the vapor from 1 gallon of solvent to 25 percent of the lower explosive limit, apply the following formula:
Dilution volume required per gallon of solvent = 4 (100 - LEL) (cubic feet of vapor per gallon) divided by LEL
Using toluene as the solvent.
1. LEL of toluene from Table D-57.8, column 2, is 1.4 percent.
2. Cubic feet of vapor per gallon from Table D-57.8, column 1, is 30.4 cubic feet per gallon.
3. Dilution volume required = 4 (100 - 1.4) 30.4 divided by 1.4 = 8,564 cubic feet.
4. To convert to cubic feet per minute of required ventilation, multiply the dilution volume required per gallon of solvent by the number of gallons of solvent evaporated per minute.
TABLE D-57.8 - LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT OF SOME COMMONLY USED SOLVENTS
| Solvent | : : Lower : Cubic feet : explosive : per gallon : limit in : of vapor of : percent by : liquid at : volume of air : 70 deg. F. : at 70 deg. F. |
|---|---|
| Acetone | : : : : : Column 1 : Column 2 : 44.0 : 2.6 |
| Amyl Acetate (iso) | 21.6 | : | (1) 1.0 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amyl Alcohol (n) | 29.6 | : | 1.2 |
| Amyl Alcohol (iso) | 29.6 | : | 1.2 |
| Benzene | 36.8 | : | (1) 1.4 |
| Butyl Acetate (n) | 24.8 | : | 1.7 |
| Butyl Alcohol (n) | 35.2 | : | 1.4 |
| Butyl Cellosolve | 24.8 | : | 1.1 |
| Cellosolve | 33.6 | : | 1.8 |
| Cellosolve Acetate | 23.2 | : | 1.7 |
| Cyclohexanone | 31.2 | : | (1) 1.1 |
| 1,1 Dichloroethylene | 42.4 | : | 5.9 |
| 1,2 Dichloroethylene | 42.4 | : | 9.7 |
| Ethyl Acetate | 32.8 | : | 2.5 |
| Ethyl Alcohol | 55.2 | : | 4.3 |
| Ethyl Lactate | 28.0 | : | (1) 1.5 |
| Methyl Acetate | 40.0 | : | 3.1 |
| Methyl Alcohol | 80.8 | : | 7.3 |
| Methyl Cellosolve | 40.8 | : | 2.5 |
| Methyl Ethyl Ketone | 36.0 | : | 1.8 |
| Methyl n-Propyl Ketone | 30.4 | : | 1.5 |
| Naphtha (VM&P) (76 deg. Naphtha) | 22.4 | : | 0.9 |
| Naphtha (100 deg. Flash) Safety | : | : | : |
| Solvent - Stoddard Solvent | 23.2 | : | 1.0 |
| Propyl Acetate (n) | 27.2 | : | 2.8 |
| Propyl Acetate (iso) | 28.0 | : | 1.1 |
| Propyl Alcohol (n) | 44.8 | : | 2.1 |
| Propyl Alcohol (iso) | 44.0 | : | 2.0 |
| Toluene | 30.4 | : | 1.4 |
| Turpentine | 20.8 | : | 0.8 |
| Xylene (o) | 26.4 | : | 1.0 |
Footnote(1)At 212 deg. F.
(iii)
(a) When an operator is in a booth downstream of the object being sprayed, an air-supplied respirator or other type of respirator approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR Part 84 for the material being sprayed should be used by the operator.
(b) Where downdraft booths are provided with doors, such doors shall be closed when spray painting.
(7) Make-up air.
(i) Clean fresh air, free of contamination from adjacent industrial exhaust systems, chimneys, stacks, or vents, shall be supplied to a spray booth or room in quantities equal to the volume of air exhausted through the spray booth.
(ii) Where a spray booth or room receives make-up air through self-closing doors, dampers, or louvers, they shall be fully open at all times when the booth or room is in use for spraying. The velocity of air through such doors, dampers, or louvers shall not exceed 200 feet per minute. If the fan characteristics are such that the required air flow through the booth will be provided, higher velocities through the doors, dampers, or louvers may be used.
(iii)
(a) Where the air supply to a spray booth or room is filtered, the fan static pressure shall be calculated on the assumption that the filters are dirty to the extent that they require cleaning or replacement.
(b) The rating of filters shall be governed by test data supplied by the manufacturer of the filter. A pressure gage shall be installed to show the pressure drop across the filters. This gage shall be marked to show the pressure drop at which the filters require cleaning or replacement. Filters shall be replaced or cleaned whenever the pressure drop across them becomes excessive or whenever the air flow through the face of the booth falls below that specified in Table G-10.
(iv)
(a) Means for heating make-up air to any spray booth or room, before or at the time spraying is normally performed, shall be provided in all places where the outdoor temperature may be expected to remain below 55 deg. F. for appreciable periods of time during the operation of the booth except where adequate and safe means of radiant heating for all operating personnel affected is provided. The replacement air during the heating seasons shall be maintained at not less than 65 deg. F. at the point of entry into the spray booth or spray room. When otherwise unheated make-up air would be at a temperature of more than 10 deg. F. below room temperature, its temperature shall be regulated as provided in section 3.6.3 of ANSI Z9.2-1960.
(b) As an alternative to an air replacement system complying with the preceding section, general heating of the building in which the spray room or booth is located may be employed provided that all occupied parts of the building are maintained at not less than 65 deg. F. when the exhaust system is in operation or the general heating system supplemented by other sources of heat may be employed to meet this requirement.
(c) No means of heating make-up air shall be located in a spray booth.
(d) Where make-up air is heated by coal or oil, the products of combustion shall not be allowed to mix with the make-up air, and the products of combustion shall be conducted outside the building through a flue terminating at a point remote from all points where make-up air enters the building.
(e) Where make-up air is heated by gas, and the products of combustion are not mixed with the make-up air but are conducted through an independent flue to a point outside the building remote from all points where make-up air enters the building, it is not necessary to comply with paragraph (f) of this subdivision.
(f) Where make-up air to any manually operated spray booth or room is heated by gas and the products of combustion are allowed to mix with the supply air, the following precautions must be taken:
(1) The gas must have a distinctive and strong enough odor to warn workmen in a spray booth or room of its presence if in an unburned state in the make-up air.
(2) The maximum rate of gas supply to the make-up air heater burners must not exceed that which would yield in excess of 200 p.p.m. (parts per million) of carbon monoxide or 2,000 p.p.m. of total combustible gases in the mixture if the unburned gas upon the occurrence of flame failure were mixed with all of the make-up air supplied.
(3) A fan must be provided to deliver the mixture of heated air and products of combustion from the plenum chamber housing the gas burners to the spray booth or room.
(8) Scope. Spray booths or spray rooms are to be used to enclose or confine all spray finishing operations covered by this paragraph (c). This paragraph does not apply to the spraying of the exteriors of buildings, fixed tanks, or similar structures, nor to small portable spraying apparatus not used repeatedly in the same location. STEP
(i) This paragraph applies to all operations involving the immersion of materials in liquids, or in the vapors of such liquids, for the purpose of cleaning or altering the surface or adding to or imparting a finish thereto or changing the character of the materials, and their subsequent removal from the liquid or vapor, draining, and drying. These operations include washing, electroplating, anodizing, pickling, quenching, dying, dipping, tanning, dressing, bleaching, degreasing, alkaline cleaning, stripping, rinsing, digesting, and other similar operations.
(ii) Except where specific construction specifications are prescribed in this section, hoods, ducts, elbows, fans, blowers, and all other exhaust system parts, components, and supports thereof shall be so constructed as to meet conditions of service and to facilitate maintenance and shall conform in construction to the specifications contained in American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(i) Open-surface tank operations shall be classified into 16 classes, numbered A-1 to D-4, inclusive.
(ii) Determination of class. Class is determined by two factors, hazard potential designated by a letter from A to D, inclusive, and rate of gas, vapor, or mist evolution designated by a number from 1 to 4, inclusive (for example, B.3).
(iii) Hazard potential is an index, on a scale of from A to D, inclusive, of the severity of the hazard associated with the substance contained in the tank because of the toxic, flammable, or explosive nature of the vapor, gas, or mist produced therefrom. The toxic hazard is determined from the concentration, measured in parts by volume of a gas or vapor, per million parts by volume of contaminated air (p.p.m.), or in milligrams of mist per cubic meter of air (mg./meter (3)), below which ill effects are unlikely to occur to the exposed worker. The concentrations shall be those in 1926.55 or other pertinent sections of this part.
(iv) The relative fire or explosion hazard is measured in degrees Fahrenheit in terms of the closed-cup flash point of the substance in the tank. Detailed information on the prevention of fire hazards in dip tanks may be found in Dip Tanks Containing Flammable or Combustible Liquids, NFPA No. 34-1966, National Fire Protection Association. Where the tank contains a mixture of liquids, other than organic solvents, whose effects are additive, the hygienic standard of the most toxic component (for example, the one having the lowest p.p.m. or mg./meter (3) shall be used, except where such substance constitutes an insignificantly small fraction of the mixture. For mixtures of organic solvents, their combined effect, rather than that of either individually, shall determine the hazard potential. In the absence of information to the contrary, the effects shall be considered as additive. If the sum of the ratios of the airborne concentration of each contaminant to the toxic concentration of that contaminant exceeds unity, the toxic concentration shall be considered to have been exceeded. (See Note A to subdivision (v) of this subparagraph.)
(v) Hazard potential shall be determined from Table D-57.9, with the value indicating greater hazard being used. When the hazardous material may be either a vapor with a threshold limit value (TLV) in p.p.m. or a mist with a TLV in mg./meter (3), the TLV indicating the greater hazard shall be used (for example, A takes precedence over B or C; B over C; C over D).
NOTE A:
(c1 divided by TLV1) + (c2 divided by TLV2) + (c3 divided by TLV3) + ; . . . (cN divided by TLVN) 1
where:
c = Concentration measured at the operation in p.p.m.
TABLE D-57.9 - DETERMINATION OF HAZARD POTENTIAL
| Toxicity group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| : _____ | |||
| : _____ | |||
| : Gas or : Mist : Flash | |||
| Hazard potential : vapor : (mg./m3) : point (in | |||
| : (p.p.m.) : : deg. F) | |||
| : _ : : __ | |||
| A...: | 0-10 : | 0-0.1 : | ... |
| B...: | 11-100 : | 0.11-1.0 : | Under 100 |
| C...: | 101-500 : | 1.1-10 : | 100-200 |
| D...: | Over 500 : | Over 10 : | Over 200 |
| : _ : : __ |
(vi) Rate of gas, vapor, or mist evolution is a numerical index, on a scale of from 1 to 4, inclusive, both of the relative capacity of the tank to produce gas, vapor, or mist and of the relative energy with which it is projected or carried upwards from the tank. Rate is evaluated in terms of
(a) The temperature of the liquid in the tank in degrees Fahrenheit;
(b) The number of degrees Fahrenheit that this temperature is below the boiling point of the liquid in degrees Fahrenheit;
(c) The relative evaporation of the liquid in still air at room temperature in an arbitrary scale-fast, medium, slow, or nil; and
(d) The extent that the tank gases or produces mist in an arbitrary scale-high, medium, low, and nil. (See Table D-57.10, Note 2.) Gassing depends upon electrochemical or mechanical processes, the effects of which have to be individually evaluated for each installation (see Table D-57.10, Note 3).
(vii) Rate of evolution shall be determined from Table D-57.10. When evaporation and gassing yield different rates, the lowest numerical value shall be used.
TABLE D-57.10 - DETERMINATION OF RATE OF GAS, VAPOR, OR MIST EVOLUTION (1)
| Liquid Rate | Degrees Temp. Deg. F. | below boiling point | Relative evaporation (2) | Gassing (3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1... | Over 200 | 0-20 | Fast... High. | |
| 2... | 150-200 | 21-50 | Medium... Medium. | |
| 3... | 94-149 | 51-100 | Slow... Low. | |
| 4... | Under 94 | Over 100 | Nil... Nil. |
Footnote(1) In certain classes of equipment, specifically vapor degreasers, an internal condenser or vapor level thermostat is used to prevent the vapor from leaving the tank during normal operation. In such cases, rate of vapor evolution from the tank into the workroom is not dependent upon the factors listed in the table, but rather upon abnormalities of operating procedure, such as carryout of vapors from excessively fast action, dragout of liquid by entrainment in parts, contamination of solvent by water and other materials, or improper heat balance. When operating procedure is excellent, effective rate of evolution may be taken as 4. When operating procedure is average, the effective rate of evolution may be taken as 3. When operation is poor, a rate of 2 or 1 is indicated, depending upon observed conditions.
Footnote(2) Relative evaporation rate is determined according to the methods described by A. K. Doolittle in Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 27, p. 1169, (3) where time for 100-percent evaporation is as follows: Fast: 0-3 hours; Medium: 3-12 hours; Slow: 12-50 hours; Nil: more than 50 hours.
Footnote(3) Gassing means the formation by chemical or electrochemical action of minute bubbles of gas under the surface of the liquid in the tank and is generally limited to aqueous solutions.
(3) Ventilation. Where ventilation is used to control potential exposures to workers as defined in subparagraph (2)(iii) of this paragraph, it shall be adequate to reduce the concentration of the air contaminant to the degree that a hazard to the worker does not exist. Methods of ventilation are discussed in American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960.
(4) Control requirements.
(i) Control velocities shall conform to Table D-57.11 in all cases where the flow of air past the breathing or working zone of the operator and into the hoods is undisturbed by local environmental conditions, such as open windows, wall fans, unit heaters, or moving machinery.
(ii) All tanks exhausted by means of hoods which
(a) Project over the entire tank;
(b) Are fixed in position in such a location that the head of the workman, in all his normal operating positions while working at the tank, is in front of all hood openings; and
(c) Are completely enclosed on at least two sides, shall be considered to be exhausted through an enclosing hood.
(d) The quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be exhausted through an enclosing hood shall be not less than the product of the control velocity times the net area of all openings in the enclosure through which air can flow into the hood.
Table D-57.11 Control Velocities in Feet Per Minute (f.p.m.) for Undisturbed Locations[{"box_2d": [111, 428, 745, 704], "label": "table", "caption": "| : | Enclosing hood | : | Canopy hood(2) | : | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : | | : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| : | : | : | : | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| : | : | : | : | : | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |"
(iii) All tanks exhausted by means of hoods which do not project over the entire tank, and in which the direction of air movement into the hood or hoods is substantially horizontal, shall be considered to be laterally exhausted. The quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be laterally exhausted per square foot of tank area in order to maintain the required control velocity shall be determined from Table D-57.12 for all variations in ratio of tank width (W) to tank length (L). The total quantity of air in cubic feet per minute required to be exhausted per tank shall be not less than the product of the area of tank surface times the cubic feet per minute per square foot of tank area, determined from Table D-57.12.
(a) For lateral exhaust hoods over 42 inches wide, or where it is desirable to reduce the amount of air removed from the workroom, air supply slots or orifices shall be provided along the side or the center of the tank opposite from the exhaust slots. The design of such systems shall meet the following criteria:
(1) The supply air volume plus the entrained air shall not exceed 50 percent of the exhaust volume.
(2) The velocity of the supply airstream as it reaches the effective control area of the exhaust slot shall be less than the effective velocity over the exhaust slot area.
Table D-57.12 Minimum Ventilation Rate in Cubic Feet of Air Per Minute Per Square Foot of Tank Area for Lateral Exhaust
| : C.f.m. per sq. ft. to maintain | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| : Required minimum : required minimum velocities at following | |||||||
| : control velocity, : ratios (tank width (W)/tank length (L)),(1),(2) | |||||||
| : f.p.m. (from | |||||||
| : Table D-57.11) : 0.0-0.09 : 0.1-0.24 : 0.25-0.49 : 0.5-0.99 : 1.0-2.0 : | |||||||
| : Hood along one side or two parallel sides of tank when one hood is | |||||||
| : against a wall or baffle.(2) | |||||||
| : Also for a manifold along tank centerline.(3) | |||||||
| : 50 : 50 : 60 : 75 : 90 : 100 : | |||||||
| : 75 : 75 : 90 : 110 : 130 : 150 : | |||||||
| : 100 : 100 : 125 : 150 : 175 : 200 : | |||||||
| : 150 : 150 : 190 : 225 : 260 : 300 : | |||||||
| : Hood along one side or two parallel sides of free standing tank not | |||||||
| : against wall or baffle. | |||||||
| : 50 : 75 : 90 : 100 : 110 : 125 : |
| : 75 | : 110 | : 130 | : 150 | : 170 | : 190 | : |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| : 100 | : 150 | : 175 | : 200 | : 225 | : 250 | : |
| : 150 | : 225 | : 260 | : 300 | : 340 | : 375 | : |
(1) It is not practicable to ventilate across the long dimension of a tank whose ratio W/L exceeds 2.0.
It is undesirable to do so when W/L exceeds 1.0. For circular tanks with lateral exhaust along up to 1/2 the circumference, use W/L=1.0; for over one-half the circumference use W/L=0.5.
(2) Baffle is a vertical plate the same length as the tank, and with the top of the plate as high as the tank is wide. If the exhaust hood is on the side of a tank against a building wall or close to it, it is perfectly baffled.
(3) Use W/2 as tank width in computing when manifold is along centerline, or when hoods are used on two parallel sides of a tank.
Tank Width (W) means the effective width over which the hood must pull air to operate (for example, where the hood face is set back from the edge of the tank, this set back must be added in measuring tank width). The surface area of tanks can frequently be reduced and better control obtained (particularly on conveyorized systems) by using covers extending from the upper edges of the slots toward the center of the tank.
(3) The vertical height of the receiving exhaust hood, including any baffle, shall not be less than one-quarter the width of the tank.
(4) The supply airstream shall not be allowed to impinge on obstructions between it and the exhaust slot in such a manner as to significantly interfere with the performance of the exhaust hood.
(5) Since most failure of push-pull systems result from excessive supply air volumes and pressures, methods of measuring and adjusting the supply air shall be provided. When satisfactory control has been achieved, the adjustable features of the hood shall be fixed so that they will not be altered.
(iv) All tanks exhausted by means of hoods which project over the entire tank, and which do not conform to the definition of enclosing hoods, shall be considered to be overhead canopy hoods. The quantity of air in cubic feet per minute necessary to be exhausted through a canopy hood shall be not less than the product of the control velocity times the net area of all openings between the bottom edges of the hood and the top edges of the tank.
(v) The rate of vapor evolution (including steam or products of combustion) from the process shall be estimated. If the rate of vapor evolution is equal to or greater than 10 percent of the calculated exhaust volume required, the exhaust volume shall be increased in equal amount.
(5) Spray cleaning and degreasing. Wherever spraying or other mechanical means are used to disperse a liquid above an open-surface tank, control must be provided for the airborne spray. Such operations shall be enclosed as completely as possible. The inward air velocity into the enclosure shall be sufficient to prevent the discharge of spray into the workroom. Mechanical baffles may be used to help prevent the discharge of spray. Spray painting operations are covered by paragraph (c) of this section.
(6) Control means other than ventilation. Tank covers, foams, beads, chips, or other materials floating on the tank surface so as to confine gases, mists, or vapors to the area under the cover or to the foam, bead, or chip layer; or surface tension depressive agents added to the liquid in the tank to minimize mist formation, or any combination thereof, may all be used as gas, mist, or vapor control means for open-surface tank operations, provided that they effectively reduce the concentrations of hazardous materials in the vicinity of the worker below the limits set in accordance with subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(i) The equipment for exhausting air shall have sufficient capacity to produce the flow of air required in each of the hoods and openings of the system.
(ii) The capacity required in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall be obtained when the airflow producing equipment is operating against the following pressure losses, the sum of which is the static pressure:
(a) Entrance losses into the hood.
(b) Resistance to airflow in branch pipe including bends and transformations.
(c) Entrance loss into the main pipe.
(d) Resistance to airflow in main pipe including bends and transformations.
(e) Resistance of mechanical equipment; that is, filters, washers, condensers, absorbers, etc., plus their entrance and exit losses.
(f) Resistance in outlet duct and discharge stack.
(iii) Two or more operations shall not be connected to the same exhaust system where either one or the combination of the substances removed may constitute a fire, explosion, or chemical reaction hazard in the duct system. Traps or other devices shall be provided to insure that condensate in ducts does not drain back into any tank.
(iv) The exhaust system, consisting of hoods, ducts, air mover, and discharge outlet, shall be designed in accordance with American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960, or the manual, Industrial Ventilation, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists 1970. Airflow and pressure loss data provided by the manufacturer of any air cleaning device shall be included in the design calculations. STEP
(i) The required airflow shall be maintained at all times during which gas, mist, or vapor is emitted from the tank, and at all times the tank, the draining, or the drying area is in operation or use. When the system is first installed, the airflow from each hood shall be measured by means of a pitot traverse in the exhaust duct and corrective action taken if the flow is less than that required. When the proper flow is obtained, the hood static pressure shall be measured and recorded. At intervals of not more than 3 months operation, or after a prolonged shutdown period, the hoods and duct system shall be inspected for evidence of corrosion or damage. In any case where the airflow is found to be less than required, it shall be increased to the required value. (Information on airflow and static pressure measurement and calculations may be found in American National Standard Fundamental Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, Z9.2-1960, or in the manual, Industrial Ventilation, published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.) STEP
(ii) The exhaust system shall discharge to the outer air in such a manner that the possibility of its effluent entering any building is at a minimum. Recirculation shall only be through a device for contaminant removal which will prevent the creation of a health hazard in the room or area to which the air is recirculated.
(iii) A volume of outside air in the range of 90 percent to 110 percent of the exhaust volume shall be provided to each room having exhaust hoods. The outside air supply shall enter the workroom in such a manner as not to be detrimental to any exhaust hood. The airflow of the makeup air system shall be measured on installation. Corrective action shall be taken when the airflow is below that required. The makeup air shall be uncontaminated.
(i) All employees working in and around open-surface tank operations must be instructed as to the hazards of their respective jobs, and in the personal protection and first aid procedures applicable to these hazards. STEP
(ii) All persons required to work in such a manner that their feet may become wet shall be provided with rubber or other impervious boots or shoes, rubbers, or wooden-soled shoes sufficient to keep feet dry.
(iii) All persons required to handle work wet with a liquid other than water shall be provided with gloves impervious to such a liquid and of a length sufficient to prevent entrance of liquid into the tops of the gloves. The interior of gloves shall be kept free from corrosive or irritating contaminants. STEP
(iv) All persons required to work in such a manner that their clothing may become wet shall be provided with such aprons, coats, jackets, sleeves, or other garments made of rubber, or of other materials impervious to liquids other than water, as are required to keep their clothing dry. Aprons shall extend well below the top of boots to prevent liquid splashing into the boots. Provision of dry, clean, cotton clothing along with rubber shoes or short boots and an apron impervious to liquids other than water shall be considered a satisfactory substitute where small parts are cleaned, plated, or acid dipped in open tanks and rapid work is required. STEP
(v) Whenever there is a danger of splashing, for example, when additions are made manually to the tanks, or when acids and chemicals are removed from the tanks, the employees so engaged shall be required to wear either tight-fitting chemical goggles or an effective face shield. See 1926.102. STEP
(vi) When, during emergencies specified in paragraph (i)(11)(v) of this section, employees must be in areas where concentrations of air contaminants are greater than the limit set by paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this section, or oxygen concentrations are less than 19.5 percent, they must use respirators that reduce their exposure to a level below these limits or that provide adequate oxygen. Such respirators must also be provided in marked, quickly-accessible storage compartments built for this purpose, when the possibility exists of accidental release of hazardous concentrations of air contaminants. Respirators must be approved by NIOSH under 42 CFR part 84, selected by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically-qualified source, and used in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.103. Respirators shall be used in accordance with 1926.103, and persons who may require them shall be trained in their use.
(vii) Near each tank containing a liquid which may burn, irritate, or otherwise be harmful to the skin if splashed upon the worker's body, there shall be a supply of clean cold water. The water pipe (carrying a pressure not exceeding 25 pounds) shall be provided with a quick opening valve and at least 48 inches of hose not smaller than three-fourths inch, so that no time may be lost in washing off liquids from the skin or clothing. Alternatively, deluge showers and eye flushes shall be provided in cases where harmful chemicals may be splashed on parts of the body. STEP
(viii) Operators with sores, burns, or other skin lesions requiring medical treatment shall not be allowed to work at their regular operations until so authorized by a physician. Any small skin abrasions, cuts, rash, or open sores which are found or reported shall be treated by a properly designated person so that chances of exposures to the chemicals are removed. Workers exposed to chromic acids shall have a periodic examination made of the nostrils and other parts of the body, to detect incipient ulceration. STEP
(ix) Sufficient washing facilities, including soap, individual towels, and hot water, shall be provided for all persons required to use or handle any liquids which may burn, irritate, or otherwise be harmful to the skin, on the basis of at least one basin (or its equivalent) with a hot water faucet for every 10 employees. See 1926.51(f).
(x) Locker space or equivalent clothing storage facilities shall be provided to prevent contamination of street clothing.
(xi) First aid facilities specific to the hazards of the operations conducted shall be readily available.
(10) Special precautions for cyanide. Dikes or other arrangements shall be provided to prevent the possibility of intermixing of cyanide and acid in the event of tank rupture. STEP
(11) Inspection, maintenance, and installation.
(i) Floors and platforms around tanks shall be prevented from becoming slippery both by original type of construction and by frequent flushing. They shall be firm, sound, and of the design and construction to minimize the possibility of tripping.
(ii) Before cleaning the interior of any tank, the contents shall be drained off, and the cleanout doors shall be opened where provided. All pockets in tanks or pits, where it is possible for hazardous vapors to collect, shall be ventilated and cleared of such vapors.
(iii) Tanks which have been drained to permit employees to enter for the purposes of cleaning, inspection, or maintenance may contain atmospheres which are hazardous to life or health, through the presence of flammable or toxic air contaminants, or through the absence of sufficient oxygen. Before employees shall be permitted to enter any such tank, appropriate tests of the atmosphere shall be made to determine if the limits set by paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section are exceeded, or if the oxygen concentration is less than 19.5 percent.
(iv) If the tests made in accordance with paragraph(d)(11)(iii) of this section indicate that the atmosphere in the tank is unsafe, before any employee is permitted to enter the tank, the tank shall be ventilated until the hazardous atmosphere is removed, and ventilation shall be continued so as to prevent the occurrence of a hazardous atmosphere as long as an employee is in the tank.
(v) If, in emergencies, such as rescue work, it is necessary to enter a tank which may contain a hazardous atmosphere, suitable respirators, such as self-contained breathing apparatus; hose mask with blower, if there is a possibility of oxygen deficiency; or a gas mask, selected and operated in accordance with paragraph (d)(9)(vi) of this section, shall be used. If a contaminant in the tank can cause dermatitis, or be absorbed through the skin, the employee entering the tank shall also wear protective clothing. At least one trained standby employee, with suitable respirator, shall be present in the nearest uncontaminated area. The standby employee must be able to communicate with the employee in the tank and be able to haul him out of the tank with a lifeline if necessary.
(vi) Maintenance work requiring welding or open flame, where toxic metal fumes such as cadmium, chromium, or lead may be evolved, shall be done only with sufficient local exhaust ventilation to prevent the creation of a health hazard, or be done with respirators selected and used in accordance with paragraph (d)(9)(vi) of this section. Welding, or the use of open flames near any solvent cleaning equipment shall be permitted only after such equipment has first been thoroughly cleared of solvents and vapors.
(i) In any vapor degreasing tank equipped with a condenser or vapor level thermostat, the condenser or thermostat shall keep the level of vapors below the top edge of the tank by a distance at least equal to one-half the tank width, or at least 36 inches, whichever is shorter.
(ii) Where gas is used as a fuel for heating vapor degreasing tanks, the combustion chamber shall be of tight construction, except for such openings as the exhaust flue, and those that are necessary for supplying air for combustion. Flues shall be of corrosion-resistant construction and shall extend to the outer air. If mechanical exhaust is used on this flue, a draft diverter shall be used. Special precautions must be taken to prevent solvent fumes from entering the combustion air of this or any other heater when chlorinated or fluorinated hydrocarbon solvents (for example, trichloroethylene, Freon) are used.
(iii) Heating elements shall be so designed and maintained that their surface temperature will not cause the solvent or mixture to decompose, break down, or be converted into an excessive quantity of vapor.
(iv) Tanks or machines of more than 4 square feet of vapor area, used for solvent cleaning or vapor degreasing, shall be equipped with suitable cleanout or sludge doors located near the bottom of each tank or still. These doors shall be so designed and gasketed that there will be no leakage of solvent when they are closed.
(i) This paragraph (d) applies to all operations involving the immersion of materials in liquids, or in the vapors of such liquids, for the purpose of cleaning or altering their surfaces, or adding or imparting a finish thereto, or changing the character of the materials, and their subsequent removal from the liquids or vapors, draining, and drying. Such operations include washing, electroplating, anodizing, pickling, quenching, dyeing, dipping, tanning, dressing, bleaching, degreasing, alkaline cleaning, stripping, rinsing, digesting, and other similar operations, but do not include molten materials handling operations, or surface coating operations.
(ii) 'Molten materials handling operations' means all operations, other than welding, burning, and soldering operations, involving the use, melting, smelting, or pouring of metals, alloys, salts, or other similar substances in the molten state. Such operations also include heat treating baths, descaling baths, die casting stereotyping, galvanizing, tinning, and similar operations.
(iii) 'Surface coating operations' means all operations involving the application of protective, decorative, adhesive, or strengthening coating or impregnation to one or more surfaces, or into the interstices of any object or material, by means of spraying, spreading, flowing, brushing, roll coating, pouring, cementing, or similar means; and any subsequent draining or drying operations, excluding open-tank operations.
1926.58 [Reserved]
1926.59 Hazard communication.
(a) Purpose.
(1) The purpose of this section is to ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced or imported are evaluated, and that information concerning their hazards is transmitted to employers and employees. This transmittal of information is to be accomplished by means of comprehensive hazard communication programs, which are to include container labeling and other forms of warning, material safety data sheets and employee training.
(2) This occupational safety and health standard is intended to address comprehensively the issue of evaluating the potential hazards of chemicals, and communicating information concerning hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees, and to preempt any legal requirements of a state, or political subdivision of a state, pertaining to this subject. Evaluating the potential hazards of chemicals, and communicating information concerning hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees, may include, for example, but is not limited to, provisions for: developing and maintaining a written hazard communication program for the workplace, including lists of hazardous chemicals present; labeling of containers of chemicals in the workplace, as well as of containers of chemicals being shipped to other workplaces; preparation and distribution of material safety data sheets to employees and downstream employers; and development and implementation of employee training programs regarding hazards of chemicals and protective measures. Under section 18 of the Act, no state or political subdivision of a state may adopt or enforce, through any court or agency, any requirement relating to the issue addressed by this Federal standard, except pursuant to a Federally-approved state plan.
(b) Scope and application.
(1) This section requires chemical manufacturers or importers to assess the hazards of chemicals which they produce or import, and all employers to provide information to their employees about the hazardous chemicals to which they are exposed, by means of a hazard communication program, labels and other forms of warning, material safety data sheets, and information and training. In addition, this section requires distributors to transmit the required information to employers. (Employers who do not produce or import chemicals need only focus on those parts of this rule that deal with establishing a workplace program and communicating information to their workers. Appendix E of this section is a general guide for such employers to help them determine their compliance obligations under the rule.)
(2) This section applies to any chemical which is known to be present in the workplace in such a manner that employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency.
(3) This section applies to laboratories only as follows:
(i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced;
(ii) Employers shall maintain any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals, and ensure that they are readily accessible during each workshift to laboratory employees when they are in their work areas;
(iii) Employers shall ensure that laboratory employees are provided information and training in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section, except for the location and availability of the written hazard communication program under paragraph (h)(2)(iii) of this section; and,
(iv) Laboratory employers that ship hazardous chemicals are considered to be either a chemical manufacturer or a distributor under this rule, and thus must ensure that any containers of hazardous chemicals leaving the laboratory are labeled in accordance with paragraph (f)(1) of this section, and that a material safety data sheet is provided to distributors and other employers in accordance with paragraphs (g)(6) and (g)(7) of this section.
(4) In work operations where employees only handle chemicals in sealed containers which are not opened under normal conditions of use (such as are found in marine cargo handling, warehousing, or retail sales), this section applies to these operations only as follows:
(i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced;
(ii) Employers shall maintain copies of any material safety data sheets that are received with incoming shipments of the sealed containers of hazardous chemicals, shall obtain a material safety data sheet as soon as possible for sealed containers of hazardous chemicals received without a material safety data sheet if an employee requests the material safety data sheet, and shall ensure that the material safety data sheets are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s); and,
(iii) Employers shall ensure that employees are provided with information and training in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section (except for the location and availability of the written hazard communication program under paragraph (h)(2)(iii) of this section), to the extent necessary to protect them in the event of a spill or leak of a hazardous chemical from a sealed container.
(5) This section does not require labeling of the following chemicals:
(i) Any pesticide as such term is defined in the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136 et seq.), when subject to the labeling requirements of that Act and labeling regulations issued under that Act by the Environmental Protection Agency;
(ii) Any chemical substance or mixture as such terms are defined in the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.), when subject to the labeling requirements of that Act and labeling regulations issued under that Act by the Environmental Protection Agency;
(iii) Any food, food additive, color additive, drug, cosmetic, or medical or veterinary device or product, including materials intended for use as ingredients in such products (e.g. flavors and fragrances), as such terms are defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.) or the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act of 1913 (21 U.S.C. 151 et seq.), and regulations issued under those Acts, when they are subject to the labeling requirements under those Acts by either the Food and Drug Administration or the Department of Agriculture;
(iv) Any distilled spirits (beverage alcohols), wine, or malt beverage intended for nonindustrial use, as such terms are defined in the Federal Alcohol Administration Act (27 U.S.C. 201 et seq.) and regulations issued under that Act, when subject to the labeling requirements of that Act and labeling regulations issued under that Act by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms;
(v) Any consumer product or hazardous substance as those terms are defined in the Consumer Product Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 2051 et seq.) and Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261 et seq.) respectively, when subject to a consumer product safety standard or labeling requirement of those Acts, or regulations issued under those Acts by the Consumer Product Safety Commission; and,
(vi) Agricultural or vegetable seed treated with pesticides and labeled in accordance with the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. 1551 et seq.) and the labeling regulations issued under that Act by the Department of Agriculture.
(6) This section does not apply to:
(i) Any hazardous waste as such term is defined by the Solid Waste Disposal
Act, as amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, as amended (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.), when subject to regulations issued under that Act by the Environmental Protection Agency;
(ii) Any hazardous substance as such term is defined by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability ACT (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.) when the hazardous substance is the focus of remedial or removal action being conducted under CERCLA in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency regulations.
(iii) Tobacco or tobacco products;
(iv) Wood or wood products, including lumber which will not be processed, where the chemical manufacturer or importer can establish that the only hazard they pose to employees is the potential for flammability or combustibility (wood or wood products which have been treated with a hazardous chemical covered by this standard, and wood which may be subsequently sawed or cut, generating dust, are not exempted);
(v) Articles (as that term is defined in paragraph (c) of this section);
(vi) Food or alcoholic beverages which are sold, used, or prepared in a retail establishment (such as a grocery store, restaurant, or drinking place), and foods intended for personal consumption by employees while in the workplace;
(vii) Any drug, as that term is defined in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 et seq.), when it is in solid, final form for direct administration to the patient (e.g., tablets or pills); drugs which are packaged by the chemical manufacturer for sale to consumers in a retail establishment (e.g., over-the-counter drugs); and drugs intended for personal consumption by employees while in the workplace (e.g., first aid supplies);
(viii) Cosmetics which are packaged for sale to consumers in a retail establishment, and cosmetics intended for personal consumption by employees while in the workplace;
(ix) Any consumer product or hazardous substance, as those terms are defined in the Consumer Product Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 2051 et seq.) and Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261 et seq.) respectively, where the employer can show that it is used in the workplace for the purpose intended by the chemical manufacturer or importer of the product, and the use results in a duration and frequency of exposure which is not greater than the range of exposures that could reasonably be experienced by consumers when used for the purpose intended;
(x) Nuisance particulates where the chemical manufacturer or importer can establish that they do not pose any physical or health hazard covered under this section;
(xi) Ionizing and nonionizing radiation; and,
(xii) Biological hazards.
Article means a manufactured item other than a fluid or particle:
(i) which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;
(ii) which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and
(iii) which under normal conditions of use does not release more than very small quantities, e.g., minute or trace amounts of a hazardous chemical (as determined under paragraph (d) of this section), and does not pose a physical hazard or health risk to employees.
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.
Chemical means any element, chemical compound or mixture of elements and/or compounds.
Chemical manufacturer means an employer with a workplace where chemical(s) are produced for use or distribution.
Chemical name means the scientific designation of a chemical in accordance with the nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) or the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) rules of nomenclature, or a name which will clearly identify the chemical for the purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation.
Combustible liquid means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C), but below 200 deg. F (93.3 deg. C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200 deg. F (93.3 deg. C), or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
Commercial account means an arrangement whereby a retail distributor sells hazardous chemicals to an employer, generally in large quantities over time and/or at costs that are below the regular retail price.
Common name means any designation or identification such as code name, code number, trade name, brand name or generic name used to identify a chemical other than by its chemical name.
Compressed gas means:
(i) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 deg. F (21.1 deg. C); or (ii) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 deg. F (54.4 deg. C) regardless of the pressure at 70 deg. F (21.1 deg. C); or (iii) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C) as determined by ASTM D-323-72.
Container means any bag, barrel, bottle, box, can, cylinder, drum, reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like that contains a hazardous chemical. For purposes of this section, pipes or piping systems, and engines, fuel tanks, or other operating systems in a vehicle, are not considered to be containers.
Designated representative means any individual or organization to whom an employee gives written authorization to exercise such employee's rights under this section. A recognized or certified collective bargaining agent shall be treated automatically as a designated representative without regard to written employee authorization.
Director means the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or designee.
Distributor means a business, other than a chemical manufacturer or importer, which supplies hazardous chemicals to other distributors or to employers.
Employee means a worker who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals under normal operating conditions or in foreseeable emergencies. Workers such as office workers or bank tellers who encounter hazardous chemicals only in non-routine, isolated instances are not covered.
Employer means a person engaged in a business where chemicals are either used, distributed, or are produced for use or distribution, including a contractor or subcontractor.
Explosive means a chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.
Exposure or exposed means that an employee is subjected in the course of employment to a chemical that is a physical or health hazard, and includes potential (e.g. accidental or possible) exposure. "Subjected" in terms of health hazards includes any route of entry (e.g. inhalation, ingestion, skin contact or absorption.)
Flammable means a chemical that falls into one of the following categories:
(i) Aerosol, flammable means an aerosol that, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame projection exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame extending back to the valve) at any degree of valve opening;
(ii) Gas, flammable means:
(A) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of thirteen (13) percent by volume or less; or (B) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than twelve (12) percent by volume, regardless of the lower limit;
(iii) Liquid, flammable means any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C) or higher, the total of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
(iv) Solid, flammable means a solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 1910.109(a), that is liable to cause fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per second along its major axis.
Flashpoint means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested as follows:
(i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Z11.24-1979 (ASTM D 56-79)) for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) at 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C), that do not contain suspended solids and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or
(ii) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (See American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester, Z11.7- 1979 (ASTM D 93-79)) for liquids with a viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at 100 deg. F (37.8 deg. C), or that contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface film under test; or
(iii) Setaflash Closed Tester (see American National Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM D 3278-78)).
Organic peroxides, which undergo autoaccelerating thermal decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint determination methods specified above.
Foreseeable emergency means any potential occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment which could result in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.
Hazardous chemical means any chemical which is a physical hazard or a health hazard.
Hazard warning means any words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof appearing on a label or other appropriate form of warning which convey the specific physical and health hazard(s), including target organ effects, of the chemical(s) in the container(s). (See the definitions for physical hazard'' andhealth hazard'' to determine the hazards which must be covered.)
Health hazard means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. The term ``health hazard'' includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Appendix A provides further definitions and explanations of the scope of health hazards covered by this section, and Appendix B describes the criteria to be used to determine whether or not a chemical is to be considered hazardous for purposes of this standard.
Identity means any chemical or common name which is indicated on the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the chemical. The identity used shall permit cross-references to be made among the required list of hazardous chemicals, the label and the MSDS.
Immediate use means that the hazardous chemical will be under the control of and used only by the person who transfers it from a labeled container and only within the work shift in which it is transferred.
Importer means the first business with employees within the Customs Territory of the United States which receives hazardous chemicals produced in other countries for the purpose of supplying them to distributors or employers within the United States.
Label means any written, printed, or graphic material displayed on or affixed to containers of hazardous chemicals.
Material safety data sheet (MSDS) means written or printed material concerning a hazardous chemical which is prepared in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section.
Mixture means any combination of two or more chemicals if the combination is not, in whole or in part, the result of a chemical reaction.
Organic peroxide means an organic compound that contains the bivalent -O-O-structure and which may be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical.
Oxidizer means a chemical other than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in 1910.109(a), that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself or through the release of oxygen or other gases.
Physical hazard means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.
Produce means to manufacture, process, formulate, blend, extract, generate, emit, or repackage.
Pyrophoric means a chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130 deg. F (54.4 deg. C) or below.
Responsible party means someone who can provide additional information on the hazardous chemical and appropriate emergency procedures, if necessary.
Specific chemical identity means the chemical name, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number, or any other information that reveals the precise chemical designation of the substance.
Trade secret means any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information or compilation of information that is used in an employer's business, and that gives the employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. Appendix D sets out the criteria to be used in evaluating trade secrets.
Unstable (reactive) means a chemical which in the pure state, or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure or temperature.
Use means to package, handle, react, emit, extract, generate as a byproduct, or transfer.
Water-reactive means a chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.
Work area means a room or defined space in a workplace where hazardous chemicals are produced or used, and where employees are present.
Workplace means an establishment, job site, or project, at one geographical location containing one or more work areas.
(d) Hazard determination.
(1) Chemical manufacturers and importers shall evaluate chemicals produced in their workplaces or imported by them to determine if they are hazardous. Employers are not required to evaluate chemicals unless they choose not to rely on the evaluation performed by the chemical manufacturer or importer for the chemical to satisfy this requirement.
STEP
(2) Chemical manufacturers, importers or employers evaluating chemicals shall identify and consider the available scientific evidence concerning such hazards. For health hazards, evidence which is statistically significant and which is based on at least one positive study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles is considered to be sufficient to establish a hazardous effect if the results of the study meet the definitions of health hazards in this section. Appendix A shall be consulted for the scope of health hazards covered, and
Appendix B shall be consulted for the criteria to be followed with respect to the completeness of the evaluation, and the data to be reported.
(3) The chemical manufacturer, importer or employer evaluating chemicals shall treat the following sources as establishing that the chemicals listed in them are hazardous:
(i) 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA); or,
(ii) Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (latest edition). The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer is still responsible for evaluating the hazards associated with the chemicals in these source lists in accordance with the requirements of this standard.
(4) Chemical manufacturers, importers and employers evaluating chemicals shall treat the following sources as establishing that a chemical is a carcinogen or potential carcinogen for hazard communication purposes:
(i) National Toxicology Program (NTP), Annual Report on Carcinogens (latest edition);
(ii) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs (latest editions); or
(iii) 29 CFR part 1910, subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Note: The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health indicates whether a chemical has been found by NTP or IARC to be a potential carcinogen.
(5) The chemical manufacturer, importer or employer shall determine the hazards of mixtures of chemicals as follows:
(i) If a mixture has been tested as a whole to determine its hazards, the results of such testing shall be used to determine whether the mixture is hazardous;
(ii) If a mixture has not been tested as a whole to determine whether the mixture is a health hazard, the mixture shall be assumed to present the same health hazards as do the components which comprise one percent (by weight or volume) or greater of the mixture, except that the mixture shall be assumed to present a carcinogenic hazard if it contains a component in concentrations of 0.1 percent or greater which is considered to be a carcinogen under paragraph (d)(4) of this section;
(iii) If a mixture has not been tested as a whole to determine whether the mixture is a physical hazard, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer may use whatever scientifically valid data is available to evaluate the physical hazard potential of the mixture; and,
(iv) If the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer has evidence to indicate that a component present in the mixture in concentrations of less than one percent (or in the case of carcinogens, less than 0.1 percent) could be released in concentrations which would exceed an established OSHA permissible exposure limit or ACGIH Threshold Limit Value, or could present a health risk to employees in those concentrations, the mixture shall be assumed to present the same hazard.
(6) Chemical manufacturers, importers, or employers evaluating chemicals shall describe in writing the procedures they use to determine the hazards of the chemical they evaluate. The written procedures are to be made available, upon request, to employees, their designated representatives, the Assistant Secretary and the Director. The written description may be incorporated into the written hazard communication program required under paragraph (e) of this section.
(e) Written hazard communication program.
(1) Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain at each workplace, a written hazard communication program which at least describes how the criteria specified in paragraphs (f), (g), and (h) of this section for labels and other forms of warning, material safety data sheets, and employee information and training will be met, and which also includes the following: STEP
(i) A list of the hazardous chemicals known to be present using an identity that is referenced on the appropriate material safety data sheet (the list may be compiled for the workplace as a whole or for individual work areas); and, STEP
(ii) The methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards of non-routine tasks (for example, the cleaning of reactor vessels), and the hazards associated with chemicals contained in unlabeled pipes in their work areas. STEP
(2) Multi-employer workplaces. Employers who produce, use, or store hazardous chemicals at a workplace in such a way that the employees of other employer(s) may be exposed (for example, employees of a construction contractor working on-site) shall additionally ensure that the hazard communication programs developed and implemented under this paragraph (e) include the following: STEP
(i) The methods the employer will use to provide the other employer(s) on-site access to material safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical the other employer(s)' employees may be exposed to while working; STEP (ii) The methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of any precautionary measures that need to be taken to protect employees during the workplace's normal operating conditions and in foreseeable emergencies; and, STEP
(iii) The methods the employer will use to inform the other employer(s) of the labeling system used in the workplace. STEP
(3) The employer may rely on an existing hazard communication program to comply with these requirements, provided that it meets the criteria established in this paragraph (e). STEP
(4) The employer shall make the written hazard communication program available, upon request, to employees, their designated representatives, the Assistant Secretary and the Director, in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.20 (e). STEP
(5) Where employees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work is carried out at more than one geographical location, the written hazard communication program may be kept at the primary workplace facility.
(f) Labels and other forms of warning.
(1) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with the following information:
(i) Identity of the hazardous chemical(s); STEP
(ii) Appropriate hazard warnings; and STEP
(iii) Name and address of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or other responsible party. STEP
(i) For solid metal (such as a steel beam or a metal casting), solid wood, or plastic items that are not exempted as articles due to their downstream use, or shipments of whole grain, the required label may be transmitted to the customer at the time of the initial shipment, and need not be included with subsequent shipments to the same employer unless the information on the label changes;
(ii) The label may be transmitted with the initial shipment itself, or with the material safety data sheet that is to be provided prior to or at the time of the first shipment; and,
(iii) This exception to requiring labels on every container of hazardous chemicals is only for the solid material itself, and does not apply to hazardous chemicals used in conjunction with, or known to be present with, the material and to which employees handling the items in transit may be exposed (for example, cutting fluids or pesticides in grains).
(3) Chemical manufacturers, importers, or distributors shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals leaving the workplace is labeled, tagged, or marked in accordance with this section in a manner which does not conflict with the requirements of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1801 et seq.) and regulations issued under that Act by the Department of Transportation.
(4) If the hazardous chemical is regulated by OSHA in a substance-specific health standard, the chemical manufacturer, importer, distributor or employer shall ensure that the labels or other forms of warning used are in accordance with the requirements of that standard.
STEP
(5) Except as provided in paragraphs (f)(6) and (f)(7) of this section, the employer shall ensure that each container of hazardous chemicals in the workplace is labeled, tagged or marked with the following information:
(i) Identity of the hazardous chemical(s) contained therein; and, STEP
(ii) Appropriate hazard warnings, or alternatively, words, pictures, symbols, or combination thereof, which provide at least general information regarding the hazards of the chemicals, and which, in conjunction with the other information immediately available to employees under the hazard communication program, will provide employees with the specific information regarding the physical and health hazards of the hazardous chemical. STEP
(6) The employer may use signs, placards, process sheets, batch tickets, operating procedures, or other such written materials in lieu of affixing labels to individual stationary process containers, as long as the alternative method identifies the containers to which it is applicable and conveys the information required by paragraph (f)(5) of this section to be on a label. The written materials shall be readily accessible to the employees in their work area throughout each work shift. STEP
(7) The employer is not required to label portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are transferred from labeled containers, and which are intended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer. For purposes of this section, drugs which are dispensed by a pharmacy to a health care provider for direct administration to a patient are exempted from labeling.
(8) The employer shall not remove or deface existing labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals, unless the container is immediately marked with the required information. STEP
(9) The employer shall ensure that labels or other forms of warning are legible, in
English, and prominently displayed on the container, or readily available in the work area throughout each work shift. Employers having employees who speak other languages may add the information in their language to the material presented, as long as the information is presented in English as well. STEP
(10) The chemical manufacturer, importer, distributor or employer need not affix new labels to comply with this section if existing labels already convey the required information.
(11) Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, or employers who become newly aware of any significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical shall revise the labels for the chemical within three months of becoming aware of the new information. Labels on containers of hazardous chemicals shipped after that time shall contain the new information. If the chemical is not currently produced or imported, the chemical manufacturer, importers, distributor, or employer shall add the information to the label before the chemical is shipped or introduced into the workplace again.
(g) Material safety data sheets.
(1) Chemical manufacturers and importers shall obtain or develop a material safety data sheet for each hazardous chemical they produce or import. Employers shall have a material safety data sheet in the workplace for each hazardous chemical which they use. STEP
(2) Each material safety data sheet shall be in English (although the employer may maintain copies in other languages as well), and shall contain at least the following information:
(i) The identity used on the label, and, except as provided for in paragraph (i) of this section on trade secrets: STEP
(A) If the hazardous chemical is a single substance, its chemical and common name(s); STEP
(B) If the hazardous chemical is a mixture which has been tested as a whole to determine its hazards, the chemical and common name(s) of the ingredients which contribute to these known hazards, and the common name(s) of the mixture itself; or, STEP
(C) If the hazardous chemical is a mixture which has not been tested as a whole:
(1) The chemical and common name(s) of all ingredients which have been determined to be health hazards, and which comprise 1% or greater of the composition, except that chemicals identified as carcinogens under paragraph (d) of this section shall be listed if the concentrations are 0.1% or greater; and, STEP
(2) The chemical and common name(s) of all ingredients which have been determined to be health hazards, and which comprise less than 1% (0.1% for carcinogens) of the mixture, if there is evidence that the ingredient(s) could be released from the mixture in concentrations which would exceed an established OSHA permissible exposure limit or ACGIH Threshold Limit Value, or could present a health risk to employees; and,
(3) The chemical and common name(s) of all ingredients which have been determined to present a physical hazard when present in the mixture; STEP
(ii) Physical and chemical characteristics of the hazardous chemical (such as vapor pressure, flash point); STEP
(iii) The physical hazards of the hazardous chemical, including the potential for fire, explosion, and reactivity; STEP
(iv) The health hazards of the hazardous chemical, including signs and symptoms of exposure, and any medical conditions which are generally recognized as being aggravated by exposure to the chemical; STEP
(v) The primary route(s) of entry; STEP
(vi) The OSHA permissible exposure limit, ACGIH Threshold Limit Value, and any other exposure limit used or recommended by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer preparing the material safety data sheet, where available; STEP
(vii) Whether the hazardous chemical is listed in the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Annual Report on Carcinogens (latest edition) or has been found to be a potential carcinogen in the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs (latest editions), or by OSHA; STEP
(viii) Any generally applicable precautions for safe handling and use which are known to the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet, including appropriate hygienic practices, protective measures during repair and maintenance of contaminated equipment, and procedures for clean-up of spills and leaks; STEP
(ix) Any generally applicable control measures which are known to the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet, such as appropriate engineering controls, work practices, or personal protective equipment; STEP
(x) Emergency and first aid procedures; STEP
(xi) The date of preparation of the material safety data sheet or the last change to it; and, STEP
(xii) The name, address and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, employer or other responsible party preparing or distributing the material safety data sheet, who can provide additional information on the hazardous chemical and appropriate emergency procedures, if necessary. STEP
(3) If no relevant information is found for any given category on the material safety data sheet, the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet shall mark it to indicate that no applicable information was found. STEP
(4) Where complex mixtures have similar hazards and contents (i.e. the chemical ingredients are essentially the same, but the specific composition varies from mixture to mixture), the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer may prepare one material safety data sheet to apply to all of these similar mixtures.
(5) The chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet shall ensure that the information recorded accurately reflects the scientific evidence used in making the hazard determination. If the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer preparing the material safety data sheet becomes newly aware of any significant information regarding the hazards of a chemical, or ways to protect against the hazards, this new information shall be added to the material safety data sheet within three months. If the chemical is not currently being produced or imported the chemical manufacturer or importer shall add the information to the material safety data sheet before the chemical is introduced into the workplace again. STEP
(i) Chemical manufacturers or importers shall ensure that distributors and employers are provided an appropriate material safety data sheet with their initial shipment, and with the first shipment after a material safety data sheet is updated;
(ii) The chemical manufacturer or importer shall either provide material safety data sheets with the shipped containers or send them to the distributor or employer prior to or at the time of the shipment;
(iii) If the material safety data sheet is not provided with a shipment that has been labeled as a hazardous chemical, the distributor or employer shall obtain one from the chemical manufacturer or importer as soon as possible; and,
(iv) The chemical manufacturer or importer shall also provide distributors or employers with a material safety data sheet upon request.
(i) Distributors shall ensure that material safety data sheets, and updated information, are provided to other distributors and employers with their initial shipment and with the first shipment after a material safety data sheet is updated;
(ii) The distributor shall either provide material safety data sheets with the shipped containers, or send them to the other distributor or employer prior to or at the time of the shipment;
(iii) Retail distributors selling hazardous chemicals to employers having a commercial account shall provide a material safety data sheet to such employers upon request, and shall post a sign or otherwise inform them that a material safety data sheet is available;
(iv) Wholesale distributors selling hazardous chemicals to employers over-the-counter may also provide material safety data sheets upon the request of the employer at the time of the over-the-counter purchase, and shall post a sign or otherwise inform such employers that a material safety data sheet is available;
(v) If an employer without a commercial account purchases a hazardous chemical from a retail distributor not required to have material safety data sheets on file (i.e., the retail distributor does not have commercial accounts and does not use the materials), the retail distributor shall provide the employer, upon request, with the name, address, and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer, importer, or distributor from which a material safety data sheet can be obtained;
(vi) Wholesale distributors shall also provide material safety data sheets to employers or other distributors upon request; and,
(vii) Chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors need not provide material safety data sheets to retail distributors that have informed them that the retail distributor does not sell the product to commercial accounts or open the sealed container to use it in their own workplaces.
(8) The employer shall maintain in the workplace copies of the required material safety data sheets for each hazardous chemical, and shall ensure that they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area(s). (Electronic access, microfiche, and other alternatives to maintaining paper copies of the material safety data sheets are permitted as long as no barriers to immediate employee access in each workplace are created by such options.) STEP
(9) Where employees must travel between workplaces during a workshift, i.e., their work is carried out at more than one geographical location, the material safety data sheets may be kept at the primary workplace facility. In this situation, the employer shall ensure that employees can immediately obtain the required information in an emergency.
(10) Material safety data sheets may be kept in any form, including operating procedures, and may be designed to cover groups of hazardous chemicals in a work area where it may be more appropriate to address the hazards of a process rather than individual hazardous chemicals. However, the employer shall ensure that in all cases the required information is provided for each hazardous chemical, and is readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in in their work area(s).
(11) Material safety data sheets shall also be made readily available, upon request, to designated representatives and to the Assistant Secretary, in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.20(e). The Director shall also be given access to material safety data sheets in the same manner. STEP
(h) Employee information and training. STEP
(1) Employers shall provide employees with effective information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment, and whenever a new physical or health hazard the employees have not previously been trained about is introduced into their work area. Information and training may be designed to cover categories of hazards (e.g., flammability, carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals. Chemical-specific information must always be available through labels and material safety data sheets. STEP
(2) Information. Employees shall be informed of: STEP
(i) The requirements of this section; STEP
(ii) Any operations in their work area where hazardous chemicals are present; and, STEP
(iii) The location and availability of the written hazard communication program, including the required list(s) of hazardous chemicals, and material safety data sheets required by this section. STEP
(3) Training. Employee training shall include at least:
(i) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical in the work area (such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.); STEP
(ii) The physical and health hazards of the chemicals in the work area; STEP
(iii) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used; and, STEP
(iv) The details of the hazard communication program developed by the employer, including an explanation of the labeling system and the material safety data sheet, and how employees can obtain and use the appropriate hazard information. STEP (i) Trade secrets.
(1) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer may withhold the specific chemical identity, including the chemical name and other specific identification of a hazardous chemical, from the material safety data sheet, provided that:
(i) The claim that the information withheld is a trade secret can be supported; STEP
(ii) Information contained in the material safety data sheet concerning the properties and effects of the hazardous chemical is disclosed; STEP
(iii) The material safety data sheet indicates that the specific chemical identity is being withheld as a trade secret; and, STEP
(iv) The specific chemical identity is made available to health professionals, employees, and designated representatives in accordance with the applicable provisions of this paragraph. STEP
(2) Where a treating physician or nurse determines that a medical emergency exists and the specific chemical identity of a hazardous chemical is necessary for emergency or first-aid treatment, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer shall immediately disclose the specific chemical identity of a trade secret chemical to that treating physician or nurse, regardless of the existence of a written statement of need or a confidentiality agreement. The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer may require a written statement of need and confidentiality agreement, in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (i) (3) and (4) of this section, as soon as circumstances permit.
(3) In non-emergency situations, a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer shall, upon request, disclose a specific chemical identity, otherwise permitted to be withheld under paragraph (i)(1) of this section, to a health professional (i.e. physician, industrial hygienist, toxicologist, epidemiologist, or occupational health nurse) providing medical or other occupational health services to exposed employee(s), and to employees or designated representatives, if:
(i) The request is in writing;
(ii) The request describes with reasonable detail one or more of the following occupational health needs for the information:
(A) To assess the hazards of the chemicals to which employees will be exposed;
(B) To conduct or assess sampling of the workplace atmosphere to determine employee exposure levels;
(C) To conduct pre-assignment or periodic medical surveillance of exposed employees;
(D) To provide medical treatment to exposed employees;
(E) To select or assess appropriate personal protective equipment for exposed employees;
(F) To design or assess engineering controls or other protective measures for exposed employees; and,
(G) To conduct studies to determine the health effects of exposure.
(iii) The request explains in detail why the disclosure of the specific chemical identity is essential and that, in lieu thereof, the disclosure of the following information to the health professional, employee, or designated representative, would not satisfy the purposes described in paragraph (i)(3)(ii) of this section:
(A) The properties and effects of the chemical;
(B) Measures for controlling workers' exposure to the chemical;
(C) Methods of monitoring and analyzing worker exposure to the chemical; and,
(D) Methods of diagnosing and treating harmful exposures to the chemical;
(iv) The request includes a description of the procedures to be used to maintain the confidentiality of the disclosed information; and,
(v) The health professional, and the employer or contractor of the services of the health professional (i.e. downstream employer, labor organization, or individual employee), employee, or designated representative, agree in a written confidentiality agreement that the health professional, employee, or designated representative, will not use the trade secret information for any purpose other than the health need(s) asserted and agree not to release the information under any circumstances other than to OSHA, as provided in paragraph (i)(6) of this section, except as authorized by the terms of the agreement or by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer.
(4) The confidentiality agreement authorized by paragraph (i)(3)(iv) of this section:
(i) May restrict the use of the information to the health purposes indicated in the written statement of need;
(ii) May provide for appropriate legal remedies in the event of a breach of the agreement, including stipulation of a reasonable pre-estimate of likely damages; and,
(iii) May not include requirements for the posting of a penalty bond.
(5) Nothing in this standard is meant to preclude the parties from pursuing non-contractual remedies to the extent permitted by law.
(6) If the health professional, employee, or designated representative receiving the trade secret information decides that there is a need to disclose it to OSHA, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer who provided the information shall be informed by the health professional, employee, or designated representative prior to, or at the same time as, such disclosure.
(7) If the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer denies a written request for disclosure of a specific chemical identity, the denial must:
(i) Be provided to the health professional, employee, or designated representative, within thirty days of the request;
(ii) Be in writing;
(iii) Include evidence to support the claim that the specific chemical identity is a trade secret;
(iv) State the specific reasons why the request is being denied; and,
(v) Explain in detail how alternative information may satisfy the specific medical or occupational health need without revealing the specific chemical identity.
(8) The health professional, employee, or designated representative whose request for information is denied under paragraph (i)(3) of this section may refer the request and the written denial of the request to OSHA for consideration.
(9) When a health professional, employee, or designated representative refers the denial to OSHA under paragraph (i)(8) of this section, OSHA shall consider the evidence to determine if:
(i) The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer has supported the claim that the specific chemical identity is a trade secret;
(ii) The health professional, employee, or designated representative has supported the claim that there is a medical or occupational health need for the information; and, (iii) The health professional, employee or designated representative has demonstrated adequate means to protect the confidentiality.
(i) If OSHA determines that the specific chemical identity requested under paragraph (i)(3) of this section is not a bona fide trade secret, or that it is a trade secret, but the requesting health professional, employee, or designated representative has a legitimate medical or occupational health need for the information, has executed a written confidentiality agreement, and has shown adequate means to protect the confidentiality of the information, the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer will be subject to citation by OSHA.
(ii) If a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer demonstrates to OSHA that the execution of a confidentiality agreement would not provide sufficient protection against the potential harm from the unauthorized disclosure of a trade secret specific chemical identity, the Assistant Secretary may issue such orders or impose such additional limitations or conditions upon the disclosure of the requested chemical information as may be appropriate to assure that the occupational health services are provided without an undue risk of harm to the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer.
(11) If a citation for a failure to release specific chemical identity information is contested by the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer, the matter will be adjudicated before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission in accordance with the Act's enforcement scheme and the applicable Commission rules of procedure. In accordance with the Commission rules, when a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer continues to withhold the information during the contest, the Administrative Law Judge may review the citation and supporting documentation in camera or issue appropriate orders to protect the confidentiality of such matters.
(12) Notwithstanding the existence of a trade secret claim, a chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer shall, upon request, disclose to the Assistant Secretary any information which this section requires the chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer to make available. Where there is a trade secret claim, such claim shall be made no later than at the time the information is provided to the Assistant Secretary so that suitable determinations of trade secret status can be made and the necessary protections can be implemented.
(13) Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed as requiring the disclosure under any circumstances of process or percentage of mixture information which is a trade secret.
(j) Effective dates. Chemical manufacturers, importers, distributors, and employers shall be in compliance with all provisions of this section by March 11, 1994.
Note: The effective date of the clarification that the exemption of wood and wood products from the Hazard Communication standard in paragraph (b)(6)(iv) only applies to wood and wood products including lumber which will not be processed, where the manufacturer or importer can establish that the only hazard they pose to employees is the potential for flammability or combustibility, and that the exemption does not apply to wood or wood products which have been treated with a hazardous chemical covered by this standard, and wood which may be subsequently sawed or cut generating dust has been stayed from March 11, 1994 to August 11, 1994.
Although safety hazards related to the physical characteristics of a chemical can be objectively defined in terms of testing requirements (e.g. flammability), health hazard definitions are less precise and more subjective. Health hazards may cause measurable changes in the body-such as decreased pulmonary function. These changes are generally indicated by the occurrence of signs and symptoms in the exposed employees-such as shortness of breath, a non-measurable, subjective feeling. Employees exposed to such hazards must be apprised of both the change in body function and the signs and symptoms that may occur to signal that change. The determination of occupational health hazards is complicated by the fact that many of the effects or signs and symptoms occur commonly in non-occupationally exposed populations, so that effects of exposure are difficult to separate from normally occurring illnesses. Occasionally, a substance causes an effect that is rarely seen in the population at large, such as angiosarcomas caused by vinyl chloride exposure, thus making it easier to ascertain that the occupational exposure was the primary causative factor. More often, however, the effects are common, such as lung cancer. The situation is further complicated by the fact that most chemicals have not been adequately tested to determine their health hazard potential, and data do not exist to substantiate these effects. There have been many attempts to categorize effects and to define them in various ways. Generally, the terms acute'' andchronic'' are used to delineate between effects on the basis of severity or duration. Acute'' effects usually occur rapidly as a result of short-term exposures, and are of short duration.Chronic'' effects generally occur as a result of long-term exposure, and are of long duration. The acute effects referred to most frequently are those defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous Industrial Chemicals (Z129.1-1988)-irritation, corrosivity, sensitization and lethal dose. Although these are important health effects, they do not adequately cover the considerable range of acute effects which may occur as a result of occupational exposure, such as, for example, narcosis. Similarly, the term chronic effect is often used to cover only carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity. These effects are obviously a concern in the workplace, but again, do not adequately cover the area of chronic effects, excluding, for example, blood dyscrasias (such as anemia), chronic bronchitis and liver atrophy. The goal of defining precisely, in measurable terms, every possible health effect that may occur in the workplace as a result of chemical exposures cannot realistically be accomplished. This does not negate the need for employees to be informed of such effects and protected from them. Appendix B, which is also mandatory, outlines the principles and procedures of hazard assessment. For purposes of this section, any chemicals which meet any of the following definitions, as determined by the criteria set forth in Appendix B are health hazards. However, this is not intended to be an exclusive categorization scheme. If there are available scientific data that involve other animal species or test methods, they must also be evaluated to determine the applicability of the HCS.
1. Carcinogen: A chemical is considered to be a carcinogen if:
(a) It has been evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and found to be a carcinogen or potential carcinogen; or
(b) It is listed as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen in the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition); or,
(c) It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen.
2. Corrosive: A chemical that causes visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. For example, a chemical is considered to be corrosive if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the method described by the U.S. Department of Transportation in appendix A to 49 CFR part 173, it destroys or changes irreversibly the structure of the tissue at the site of contact following an exposure period of four hours. This term shall not refer to action on inanimate surfaces.
3. Highly toxic: A chemical falling within any of the following categories:
(a) A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.
(b) A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of 200 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between two and three kilograms each.
(c) A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of 200 parts per million by volume or less of gas or vapor, or 2 milligrams per liter or less of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour (or less if death occurs within one hour) to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.
4. Irritant: A chemical, which is not corrosive, but which causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. A chemical is a skin irritant if, when tested on the intact skin of albino rabbits by the methods of 16 CFR 1500.41 for four hours exposure or by other appropriate techniques, it results in an empirical score of five or more. A chemical is an eye irritant if so determined under the procedure listed in 16 CFR 1500.42 or other appropriate techniques.
5. Sensitizer: A chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical.
6. Toxic. A chemical falling within any of the following categories:
(a) A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 50 milligrams per kilogram but not more than 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.
(b) A chemical that has a median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 200 milligrams per kilogram but not more than 1,000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24 hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between two and three kilograms each.
(c) A chemical that has a median lethal concentration (LC50) in air of more than 200 parts per million but not more than 2,000 parts per million by volume of gas or vapor, or more than two milligrams per liter but not more than 20 milligrams per liter of mist, fume, or dust, when administered by continuous inhalation for one hour (or less if death occurs within one hour) to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.
7. Target organ effects. The following is a target organ categorization of effects which may occur, including examples of signs and symptoms and chemicals which have been found to cause such effects. These examples are presented to illustrate the range and diversity of effects and hazards found in the workplace, and the broad scope employers must consider in this area, but are not intended to be all-inclusive.
a. Hepatotoxins: Chemicals which produce liver damage Signs & Symptoms: Jaundice; liver enlargement Chemicals: Carbon tetrachloride; nitrosamines
b. Nephrotoxins: Chemicals which produce kidney damage Signs & Symptoms: Edema; proteinuria Chemicals: Halogenated hydrocarbons; uranium
c. Neurotoxins: Chemicals which produce their primary toxic effects on the nervous system Signs & Symptoms: Narcosis; behavioral changes; decrease in motor functions Chemicals: Mercury; carbon disulfide
d. Agents which act on the blood or hemato-poietic system: Decrease hemoglobin function; deprive the body tissues of oxygen Signs & Symptoms: Cyanosis; loss of consciousness Chemicals: Carbon monoxide; cyanides
e. Agents which damage the lung: Chemicals which irritate or damage pulmonary tissue Signs & Symptoms: Cough; tightness in chest; shortness of breath Chemicals: Silica; asbestos
f. Reproductive toxins: Chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis) Signs & Symptoms:
Birth defects; sterility Chemicals: Lead; DBCP
g. Cutaneous hazards: Chemicals which affect the dermal layer of the body Signs & Symptoms: Defatting of the skin; rashes; irritation Chemicals: Ketones; chlorinated compounds
h. Eye hazards: Chemicals which affect the eye or visual capacity Signs & Symptoms: Conjunctivitis; corneal damage Chemicals: Organic solvents; acids
The quality of a hazard communication program is largely dependent upon the adequacy and accuracy of the hazard determination. The hazard determination requirement of this standard is performance-oriented. Chemical manufacturers, importers, and employers evaluating chemicals are not required to follow any specific methods for determining hazards, but they must be able to demonstrate that they have adequately ascertained the hazards of the chemicals produced or imported in accordance with the criteria set forth in this Appendix.
Hazard evaluation is a process which relies heavily on the professional judgment of the evaluator, particularly in the area of chronic hazards. The performance-orientation of the hazard determination does not diminish the duty of the chemical manufacturer, importer or employer to conduct a thorough evaluation, examining all relevant data and producing a scientifically defensible evaluation. For purposes of this standard, the following criteria shall be used in making hazard determinations that meet the requirements of this standard.
1. Carcinogenicity: As described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section and Appendix A of this section, a determination by the National Toxicology Program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or OSHA that a chemical is a carcinogen or potential carcinogen will be considered conclusive evidence for purposes of this section. In addition, however, all available scientific data on carcinogenicity must be evaluated in accordance with the provisions of this Appendix and the requirements of the rule.
2. Human data: Where available, epidemiological studies and case reports of adverse health effects shall be considered in the evaluation.
3. Animal data: Human evidence of health effects in exposed populations is generally not available for the majority of chemicals produced or used in the workplace. Therefore, the available results of toxicological testing in animal populations shall be used to predict the health effects that may be experienced by exposed workers. In particular, the definitions of certain acute hazards refer to specific animal testing results (see Appendix A).
4. Adequacy and reporting of data. The results of any studies which are designed and conducted according to established scientific principles, and which report statistically significant conclusions regarding the health effects of a chemical, shall be a sufficient basis for a hazard determination and reported on any material safety data sheet. In vitro studies alone generally do not form the basis for a definitive finding of hazard under the HCS since they have a positive or negative result rather than a statistically significant finding.
The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer may also report the results of other scientifically valid studies which tend to refute the findings of hazard.
Appendix C to 1910.1200 - Information Sources (Advisory)
The following is a list of available data sources which the chemical manufacturer, importer, distributor, or employer may wish to consult to evaluate the hazards of chemicals they produce or import:
Any information in their own company files, such as toxicity testing results or illness experience of company employees.
Any information obtained from the supplier of the chemical, such as material safety data sheets or product safety bulletins.
Any pertinent information obtained from the following source list (latest editions should be used): Condensed Chemical Dictionary Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 135 West 50th Street, New York, NY 10020. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and Drugs Merck and Company, Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ 07065. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-Present. (Multivolume work). Summaries are available in supplement volumes. 49 Sheridan Street, Albany, NY 12210. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, by F.A. Patty John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (Multivolume work). Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products Gleason, Gosselin, and Hodge. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology; The Basic Science of Poisons Doull, Klaassen, and Amdur, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY. Industrial Toxicology, by Alice Hamilton and Harriet L. Hardy Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., Acton, MA. Toxicology of the Eye, by W. Morton Grant Charles C. Thomas, 301-327 East Lawrence Avenue, Springfield, IL. Recognition of Health Hazards in Industry William A. Burgess, John Wiley and Sons, 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158. Chemical Hazards of the Workplace Nick H. Proctor and James P. Hughes, J.P. Lipincott Company, 6 Winchester Terrace, New York, NY 10022. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Chemical Rubber Company, 18901 Cranwood Parkway, Cleveland, OH 44128. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment and Biological Exposure Indices with Intended Changes American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 6500 Glenway Avenue, Bldg. D-5, Cincinnati, OH 45211. Information on the physical hazards of chemicals may be found in publications of the National Fire Protection Association, Boston, MA. Note: The following documents may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Occupational Health Guidelines NIOSH/OSHA (NIOSH Pub. No. 81-123). NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards NIOSH Pub. No. 90-117. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (Latest edition) Miscellaneous Documents published by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Criteria documents. Special Hazard Reviews. Occupational Hazard Assessments. Current Intelligence Bulletins. OSHA's General Industry Standards (29 CFR Part 1910) NTP Annual Report on Carcinogens and Summary of the Annual Report on Carcinogens. National Technical Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; (703) 487-4650.
| Service provider | : | File name |
|---|---|---|
| Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS), 1200 Route 7, Latham, NY 12110 | : | Biosis Previews :CA Search :Medlars :NTIS :Hazardline :American Chemical Society Journal :Excerpta Medica :IRCS Medical Science Journal :Pre-Med :Intl Pharmaceutical Abstracts :Paper Chem |
| Lockheed-DIALOG Information Service, Inc., 3460 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 | : | Biosis Prev. Files :CA Search Files :CAB Abstracts :Chemical Exposure :Chemname :Chemsis Files :Chemzero :Embase Files :Environmental Bibliographies :Enviroline :Federal Research in Progress :IRL Life Science Collection :NTIS :Occupational Safety and Health : (NIOSH) :Paper Chem |
| SDC-Orbit, SDC Information Service, 2500 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 90406 | : | CAS Files :Chemdex, 2, 3 :NTIS |
| National Library of Medicine, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Toxline Files | : | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (NSDB) :Medline files |
National Institutes of Health, :Cancerlit Bethesda, MD 20209 :RTECS :Chemline Pergamon International :Laboratory Hazard Bulletin Information Corp., 1340 Old : Chain Bridge Rd., McLean, VA : 22101 : Questel, Inc., 1625 Eye Street, :CIS/ILO NW., Suite 818, Washington, DC :Cancernet 20006 : Chemical Information System ICI :Structure and Nomenclature Search (ICIS), Bureau of National :System (SANSS) Affairs, 1133 15th Street, NW., :Acute Toxicity (RTECS) Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005 :Clinical Toxicology of Commercial : Products :Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical : Assistance Data System :CCRIS :CESARS Occupational Health Services, :MSDS 400 Plaza Drive, Secaucus, :Hazardline NJ 07094 : :---
The following is a reprint of the Restatement of Torts section 757, comment b (1939):
A trade secret may consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in one's business, and which gives him an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.
It may be a formula for a chemical compound, a process of manufacturing, treating or preserving materials, a pattern for a machine or other device, or a list of customers.
It differs from other secret information in a business (see s759 of the Restatement of Torts which is not included in this Appendix) in that it is not simply information as to single or ephemeral events in the conduct of the business, as, for example, the amount or other terms of a secret bid for a contract or the salary of certain employees, or the security investments made or contemplated, or the date fixed for the announcement of a new policy or for bringing out a new model or the like.
A trade secret is a process or device for continuous use in the operations of the business.
Generally it relates to the production of goods, as, for example, a machine or formula for the production of an article.
It may, however, relate to the sale of goods or to other operations in the business, such as a code for determining discounts, rebates or other concessions in a price list or catalogue, or a list of specialized customers, or a method of bookkeeping or other office management.
Secrecy.
The subject matter of a trade secret must be secret.
Matters of public knowledge or of general knowledge in an industry cannot be appropriated by one as his secret.
Matters which are completely disclosed by the goods which one markets cannot be his secret.
Substantially, a trade secret is known only in the particular business in which it is used.
It is not requisite that only the proprietor of the business know it.
He may, without losing his protection, communicate it to employees involved in its use.
He may likewise communicate it to others pledged to secrecy.
Others may also know of it independently, as, for example, when they have discovered the process or formula by independent invention and are keeping it secret.
Nevertheless, a substantial element of secrecy must exist, so that, except by the use of improper means, there would be difficulty in acquiring the information.
An exact definition of a trade secret is not possible.
Some factors to be considered in determining whether given information is one's trade secret are: (1) The extent to which the information is known outside of his business; (2) the extent to which it is known by employees and others involved in his business; (3) the extent of measures taken by him to guard the secrecy of the information; (4) the value of the information to him and his competitors; (5) the amount of effort or money expended by him in developing the information; (6) the ease or difficulty with which the information could be properly acquired or duplicated by others.
Novelty and prior art.
A trade secret may be a device or process which is patentable; but it need not be that.
It may be a device or process which is clearly anticipated in the prior art or one which is merely a mechanical improvement that a good mechanic can make.
Novelty and invention are not requisite for a trade secret as they are for patentability.
These requirements are essential to patentability because a patent protects against unlicensed use of the patented device or process even by one who discovers it properly through independent research.
The patent monopoly is a reward to the inventor.
But such is not the case with a trade secret.
Its protection is not based on a policy of rewarding or otherwise encouraging the development of secret processes or devices.
The protection is merely against breach of faith and reprehensible means of learning another's secret.
For this limited protection it is not appropriate to require also the kind of novelty and invention which is a requisite of patentability.
The nature of the secret is, however, an important factor in determining the kind of relief that is appropriate against one who is subject to liability under the rule stated in this Section.
Thus, if the secret consists of a device or process which is a novel invention, one who acquires the secret wrongfully is ordinarily enjoined from further use of it and is required to account for the profits derived from his past use.
If, on the other hand, the secret consists of mechanical improvements that a good mechanic can make without resort to the secret, the wrongdoer's liability may be limited to damages, and an injunction against future use of the improvements made with the aid of the secret may be inappropriate.
The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) is based on a simple concept-that employees have both a need and a right to know the hazards and identities of the chemicals they are exposed to when working. They also need to know what protective measures are available to prevent adverse effects from occurring. The HCS is designed to provide employees with the information they need. Knowledge acquired under the HCS will help employers provide safer workplaces for their employees. When employers have information about the chemicals being used, they can take steps to reduce exposures, substitute less hazardous materials, and establish proper work practices. These efforts will help prevent the occurrence of work-related illnesses and injuries caused by chemicals. The HCS addresses the issues of evaluating and communicating hazards to workers. Evaluation of chemical hazards involves a number of technical concepts, and is a process that requires the professional judgment of experienced experts. That's why the HCS is designed so that employers who simply use chemicals, rather than produce or import them, are not required to evaluate the hazards of those chemicals. Hazard determination is the responsibility of the producers and importers of the materials. Producers and importers of chemicals are then required to provide the hazard information to employers that purchase their products. Employers that don't produce or import chemicals need only focus on those parts of the rule that deal with establishing a workplace program and communicating information to their workers. This appendix is a general guide for such employers to help them determine what's required under the rule. It does not supplant or substitute for the regulatory provisions, but rather provides a simplified outline of the steps an average employer would follow to meet those requirements. 1. Becoming Familiar With The Rule. OSHA has provided a simple summary of the HCS in a pamphlet entitled 'Chemical Hazard Communication,' OSHA Publication Number 3084. Some employers prefer to begin to become familiar with the rule's requirements by reading this pamphlet. A copy may be obtained from your local OSHA Area Office, or by contacting the OSHA Publications Office at (202) 523-9667. The standard is long, and some parts of it are technical, but the basic concepts are simple. In fact, the requirements reflect what many employers have been doing for years. You may find that you are already largely in compliance with many of the provisions, and will simply have to modify your existing programs somewhat. If you are operating in an OSHA-approved State Plan State, you must comply with the State's requirements, which may be different than those of the Federal rule. Many of the State Plan States had hazard communication or 'right-to-know' laws prior to promulgation of the Federal rule. Employers in State Plan States should contact their State OSHA offices for more information regarding applicable requirements. The HCS requires information to be prepared and transmitted regarding all hazardous chemicals. The HCS covers both physical hazards (such as flammability), and health hazards (such as irritation, lung damage, and cancer). Most chemicals used in the workplace have some hazard potential, and thus will be covered by the rule. One difference between this rule and many others adopted by OSHA is that this one is performance-oriented. That means that you have the flexibility to adapt the rule to the needs of your workplace, rather than having to follow specific, rigid requirements. It also means that you have to exercise more judgment to implement an appropriate and effective program. The standard's design is simple. Chemical manufacturers and importers must evaluate the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import. Using that information, they must then prepare labels for containers, and more detailed technical bulletins called material safety data sheets (MSDS). Chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors of hazardous chemicals are all required to provide the appropriate labels and material safety data sheets to the employers to which they ship the chemicals. The information is to be provided automatically. Every container of hazardous chemicals you receive must be labeled, tagged, or marked with the required information. Your suppliers must also send you a properly completed material safety data sheet (MSDS) at the time of the first shipment of the chemical, and with the next shipment after the MSDS is updated with new and significant information about the hazards. You can rely on the information received from your suppliers. You have no independent duty to analyze the chemical or evaluate the hazards of it. Employers that use'' hazardous chemicals must have a program to ensure the information is provided to exposed employees.Use'' means to package, handle, react, or transfer. This is an intentionally broad scope, and includes any situation where a chemical is present in such a way that employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency. The requirements of the rule that deal specifically with the hazard communication program are found in this section in paragraphs (e), written hazard communication program; (f), labels and other forms of warning; (g), material safety data sheets; and (h), employee information and training. The requirements of these paragraphs should be the focus of your attention. Concentrate on becoming familiar with them, using paragraphs (b), scope and application, and (c), definitions, as references when needed to help explain the provisions. There are two types of work operations where the coverage of the rule is limited. These are laboratories and operations where chemicals are only handled in sealed containers (e.g., a warehouse). The limited provisions for these workplaces can be found in paragraph (b) of this section, scope and application. Basically, employers having these types of work operations need only keep labels on containers as they are received; maintain material safety data sheets that are received, and give employees access to them; and provide information and training for employees. Employers do not have to have written hazard communication programs and lists of chemicals for these types of operations. The limited coverage of laboratories and sealed container operations addresses the obligation of an employer to the workers in the operations involved, and does not affect the employer's duties as a distributor of chemicals. For example, a distributor may have warehouse operations where employees would be protected under the limited sealed container provisions. In this situation, requirements for obtaining and maintaining MSDSs are limited to providing access to those received with containers while the substance is in the workplace, and requesting MSDSs when employees request access for those not received with the containers. However, as a distributor of hazardous chemicals, that employer will still have responsibilities for providing MSDSs to downstream customers at the time of the first shipment and when the MSDS is updated. Therefore, although they may not be required for the employees in the work operation, the distributor may, nevertheless, have to have MSDSs to satisfy other requirements of the rule. 2. Identify Responsible Staff Hazard communication is going to be a continuing program in your facility. Compliance with the HCS is not a one shot deal.'' In order to have a successful program, it will be necessary to assign responsibility for both the initial and ongoing activities that have to be undertaken to comply with the rule. In some cases, these activities may already be part of current job assignments. For example, site supervisors are frequently responsible for on-the-job training sessions. Early identification of the responsible employees, and involvement of them in the development of your plan of action, will result in a more effective program design. Evaluation of the effectiveness of your program will also be enhanced by involvement of affected employees. For any safety and health program, success depends on commitment at every level of the organization. This is particularly true for hazard communication, where success requires a change in behavior. This will only occur if employers understand the program, and are committed to its success, and if employees are motivated by the people presenting the information to them. 3. Identify Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace. The standard requires a list of hazardous chemicals in the workplace as part of the written hazard communication program. The list will eventually serve as an inventory of everything for which an MSDS must be maintained. At this point, however, preparing the list will help you complete the rest of the program since it will give you some idea of the scope of the program required for compliance in your facility. The best way to prepare a comprehensive list is to survey the workplace. Purchasing records may also help, and certainly employers should establish procedures to ensure that in the future purchasing procedures result in MSDSs being received before a material is used in the workplace. The broadest possible perspective should be taken when doing the survey. Sometimes people think ofchemicals'' as being only liquids in containers. The HCS covers chemicals in all physical forms-liquids, solids, gases, vapors, fumes, and mists-whether they are contained'' or not. The hazardous nature of the chemical and the potential for exposure are the factors which determine whether a chemical is covered. If it's not hazardous, it's not covered. If there is no potential for exposure (e.g., the chemical is inextricably bound and cannot be released), the rule does not cover the chemical. Look around. Identify chemicals in containers, including pipes, but also think about chemicals generated in the work operations. For example, welding fumes, dusts, and exhaust fumes are all sources of chemical exposures. Read labels provided by suppliers for hazard information. Make a list of all chemicals in the workplace that are potentially hazardous. For your own information and planning, you may also want to note on the list the location(s) of the products within the workplace, and an indication of the hazards as found on the label. This will help you as you prepare the rest of your program. Paragraph (b) of this section, scope and application, includes exemptions for various chemicals or workplace situations. After compiling the complete list of chemicals, you should review paragraph (b) of this section to determine if any of the items can be eliminated from the list because they are exempted materials. For example, food, drugs, and cosmetics brought into the workplace for employee consumption are exempt. So rubbing alcohol in the first aid kit would not be covered. Once you have compiled as complete a list as possible of the potentially hazardous chemicals in the workplace, the next step is to determine if you have received material safety data sheets for all of them. Check your files against the inventory you have just compiled. If any are missing, contact your supplier and request one. It is a good idea to document these requests, either by copy of a letter or a note regarding telephone conversations. If you have MSDSs for chemicals that are not on your list, figure out why. Maybe you don't use the chemical anymore. Or maybe you missed it in your survey. Some suppliers do provide MSDSs for products that are not hazardous. These do not have to be maintained by you. You should not allow employees to use any chemicals for which you have not received an MSDS. The MSDS provides information you need to ensure proper protective measures are implemented prior to exposure. 4. Preparing and Implementing a Hazard Communication Program All workplaces where employees are exposed to hazardous chemicals must have a written plan which describes how the standard will be implemented in that facility. Preparation of a plan is not just a paper exercise-all of the elements must be implemented in the workplace in order to be in compliance with the rule. See paragraph (e) of this section for the specific requirements regarding written hazard communication programs. The only work operations which do not have to comply with the written plan requirements are laboratories and work operations where employees only handle chemicals in sealed containers. See paragraph (b) of this section, scope and application, for the specific requirements for these two types of workplaces. The plan does not have to be lengthy or complicated. It is intended to be a blueprint for implementation of your program-an assurance that all aspects of the requirements have been addressed. Many trade associations and other professional groups have provided sample programs and other assistance materials to affected employers. These have been very helpful to many employers since they tend to be tailored to the particular industry involved. You may wish to investigate whether your industry trade groups have developed such materials. Although such general guidance may be helpful, you must remember that the written program has to reflect what you are doing in your workplace. Therefore, if you use a generic program it must be adapted to address the facility it covers. For example, the written plan must list the chemicals present at the site, indicate who is to be responsible for the various aspects of the program in your facility, and indicate where written materials will be made available to employees. If OSHA inspects your workplace for compliance with the HCS, the OSHA compliance officer will ask to see your written plan at the outset of the inspection. In general, the following items will be considered in evaluating your program. The written program must describe how the requirements for labels and other forms of warning, material safety data sheets, and employee information and training, are going to be met in your facility. The following discussion provides the type of information compliance officers will be looking for to decide whether these elements of the hazard communication program have been properly addressed: A. Labels and Other Forms of Warning In-plant containers of hazardous chemicals must be labeled, tagged, or marked with the identity of the material and appropriate hazard warnings. Chemical manufacturers, importers, and distributors are required to ensure that every container of hazardous chemicals they ship is appropriately labeled with such information and with the name and address of the producer or other responsible party. Employers purchasing chemicals can rely on the labels provided by their suppliers. If the material is subsequently transferred by the employer from a labeled container to another container, the employer will have to label that container unless it is subject to the portable container exemption. See paragraph (f) of this section for specific labeling requirements. The primary information to be obtained from an OSHA-required label is an identity for the material, and appropriate hazard warnings. The identity is any term which appears on the label, the MSDS, and the list of chemicals, and thus links these three sources of information. The identity used by supplier may be a common or trade name ('Black Magic Formula'), or a chemical name (1,1,1-trichloroethane). The hazard warning is a brief statement of the hazardous effects of the chemical ('flammable,' 'causes lung damage'). Labels frequently contain other information, such as precautionary measures ('do not use near open flame'), but this information is provided voluntarily and is not required by the rule. Labels must be legible, and prominently displayed. There are no specific requirements for size or color, or any specified text. With these requirements in mind, the compliance officer will be looking for the following types of information to ensure that labeling will be properly implemented in your facility: 1. Designation of person(s) responsible for ensuring labeling of in-plant containers; 2. Designation of person(s) responsible for ensuring labeling of any shipped containers; 3. Description of labeling system(s) used; 4. Description of written alternatives to labeling of in-plant containers (if used); and, 5. Procedures to review and update label information when necessary. Employers that are purchasing and using hazardous chemicals-rather than producing or distributing them-will primarily be concerned with ensuring that every purchased container is labeled. If materials are transferred into other containers, the employer must ensure that these are labeled as well, unless they fall under the portable container exemption (paragraph (f)(7) of this section). In terms of labeling systems, you can simply choose to use the labels provided by your suppliers on the containers. These will generally be verbal text labels, and do not usually include numerical rating systems or symbols that require special training. The most important thing to remember is that this is a continuing duty-all in-plant containers of hazardous chemicals must always be labeled. Therefore, it is important to designate someone to be responsible for ensuring that the labels are maintained as required on the containers in your facility, and that newly purchased materials are checked for labels prior to use. B. Material Safety Data Sheets Chemical manufacturers and importers are required to obtain or develop a material safety data sheet for each hazardous chemical they produce or import. Distributors are responsible for ensuring that their customers are provided a copy of these MSDSs. Employers must have an MSDS for each hazardous chemical which they use. Employers may rely on the information received from their suppliers. The specific requirements for material safety data sheets are in paragraph (g) of this section. There is no specified format for the MSDS under the rule, although there are specific information requirements. OSHA has developed a non-mandatory format, OSHA Form 174, which may be used by chemical manufacturers and importers to comply with the rule. The MSDS must be in English. You are entitled to receive from your supplier a data sheet which includes all of the information required under the rule. If you do not receive one automatically, you should request one. If you receive one that is obviously inadequate, with, for example, blank spaces that are not completed, you should request an appropriately completed one. If your request for a data sheet or for a corrected data sheet does not produce the information needed, you should contact your local OSHA Area Office for assistance in obtaining the MSDS. The role of MSDSs under the rule is to provide detailed information on each hazardous chemical, including its potential hazardous effects, its physical and chemical characteristics, and recommendations for appropriate protective measures. This information should be useful to you as the employer responsible for designing protective programs, as well as to the workers. If you are not familiar with material safety data sheets and with chemical terminology, you may need to learn to use them yourself. A glossary of MSDS terms may be helpful in this regard. Generally speaking, most employers using hazardous chemicals will primarily be concerned with MSDS information regarding hazardous effects and recommended protective measures. Focus on the sections of the MSDS that are applicable to your situation. MSDSs must be readily accessible to employees when they are in their work areas during their workshifts. This may be accomplished in many different ways. You must decide what is appropriate for your particular workplace. Some employers keep the MSDSs in a binder in a central location (e.g., in the pick-up truck on a construction site). Others, particularly in workplaces with large numbers of chemicals, computerize the information and provide access through terminals. As long as employees can get the information when they need it, any approach may be used. The employees must have access to the MSDSs themselves-simply having a system where the information can be read to them over the phone is only permitted under the mobile worksite provision, paragraph (g)(9) of this section, when employees must travel between workplaces during the shift. In this situation, they have access to the MSDSs prior to leaving the primary worksite, and when they return, so the telephone system is simply an emergency arrangement. In order to ensure that you have a current MSDS for each chemical in the plant as required, and that employee access is provided, the compliance officers will be looking for the following types of information in your written program: 1. Designation of person(s) responsible for obtaining and maintaining the MSDSs; 2. How such sheets are to be maintained in the workplace (e.g., in notebooks in the work area(s) or in a computer with terminal access), and how employees can obtain access to them when they are in their work area during the work shift; 3. Procedures to follow when the MSDS is not received at the time of the first shipment; 4. For producers, procedures to update the MSDS when new and significant health information is found; and, 5. Description of alternatives to actual data sheets in the workplace, if used. For employers using hazardous chemicals, the most important aspect of the written program in terms of MSDSs is to ensure that someone is responsible for obtaining and maintaining the MSDSs for every hazardous chemical in the workplace. The list of hazardous chemicals required to be maintained as part of the written program will serve as an inventory. As new chemicals are purchased, the list should be updated. Many companies have found it convenient to include on their purchase orders the name and address of the person designated in their company to receive MSDSs. C. Employee Information and Training Each employee who may beexposed'' to hazardous chemicals when working must be provided information and trained prior to initial assignment to work with a hazardous chemical, and whenever the hazard changes. Exposure'' orexposed'' under the rule means that ``an employee is subjected to a hazardous chemical in the course of employment through any route of entry (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact or absorption, etc.) and includes potential (e.g., accidental or possible) exposure.'' See paragraph (h) of this section for specific requirements. Information and training may be done either by individual chemical, or by categories of hazards (such as flammability or carcinogenicity). If there are only a few chemicals in the workplace, then you may want to discuss each one individually. Where there are large numbers of chemicals, or the chemicals change frequently, you will probably want to train generally based on the hazard categories (e.g., flammable liquids, corrosive materials, carcinogens). Employees will have access to the substance-specific information on the labels and MSDSs. Information and training is a critical part of the hazard communication program. Information regarding hazards and protective measures are provided to workers through written labels and material safety data sheets. However, through effective information and training, workers will learn to read and understand such information, determine how it can be obtained and used in their own workplaces, and understand the risks of exposure to the chemicals in their workplaces as well as the ways to protect themselves. A properly conducted training program will ensure comprehension and understanding. It is not sufficient to either just read material to the workers, or simply hand them material to read. You want to create a climate where workers feel free to ask questions. This will help you to ensure that the information is understood. You must always remember that the underlying purpose of the HCS is to reduce the incidence of chemical source illnesses and injuries. This will be accomplished by modifying behavior through the provision of hazard information and information about protective measures. If your program works, you and your workers will better understand the chemical hazards within the workplace. The procedures you establish regarding, for example, purchasing, storage, and handling of these chemicals will improve, and thereby reduce the risks posed to employees exposed to the chemical hazards involved. Furthermore, your workers' comprehension will also be increased, and proper work practices will be followed in your workplace.
If you are going to do the training yourself, you will have to understand the material and be prepared to motivate the workers to learn. This is not always an easy task, but the benefits are worth the effort. More information regarding appropriate training can be found in OSHA Publication No. 2254 which contains voluntary training guidelines prepared by OSHA's Training
Institute. A copy of this document is available from OSHA's Publications Office at (202) 219-4667. In reviewing your written program with regard to information and training, the following items need to be considered: 1. Designation of person(s) responsible for conducting training; 2. Format of the program to be used (audiovisuals, classroom instruction, etc.); 3. Elements of the training program (should be consistent with the elements in paragraph (h) of this section); and, 4. Procedure to train new employees at the time of their initial assignment to work with a hazardous chemical, and to train employees when a new hazard is introduced into the workplace. The written program should provide enough details about the employer's plans in this area to assess whether or not a good faith effort is being made to train employees. OSHA does not expect that every worker will be able to recite all of the information about each chemical in the workplace. In general, the most important aspects of training under the HCS are to ensure that employees are aware that they are exposed to hazardous chemicals, that they know how to read and use labels and material safety data sheets, and that, as a consequence of learning this information, they are following the appropriate protective measures established by the employer. OSHA compliance officers will be talking to employees to determine if they have received training, if they know they are exposed to hazardous chemicals, and if they know where to obtain substance-specific information on labels and MSDSs. The rule does not require employers to maintain records of employee training, but many employers choose to do so. This may help you monitor your own program to ensure that all employees are appropriately trained. If you already have a training program, you may simply have to supplement it with whatever additional information is required under the HCS. For example, construction employers that are already in compliance with the construction training standard (29 CFR 1926.21) will have little extra training to do. An employer can provide employees information and training through whatever means are found appropriate and protective. Although there would always have to be some training on-site (such as informing employees of the location and availability of the written program and MSDSs), employee training may be satisfied in part by general training about the requirements of the HCS and about chemical hazards on the job which is provided by, for example, trade associations, unions, colleges, and professional schools. In addition, previous training, education and experience of a worker may relieve the employer of some of the burdens of informing and training that worker. Regardless of the method relied upon, however, the employer is always ultimately responsible for ensuring that employees are adequately trained. If the compliance officer finds that the training is deficient, the employer will be cited for the deficiency regardless of who actually provided the training on behalf of the employer. D. Other Requirements In addition to these specific items, compliance officers will also be asking the following questions in assessing the adequacy of the program: Does a list of the hazardous chemicals exist in each work area or at a central location? Are methods the employer will use to inform employees of the hazards of non-routine tasks outlined? Are employees informed of the hazards associated with chemicals contained in unlabeled pipes in their work areas? On multi- employer worksites, has the employer provided other employers with information about labeling systems and precautionary measures where the other employers have employees exposed to the initial employer's chemicals? Is the written program made available to employees and their designated representatives? If your program adequately addresses the means of communicating information to employees in your workplace, and provides answers to the basic questions outlined above, it will be found to be in compliance with the rule. 5. Checklist for
Compliance The following checklist will help to ensure you are in compliance with the rule: Obtained a copy of the rule. Read and understood the requirements. Assigned responsibility for tasks. Prepared an inventory of chemicals. Ensured containers are labeled. Obtained MSDS for each chemical. Prepared written program. Made MSDSs available to workers. Conducted training of workers. Established procedures to maintain current program. Established procedures to evaluate effectiveness. 6. Further Assistance If you have a question regarding compliance with the HCS, you should contact your local OSHA Area Office for assistance. In addition, each OSHA Regional Office has a Hazard Communication Coordinator who can answer your questions. Free consultation services are also available to assist employers, and information regarding these services can be obtained through the Area and Regional offices as well. The telephone number for the OSHA office closest to you should be listed in your local telephone directory. If you are not able to obtain this information, you may contact OSHA's Office of Information and Consumer Affairs at (202) 219-8151 for further assistance in identifying the appropriate contacts.
[59 FR 65947, December 22, 1994]
1926.60 Methylenedianiline.
(a) Scope and application.
(1) This section applies to all construction work as defined in 29 CFR 1910.12(b), in which there is exposure to MDA, including but not limited to the following:
(i) Construction, alteration, repair, maintenance, or renovation of structures, substrates, or portions thereof, that contain MDA;
(ii) Installation or the finishing of surfaces with products containing MDA;
(iii) MDA spill/emergency cleanup at construction sites; and
(iv) Transportation, disposal, storage, or containment of MDA or products containing MDA on the site or location at which construction activities are performed.
(2) Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(7) and (f)(5) of this section, this section does not apply to the processing, use, and handling of products containing MDA where initial monitoring indicates that the product is not capable of releasing MDA in excess of the action level under the expected conditions of processing, use, and handling which will cause the greatest possible release; and where no 'dermal exposure to MDA' can occur.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(7) of this section, this section does not apply to the processing, use, and handling of products containing MDA where objective data are reasonably relied upon which demonstrate the product is not capable of releasing MDA under the expected conditions of processing, use, and handling which will cause the greatest possible release; and where no 'dermal exposure to MDA' can occur.
(4) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(7) of this section, this section does not apply to the storage, transportation, distribution or sale of MDA in intact containers sealed in such a manner as to contain the MDA dusts, vapors, or liquids, except for the provisions of 29 CFR 1910.1200 and paragraph (e) of this section.
(5) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(7) of this section, this section does not apply to materials in any form which contain less than 0.1% MDA by weight or volume.
(6) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(7) of this section, this section does not apply to ``finished articles containing MDA.''
(7) Where products containing MDA are exempted under paragraphs (a)(2) through (a)(6) of this section, the employer shall maintain records of the initial monitoring results or objective data supporting that exemption and the basis for the employer's reliance on the data, as provided in the recordkeeping provision of paragraph (o) of this section.
(b) Definitions. For the purpose of this section, the following definitions shall apply:
Action level means a concentration of airborne MDA of 5 ppb as an eight (8)-hour time-weighted average.
Assistant Secretary means the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or designee.
Authorized person means any person specifically authorized by the employer whose duties require the person to enter a regulated area, or any person entering such an area as a designated representative of employees for the purpose of exercising the right to observe monitoring and measuring procedures under paragraph (p) of this section, or any other person authorized by the Act or regulations issued under the Act.
Container means any barrel, bottle, can, cylinder, drum, reaction vessel, storage tank, commercial packaging or the like, but does not include piping systems.
Decontamination area means an area outside of but as near as practical to the regulated area, consisting of an equipment storage area, wash area, and clean change area, which is used for the decontamination of workers, materials, and equipment contaminated with MDA.
Dermal exposure to MDA occurs where employees are engaged in the handling, application or use of mixtures or materials containing MDA, with any of the following non-airborne forms of MDA:
(i) Liquid, powdered, granular, or flaked mixtures containing MDA in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight or volume; and (ii) Materials other than ``finished articles'' containing MDA in concentrations greater than 0.1% by weight or volume.
Director means the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or designee.
Emergency means any occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment which results in an unexpected and potentially hazardous release of MDA.
Employee exposure means exposure to MDA which would occur if the employee were not using respirators or protective work clothing and equipment.
Finished article containing MDA is defined as a manufactured item:
(i) Which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture;
(ii) Which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or part upon its shape or design during end use; and
(iii) Where applicable, is an item which is fully cured by virtue of having been subjected to the conditions (temperature, time) necessary to complete the desired chemical reaction.
Historical monitoring data means monitoring data for construction jobs that meet the following conditions:
(i) The data upon which judgments are based are scientifically sound and were collected using methods that are sufficiently accurate and precise;
(ii) The processes and work practices that were in use when the historical monitoring data were obtained are essentially the same as those to be used during the job for which initial monitoring will not be performed;
(iii) The characteristics of the MDA-containing material being handled when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the job for which initial monitoring will not be performed;
(iv) Environmental conditions prevailing when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the job for which initial monitoring will not be performed; and
(v) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exception are substantially similar. The data must be scientifically sound, the characteristics of the MDA containing material must be similar and the environmental conditions comparable.
4,4 Methylenedianiline or MDA means the chemical; 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane, Chemical Abstract Service Registry number 101-77-9, in the form of a vapor, liquid, or solid. The definition also includes the salts of MDA.
Regulated Areas means areas where airborne concentrations of MDA exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the permissible exposure limits, or where ``dermal exposure to MDA'' can occur.
STEL means short term exposure limit as determined by any 15-minute sample period.
(c) Permissible exposure limits. The employer shall assure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration of MDA in excess of ten parts per billion (10 ppb) as an 8-hour time-weighted average and a STEL of one hundred parts per billion (100 ppb).
(d) Communication among employers. On multi-employer worksites, an employer performing work involving the application of MDA or materials containing MDA for which establishment of one or more regulated areas is required shall inform other employers on the site of the nature of the employer's work with MDA and of the existence of, and requirements pertaining to, regulated areas.
(e) Emergency situations
(1) Written plan.
(i) A written plan for emergency situations shall be developed for each construction operation where there is a possibility of an emergency. The plan shall include procedures where the employer identifies emergency escape routes for his employees at each construction site before the construction operation begins. Appropriate portions of the plan shall be implemented in the event of an emergency.
(ii) The plan shall specifically provide that employees engaged in correcting emergency conditions shall be equipped with the appropriate personal protective equipment and clothing as required in paragraphs (i) and (j) of this section until the emergency is abated.
(iii) The plan shall specifically include provisions for alerting and evacuating affected employees as well as the applicable elements prescribed in 29 CFR 1910.38, ``Employee emergency plans and fire prevention plans.''
(2) Alerting employees. Where there is the possibility of employee exposure to MDA due to an emergency, means shall be developed to promptly alert employees who have the potential to be directly exposed. Affected employees not engaged in correcting emergency conditions shall be evacuated immediately in the event that an emergency occurs. Means shall also be developed for alerting other employees who may be exposed as a result of the emergency.
(i) Determinations of employee exposure shall be made from breathing zone air samples that are representative of each employee's exposure to airborne MDA over an eight (8) hour period. Determination of employee exposure to the STEL shall be made from breathing zone air samples collected over a 15 minute sampling period.
(ii) Representative employee exposure shall be determined on the basis of one or more samples representing full shift exposure for each shift for each job classification in each work area where exposure to MDA may occur.
(iii) Where the employer can document that exposure levels are equivalent for similar operations in different work shifts, the employer shall only be required to determine representative employee exposure for that operation during one shift.
(2) Initial monitoring. Each employer who has a workplace or work operation covered by this standard shall perform initial monitoring to determine accurately the airborne concentrations of MDA to which employees may be exposed unless:
(i) The employer can demonstrate, on the basis of objective data, that the MDA-containing product or material being handled cannot cause exposures above the standard's action level, even under worst-case release conditions; or
(ii) The employer has historical monitoring or other data demonstrating that exposures on a particular job will be below the action level.
(i) If the monitoring required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure at or above the action level, but at or below the PELs, the employer shall repeat such monitoring for each such employee at least every six (6) months.
(ii) If the monitoring required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure above the PELs, the employer shall repeat such monitoring for each such employee at least every three (3) months.
(iii) Employers who are conducting MDA operations within a regulated area can forego periodic monitoring if the employees are all wearing supplied-air respirators while working in the regulated area.
(iv) The employer may alter the monitoring schedule from every three months to every six months for any employee for whom two consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart indicate that the employee exposure has decreased to below the PELs but above the action level.
(i) If the initial monitoring required by paragraph (f)(2) of this section reveals employee exposure to be below the action level, the employer may discontinue the monitoring for that employee, except as otherwise required by paragraph (f)(5) of this section.
(ii) If the periodic monitoring required by paragraph (f)(3) of this section reveals that employee exposures, as indicated by at least two consecutive measurements taken at least 7 days apart, are below the action level the employer may discontinue the monitoring for that employee, except as otherwise required by paragraph (f)(5) of this section.
(5) Additional monitoring. The employer shall institute the exposure monitoring required under paragraphs (f)(2) and (f)(3) of this section when there has been a change in production process, chemicals present, control equipment, personnel, or work practices which may result in new or additional exposures to MDA, or when the employer has any reason to suspect a change which may result in new or additional exposures.
(6) Accuracy of monitoring. Monitoring shall be accurate, to a confidence level of 95 percent, to within plus or minus 25 percent for airborne concentrations of MDA.
(i) The employer shall, within 15 working days after the receipt of the results of any monitoring performed under this standard, notify each employee of these results, in writing, either individually or by posting of results in an appropriate location that is accessible to affected employees.
(ii) The written notification required by paragraph (f)(7)(i) of this section shall contain the corrective action being taken by the employer or any other protective measures which have been implemented to reduce the employee exposure to or below the PELs, wherever the PELs are exceeded.
(8) Visual monitoring. The employer shall make routine inspections of employee hands, face and forearms potentially exposed to MDA. Other potential dermal exposures reported by the employee must be referred to the appropriate medical personnel for observation. If the employer determines that the employee has been exposed to MDA the employer shall:
(i) Determine the source of exposure;
(ii) Implement protective measures to correct the hazard; and
(iii) Maintain records of the corrective actions in accordance with paragraph (n) of this section.
(i) Airborne exposures. The employer shall establish regulated areas where airborne concentrations of MDA exceed or can reasonably be expected to exceed, the permissible exposure limits.
(ii) Dermal exposures. Where employees are subject to ``dermal exposure to MDA'' the employer shall establish those work areas as regulated areas.
(2) Demarcation. Regulated areas shall be demarcated from the rest of the workplace in a manner that minimizes the number of persons potentially exposed.
(3) Access. Access to regulated areas shall be limited to authorized persons.
(4) Personal protective equipment and clothing. Each person entering a regulated area shall be supplied with, and required to use, the appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment in accordance with paragraphs (i) and (j) of this section.
(5) Prohibited activities. The employer shall ensure that employees do not eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco or gum, or apply cosmetics in regulated areas.
(1) Engineering controls and work practices and respirators.
(i) The employer shall use one or any combination of the following control methods to achieve compliance with the permissible exposure limits prescribed by paragraph (c) of this section:
(A) Local exhaust ventilation equipped with HEPA filter dust collection systems;
(B) General ventilation systems;
(C) Use of workpractices; or
(D) Other engineering controls such as isolation and enclosure that the
Assistant Secretary can show to be feasible.
(ii) Wherever the feasible engineering controls and work practices which can be instituted are not sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs, the employer shall use them to reduce employee exposure to the lowest levels achievable by these controls and shall supplement them by the use of respiratory protective devices which comply with the requirements of paragraph (i) of this section.
(2) Special Provisions. For workers engaged in spray application methods, respiratory protection must be used in addition to feasible engineering controls and work practices to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs.
(3) Prohibitions. Compressed air shall not be used to remove MDA, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with an enclosed ventilation system designed to capture the dust cloud created by the compressed air.
(4) Employee rotation. The employer shall not use employee rotation as a means of compliance with the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section.
(i) The employer shall establish and implement a written program to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs by means of engineering and work practice controls, as required by paragraph (h)(1) of this section, and by use of respiratory protection where permitted under this section.
(ii) Upon request this written program shall be furnished for examination and copying to the Assistant Secretary, the Director, affected employees and designated employee representatives. The employer shall review and, as necessary, update such plans at least once every 12 months to make certain they reflect the current status of the program.
(1) General. For employees who use respirators required by this section, the employer must provide respirators that comply with the requirements of this paragraph. Respirators must be used during:
(i) Periods necessary to install or implement feasible engineering and work practice controls.
(ii) Work operations, such as maintenance and repair activities and spray-application processes, for which engineering and work practice controls are not feasible.
(iii) Work operations for which feasible engineering and work-practice controls are not yet sufficient to reduce employee exposure to or below the PELs.
(iv) Emergencies.
(2) Respirator program. The employer must implement a respiratory protection program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134 (b) through (d)(except (d)(1)(iii), and (f) through (m).
(3) Respirator selection.
(i) The employer must select the appropriate respirator from Table 1 of this section.
Table 1.--Respiratory Protection for MDA
---Airborne concentration of Respirator type MDA or condition of use
| a. Less than or equal to 10 X PEL | (1) Half-Mask Respirator with HEPA \1\ Cartridge.\2\ |
|---|---|
| b. Less than or equal to 50 X PEL | (1) Full facepiece Respirator with HEPA \1\ Cartridge or Canister. \2\ |
| c. Less than or equal to 1000 X PEL | (1) Full facepiece powered air-purifying respirator with HEPA \1\ cartridge. \2\ |
| d. Greater than 1000 X PEL or unknown concentration. | (1) Self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive pressure mode. (2) Full facepiece positive pressure demand supplied-air respirator with auxiliary self-contained air supply. |
| e. Escape | (1) Any full facepiece air-purifying respirator with HEPA \1\ cartridges.\2\ (2) Any positive pressure or continuous flow self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece or hood. |
| f. Firefighting | (1) Full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus in positive pressure demand mode. |
Note: Respirators assigned for higher environmental concentrations may be used at lower concentrations.
\1\ High Efficiency Particulate in Air filter (HEPA) means a filter that is at least 99.97 percent efficient against mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 micrometers or larger.
\2\ Combination HEPA/Organic Vapor Cartridges shall be used whenever MDA in liquid form or a process requiring heat is used.
(ii) An employee who cannot use a negative-pressure respirator must be given the option of using a positive-pressure respirator, or a supplied-air respirator operated in the continuous-flow or pressure-demand mode.
(4) Respirator use.
(i) Where air-purifying respirators (cartridge or canister) are used, the employer shall replace the air purifying element as needed to maintain the effectiveness of the respirator. The employer shall ensure that each cartridge is dated at the beginning of use.
(ii) Employees who wear respirators shall be allowed to leave the regulated area to readjust the face piece or to wash their faces and to wipe clean the face pieces on their respirators in order to minimize potential skin irritation associated with respirator use.
(i) The employer shall perform and record the results of either quantitative or qualitative fit tests at the time of initial fitting and at least annually thereafter for each employee wearing a negative pressure respirator. The test shall be used to select a respirator facepiece which provides the required protection as prescribed in Table 1.
(ii) The employer shall follow the test protocols outlined in Appendix E of this standard for whichever type of fit testing the employer chooses.
(1) Provision and use. Where employees are subject to dermal exposure to MDA, where liquids containing MDA can be splashed into the eyes, or where airborne concentrations of MDA are in excess of the PEL, the employer shall provide, at no cost to the employee, and ensure that the employee uses, appropriate protective work clothing and equipment which prevent contact with MDA such as, but not limited to:
(i) Aprons, coveralls or other full-body work clothing;
(ii) Gloves, head coverings, and foot coverings; and
(iii) Face shields, chemical goggles; or
(iv) Other appropriate protective equipment which comply with 29 CFR 1910.133.
(i) The employer shall ensure that, at the end of their work shift, employees remove MDA-contaminated protective work clothing and equipment that is not routinely removed throughout the day in change areas provided in accordance with the provisions in paragraph (k) of this section.
(ii) The employer shall ensure that, during their work shift, employees remove all other MDA-contaminated protective work clothing or equipment before leaving a regulated area.
(iii) The employer shall ensure that no employee takes MDA-contaminated work clothing or equipment out of the decontamination areas, except those employees authorized to do so for the purpose of laundering, maintenance, or disposal.
(iv) MDA-contaminated work clothing or equipment shall be placed and stored and transported in sealed, impermeable bags, or other closed impermeable containers.
(v) Containers of MDA-contaminated protective work clothing or equipment which are to be taken out of decontamination areas or the workplace for cleaning, maintenance, or disposal, shall bear labels warning of the hazards of MDA.
(i) The employer shall provide the employee with clean protective clothing and equipment. The employer shall ensure that protective work clothing or equipment required by this paragraph is cleaned, laundered, repaired, or replaced at intervals appropriate to maintain its effectiveness.
(ii) The employer shall prohibit the removal of MDA from protective work clothing or equipment by blowing, shaking, or any methods which allow MDA to re-enter the workplace.
(iii) The employer shall ensure that laundering of MDA-contaminated clothing shall be done so as to prevent the release of MDA in the workplace.
(iv) Any employer who gives MDA-contaminated clothing to another person for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement to prevent the release of MDA.
(v) The employer shall inform any person who launders or cleans protective clothing or equipment contaminated with MDA of the potentially harmful effects of exposure.
(i) The employer shall ensure that employees' work clothing is examined periodically for rips or tears that may occur during performance of work.
(ii) When rips or tears are detected, the protective equipment or clothing shall be repaired and replaced immediately.
(i) The employer shall provide decontamination areas for employees required to work in regulated areas or required by paragraph (j)(1) of this section to wear protective clothing. Exception: In lieu of the decontamination area requirement specified in paragraph (k)(1)(i) of this section, the employer may permit employees engaged in small scale, short duration operations, to clean their protective clothing or dispose of the protective clothing before such employees leave the area where the work was performed.
(ii) Change areas. The employer shall ensure that change areas are equipped with separate storage facilities for protective clothing and street clothing, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.141(e).
(iii) Equipment area. The equipment area shall be supplied with impermeable, labeled bags and containers for the containment and disposal of contaminated protective clothing and equipment.
(i) Where feasible, shower facilities shall be provided which comply with 29 CFR 1910.141(d)(3) wherever the possibility of employee exposure to airborne levels of MDA in excess of the permissible exposure limit exists.
(ii) Where dermal exposure to MDA occurs, the employer shall ensure that materials spilled or deposited on the skin are removed as soon as possible by methods which do not facilitate the dermal absorption of MDA.
(i) Whenever food or beverages are consumed at the worksite and employees are exposed to MDA the employer shall provide clean lunch areas were MDA levels are below the action level and where no dermal exposure to MDA can occur.
(ii) The employer shall ensure that employees wash their hands and faces with soap and water prior to eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics.
(iii) The employer shall ensure that employees do not enter lunch facilities with contaminated protective work clothing or equipment.
(i) The employer shall post and maintain legible signs demarcating regulated areas and entrances or accessways to regulated areas that bear the following legend:
DANGER MDA
MAY CAUSE CANCER
LIVER TOXIN
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY
RESPIRATORS AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MAY BE REQUIRED TO BE WORN IN THIS AREA
(ii) The employer shall ensure that labels or other appropriate forms of warning are provided for containers of MDA within the workplace. The labels shall comply with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1200(f) and shall include one of the following legends:
(A) For pure MDA
DANGER
CONTAINS MDA
MAY CAUSE CANCER
LIVER TOXIN
(B) For mixtures containing MDA
DANGER
CONTAINS MDA
CONTAINS MATERIALS WHICH MAY CAUSE CANCER
LIVER TOXIN
(2) Material safety data sheets (MSDS). Employers shall obtain or develop, and shall provide access to their employees, to a material safety data sheet (MSDS) for MDA.
(3) Information and training.
(i) The employer shall provide employees with information and training on MDA, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1200(h), at the time of initial assignment and at least annually thereafter.
(ii) In addition to the information required under 29 CFR 1910.1200, the employer shall:
(A) Provide an explanation of the contents of this section, including appendices A and B of this section, and indicate to employees where a copy of the standard is available;
(B) Describe the medical surveillance program required under paragraph (n) of this section, and explain the information contained in appendix C of this section; and
(C) Describe the medical removal provision required under paragraph (n) of this section.
(4) Access to training materials.
(i) The employer shall make readily available to all affected employees, without cost, all written materials relating to the employee training program, including a copy of this regulation.
(ii) The employer shall provide to the Assistant Secretary and the Director, upon request, all information and training materials relating to the employee information and training program.
(m) Housekeeping.
(1) All surfaces shall be maintained as free as practicable of visible accumulations of MDA.
(2) The employer shall institute a program for detecting MDA leaks, spills, and discharges, including regular visual inspections of operations involving liquid or solid MDA.
(3) All leaks shall be repaired and liquid or dust spills cleaned up promptly.
(4) Surfaces contaminated with MDA may not be cleaned by the use of compressed air.
(5) Shoveling, dry sweeping, and other methods of dry clean-up of MDA may be used where HEPA filtered vacuuming and/or wet cleaning are not feasible or practical.
(6) Waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equipment, and clothing contaminated with MDA shall be collected and disposed of in a manner to prevent the re-entry of MDA into the workplace.
(n) Medical surveillance
(1) General.
(i) Within 150 days of the effective date of this standard, or before the time of initial assignment, the employer shall provide each employee covered by paragraph (n)(1)(i) of this section with a medical examination including the following elements:
(1) Past work exposure to MDA or any other toxic substances;
(2) A history of drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and medication routinely taken (duration and quantity); and
(3) A history of dermatitis, chemical skin sensitization, or previous hepatic disease.
(B) A physical examination which includes all routine physical examination parameters, skin examination, and examination for signs of liver disease.
(1) Liver function tests and
(2) Urinalysis.
(ii) No initial medical examination is required if adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with the requirements of this section within the previous six months prior to the effective date of this standard or prior to the date of initial assignment.
(i) The employer shall provide each employee covered by this section with a medical examination at least annually following the initial examination. These periodic examinations shall include at least the following elements:
(A) A brief history regarding any new exposure to potential liver toxins, changes in drug, tobacco, and alcohol intake, and the appearance of physical signs relating to the liver, and the skin;
(B) The appropriate tests and examinations including liver function tests and skin examinations; and (C) Appropriate additional tests or examinations as deemed necessary by the physician.
(ii) If in the physician's opinion the results of liver function tests indicate an abnormality, the employee shall be removed from further MDA exposure in accordance with paragraph (n)(9) of this section. Repeat liver function tests shall be conducted on advice of the physician.
(4) Emergency examinations. If the employer determines that the employee has been exposed to a potentially hazardous amount of MDA in an emergency situation under paragraph (e) of this section, the employer shall provide medical examinations in accordance with paragraphs (n)(3) (i) and (ii) of this section. If the results of liver function testing indicate an abnormality, the employee shall be removed in accordance with paragraph (n)(9) of this section. Repeat liver function tests shall be conducted on the advice of the physician. If the results of the tests are normal, tests must be repeated two to three weeks from the initial testing. If the results of the second set of tests are normal and on the advice of the physician, no additional testing is required.
(5) Additional examinations. Where the employee develops signs and symptoms associated with exposure to MDA, the employer shall provide the employee with an additional medical examination including liver function tests. Repeat liver function tests shall be conducted on the advice of the physician. If the results of the tests are normal, tests must be repeated two to three weeks from the initial testing. If the results of the second set of tests are normal and on the advice of the physician, no additional testing is required.
(6) Multiple physician review mechanism.
(i) If the employer selects the initial physician who conducts any medical examination or consultation provided to an employee under this section, and the employee has signs or symptoms of occupational exposure to MDA (which could include an abnormal liver function test), and the employee disagrees with the opinion of the examining physician, and this opinion could affect the employee's job status, the employee may designate an appropriate and mutually acceptable second physician:
(A) To review any findings, determinations or recommendations of the initial physician; and
(B) To conduct such examinations, consultations, and laboratory tests as the second physician deems necessary to facilitate this review.
(ii) The employer shall promptly notify an employee of the right to seek a second medical opinion after each occasion that an initial physician conducts a medical examination or consultation pursuant to this section. The employer may condition its participation in, and payment for, the multiple physician review mechanism upon the employee doing the following within fifteen (15) days after receipt of the foregoing notification, or receipt of the initial physician's written opinion, whichever is later:
(A) The employee informing the employer that he or she intends to seek a second medical opinion, and
(B) The employee initiating steps to make an appointment with a second physician.
(iii) If the findings, determinations, or recommendations of the second physician differ from those of the initial physician, then the employer and the employee shall assure that efforts are made for the two physicians to resolve any disagreement.
(iv) If the two physicians have been unable to quickly resolve their disagreement, then the employer and the employee through their respective physicians shall designate a third physician:
(A) To review any findings, determinations, or recommendations of the prior physicians; and
(B) To conduct such examinations, consultations, laboratory tests, and discussions with the prior physicians as the third physician deems necessary to resolve the disagreement of the prior physicians.
(v) The employer shall act consistent with the findings, determinations, and recommendations of the second physician, unless the employer and the employee reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
(7) Information provided to the examining physician.
(i) The employer shall provide the following information to the examining physician:
(A) A copy of this regulation and its appendices;
(B) A description of the affected employee's duties as they relate to the employee's potential exposure to MDA;
(C) The employee's current actual or representative MDA exposure level;
(D) A description of any personal protective equipment used or to be used; and (E) Information from previous employment related medical examinations of the affected employee.
(ii) The employer shall provide the foregoing information to a second physician under this section upon request either by the second physician, or by the employee.
(8) Physician's written opinion.
(i) For each examination under this section, the employer shall obtain, and provide the employee with a copy of, the examining physician's written opinion within 15 days of its receipt. The written opinion shall include the following:
(A) The occupationally pertinent results of the medical examination and tests;
(B) The physician's opinion concerning whether the employee has any detected medical conditions which would place the employee at increased risk of material impairment of health from exposure to MDA;
(C) The physician's recommended limitations upon the employee's exposure to MDA or upon the employee's use of protective clothing or equipment and respirators; and
(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the medical examination and any medical conditions resulting from MDA exposure which require further explanation or treatment.
(ii) The written opinion obtained by the employer shall not reveal specific findings or diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposures.
(9) Medical removal
(i) Temporary medical removal of an employee
(A) Temporary removal resulting from occupational exposure. The employee shall be removed from work environments in which exposure to MDA is at or above the action level or where dermal exposure to MDA may occur, following an initial examination (paragraph (n)(2) of this section), periodic examinations (paragraph (n)(3) of this section), an emergency situation (paragraph (n)(4) of this section), or an additional examination (paragraph (n)(5) of this section) in the following circumstances:
(1) When the employee exhibits signs and/or symptoms indicative of acute exposure to MDA; or (2) When the examining physician determines that an employee's abnormal liver function tests are not associated with MDA exposure but that the abnormalities may be exacerbated as a result of occupational exposure to MDA.
(B) Temporary removal due to a final medical determination.
(1) The employer shall remove an employee from work having an exposure to MDA at or above the action level or where the potential for dermal exposure exists on each occasion that a final medical determination results in a medical finding, determination, or opinion that the employee has a detected medical condition which places the employee at increased risk of material impairment to health from exposure to MDA.
(2) For the purposes of this section, the phrase 'final medical determination' shall mean the outcome of the physician review mechanism used pursuant to the medical surveillance provisions of this section.
(3) Where a final medical determination results in any recommended special protective measures for an employee, or limitations on an employee's exposure to MDA, the employer shall implement and act consistent with the recommendation.
(ii) Return of the employee to former job status.
(A) The employer shall return an employee to his or her former job status:
(1) When the employee no longer shows signs or symptoms of exposure to MDA, or upon the advice of the physician.
(2) When a subsequent final medical determination results in a medical finding, determination, or opinion that the employee no longer has a detected medical condition which places the employee at increased risk of material impairment to health from exposure to MDA.
(B) For the purposes of this section, the requirement that an employer return an employee to his or her former job status is not intended to expand upon or restrict any rights an employee has or would have had, absent temporary medical removal, to a specific job classification or position under the terms of a collective bargaining agreement.
(iii) Removal of other employee special protective measure or limitations. The employer shall remove any limitations placed on an employee or end any special protective measures provided to an employee pursuant to a final medical determination when a subsequent final medical determination indicates that the limitations or special protective measures are no longer necessary.
(iv) Employer options pending a final medical determination. Where the physician review mechanism used pursuant to the medical surveillance provisions of this section, has not yet resulted in a final medical determination with respect to an employee, the employer shall act as follows:
(A) Removal. The employer may remove the employee from exposure to MDA, provide special protective measures to the employee, or place limitations upon the employee, consistent with the medical findings, determinations, or recommendations of the physician who has reviewed the employee's health status.
(B) Return. The employer may return the employee to his or her former job status, and end any special protective measures provided to the employee, consistent with the medical findings, determinations, or recommendations of any of the physicians who have reviewed the employee's health status, with two exceptions:
(1) If the initial removal, special protection, or limitation of the employee resulted from a final medical determination which differed from the findings, determinations, or recommendations of the initial physician; or
(2) The employee has been on removal status for the preceding six months as a result of exposure to MDA, then the employer shall await a final medical determination.
(A) Provisions of medical removal protection benefits. The employer shall provide to an employee up to six (6) months of medical removal protection benefits on each occasion that an employee is removed from exposure to MDA or otherwise limited pursuant to this section.
(B) Definition of medical removal protection benefits. For the purposes of this section, the requirement that an employer provide medical removal protection benefits means that the employer shall maintain the earnings, seniority, and other employment rights and benefits of an employee as though the employee had not been removed from normal exposure to MDA or otherwise limited.
(C) Follow-up medical surveillance during the period of employee removal or limitations. During the period of time that an employee is removed from normal exposure to MDA or otherwise limited, the employer may condition the provision of medical removal protection benefits upon the employee's participation in follow-up medical surveillance made available pursuant to this section.
(D) Workers' compensation claims. If a removed employee files a claim for workers' compensation payments for a MDA-related disability, then the employer shall continue to provide medical removal protection benefits pending disposition of the claim. To the extent that an award is made to the employee for earnings lost during the period of removal, the employer's medical removal protection obligation shall be reduced by such amount. The employer shall receive no credit for workers' compensation payments received by the employee for treatment-related expenses.
(E) Other credits. The employer's obligation to provide medical removal protection benefits to a removed employee shall be reduced to the extent that the employee receives compensation for earnings lost during the period of removal either from a publicly or employer-funded compensation program, or receives income from employment with any employer made possible by virtue of the employee's removal.
(F) Employees who do not recover within the 6 months of removal. The employer shall take the following measures with respect to any employee removed from exposure to MDA:
(1) The employer shall make available to the employee a medical examination pursuant to this section to obtain a final medical determination with respect to the employee;
(2) The employer shall assure that the final medical determination obtained indicates whether or not the employee may be returned to his or her former job status, and, if not, what steps should be taken to protect the employee's health;
(3) Where the final medical determination has not yet been obtained, or once obtained indicates that the employee may not yet be returned to his or her former job status, the employer shall continue to provide medical removal protection benefits to the employee until either the employee is returned to former job status, or a final medical determination is made that the employee is incapable of ever safely returning to his or her former job status; and
(4) Where the employer acts pursuant to a final medical determination which permits the return of the employee to his or her former job status despite what would otherwise be an unacceptable liver function test, later questions concerning removing the employee again shall be decided by a final medical determination. The employer need not automatically remove such an employee pursuant to the MDA removal criteria provided by this section.
(vi) Voluntary removal or restriction of an employee. Where an employer, although not required by this section to do so, removes an employee from exposure to MDA or otherwise places limitations on an employee due to the effects of MDA exposure on the employee's medical condition, the employer shall provide medical removal protection benefits to the employee equal to that required by paragraph (n)(9)(v) of this section.
(1) Objective data for exempted operations.
(i) Where the employer has relied on objective data that demonstrate that products made from or containing MDA are not capable of releasing MDA or do not present a dermal exposure problem under the expected conditions of processing, use, or handling to exempt such operations from the initial monitoring requirements under paragraph (f)(2) of this section, the employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record of objective data reasonably relied upon in support of the exemption.
(ii) The record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The product qualifying for exemption;
(B) The source of the objective data;
(C) The testing protocol, results of testing, and/or analysis of the material for the release of MDA;
(D) A description of the operation exempted and how the data support the exemption; and
(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exemption.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for the duration of the employer's reliance upon such objective data.
(2) Historical monitoring data.
(i) Where the employer has relied on historical monitoring data that demonstrate that exposures on a particular job will be below the action level to exempt such operations from the initial monitoring requirements under paragraph (f)(2) of this section, the employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record of historical monitoring data reasonably relied upon in support of the exception.
(ii) The record shall include information that reflect the following conditions:
(A) The data upon which judgments are based are scientifically sound and were collected using methods that are sufficiently accurate and precise;
(B) The processes and work practices that were in use when the historical monitoring data were obtained are essentially the same as those to be used during the job for which initial monitoring will not be performed;
(C) The characteristics of the MDA-containing material being handled when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the job for which initial monitoring will not be performed;
(D) Environmental conditions prevailing when the historical monitoring data were obtained are the same as those on the job for which initial monitoring will not be performed; and
(E) Other data relevant to the operations, materials, processing, or employee exposures covered by the exception.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for the duration of the employer's reliance upon such historical monitoring data.
(3) The employer may utilize the services of competent organizations such as industry trade associations and employee associations to maintain the records required by this section.
(4) Exposure measurements.
(i) The employer shall keep an accurate record of all measurements taken to monitor employee exposure to MDA.
(ii) This record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The date of measurement;
(B) The operation involving exposure to MDA;
(C) Sampling and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy;
(D) Number, duration, and results of samples taken;
(E) Type of protective devices worn, if any; and
(F) Name, social security number, and exposure of the employees whose exposures are represented.
(iii) The employer shall maintain this record for at least thirty (30) years, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(5) Medical surveillance.
(i) The employer shall establish and maintain an accurate record for each employee subject to medical surveillance by paragraph (n) of this section, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(ii) The record shall include at least the following information:
(A) The name and social security number of the employee;
(B) A copy of the employee's medical examination results, including the medical history, questionnaire responses, results of any tests, and physician's recommendations.
(C) Physician's written opinions;
(D) Any employee medical complaints related to exposure to MDA; and
(E) A copy of the information provided to the physician as required by paragraph (n) of this section.
(iii) The employer shall ensure that this record is maintained for the duration of employment plus thirty (30) years, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(iv) A copy of the employee's medical removal and return to work status.
(6) Training records. The employer shall maintain all employee training records for one (1) year beyond the last date of employment.
(7) Availability.
(i) The employer, upon written request, shall make all records required to be maintained by this section available to the Assistant Secretary and the Director for examination and copying.
(ii) The employer, upon request, shall make any exposure records required by paragraphs (f) and (n) of this section available for examination and copying to affected employees, former employees, designated representatives, and the Assistant Secretary, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20(a)-(e) and (g)-(i).
(iii) The employer, upon request, shall make employee medical records required by paragraphs (n) and (o) of this section available for examination and copying to the subject employee, anyone having the specific written consent of the subject employee, and the Assistant Secretary, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20.
(8) Transfer of records.
(i) The employer shall comply with the requirements concerning transfer of records set forth in 29 CFR 1910.20(h).
(ii) Whenever the employer ceases to do business and there is no successor employer to receive and retain the records for the prescribed period, the employer shall notify the Director at least 90 days prior to disposal and, upon request, transmit them to the Director.
(1) Employee observation. The employer shall provide affected employees, or their designated representatives, an opportunity to observe the measuring or monitoring of employee exposure to MDA conducted pursuant to paragraph (f) of this section.
(2) Observation procedures. When observation of the measuring or monitoring of employee exposure to MDA requires entry into areas where the use of protective clothing and equipment or respirators is required, the employer shall provide the observer with personal protective clothing and equipment or respirators required to be worn by employees working in the area, assure the use of such clothing and equipment or respirators, and require the observer to comply with all other applicable safety and health procedures.
(q) Effective date. This standard shall become effective on September 9, 1992.
(r) Appendices. The information contained in appendices A, B, C and D of this section is not intended by itself, to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed by this standard nor detract from any existing obligation. The protocols for respiratory fit testing in appendix E of this section are mandatory.
(s) Startup dates. Compliance with all obligations of this standard commence September 9, 1992, except as follows:
(1) Initial monitoring under paragraph (f)(2) of this section shall be completed as soon as possible but no later than December 8, 1992.
(2) Medical examinations under paragraph (n) of this section shall be completed as soon as possible but no later than February 8, 1993.
(3) Emergency plans required by paragraph (e) of this section shall be provided and available for inspection and copying as soon as possible but no later than January 7, 1993.
(4) Initial training and education shall be completed as soon as possible but no later than January 7, 1993.
(5) Decontamination and lunch areas under paragraph (k) of this section shall be in operation as soon as possible but no later than September 9, 1993.
(6) Respiratory Protection required by paragraph (i) of this section shall be provided as soon as possible but no later than January 7, 1993.
(7) Written compliance plans required by paragraph (h)(5) of this section shall be completed and available for inspection and copying as soon as possible but no later than January 7, 1993.
(8) OSHA shall enforce the permissible exposure limits in paragraph (c) of this section no earlier than January 7, 1993.
(9) Engineering controls needed to achieve the PELs must be in place September 9, 1993.
(10) Personal protective clothing required by paragraph (j) of this section shall be available January 7, 1993.
A. Substance: Methylenedianiline (MDA)
B. Permissible Exposure:
1. Airborne: Ten parts per billion parts of air (10 ppb), time-weighted average (TWA) for an 8-hour workday and an action level of five parts per billion parts of air (5 ppb).
2. Dermal: Eye contact and skin contact with MDA are not permitted.
C. Appearance and odor: White to tan solid; amine odor
A. Ways in which MDA affects your health. MDA can affect your health if you inhale it, or if it comes in contact with your skin or eyes. MDA is also harmful if you happen to swallow it. Do not get MDA in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
B. Effects of overexposure. 1. Short-term (acute) overexposure: Overexposure to MDA may produce fever, chills, loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Sensitization may occur.
2. Long-term (chronic) exposure. Repeated or prolonged exposure to MDA, even at relatively low concentrations, may cause cancer. In addition, damage to the liver, kidneys, blood, and spleen may occur with long term exposure.
3. Reporting signs and symptoms: You should inform your employer if you develop any signs or symptoms which you suspect are caused by exposure to MDA including yellow staining of the skin.
A. Respirators. Respirators are required for those operations in which engineering controls or work practice controls are not adequate or feasible to reduce exposure to the permissible limit. If respirators are worn, they must have the joint Mine Safety and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) seal of approval, and cartridges or canisters must be replaced as necessary to maintain the effectiveness of the respirator. If you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator, you may request a positive pressure respirator from your employer. You must be thoroughly trained to use the assigned respirator, and the training will be provided by your employer.
MDA does not have a detectable odor except at levels well above the permissible exposure limits. Do not depend on odor to warn you when a respirator canister is exhausted. If you can smell MDA while wearing a respirator, proceed immediately to fresh air. If you experience difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator, tell your employer.
B. Protective Clothing. You may be required to wear coveralls, aprons, gloves, face shields, or other appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin contact with MDA. Where protective clothing is required, your employer is required to provide clean garments to you, as necessary, to assure that the clothing protects you adequately. Replace or repair impervious clothing that has developed leaks.
MDA should never be allowed to remain on the skin. Clothing and shoes which are not impervious to MDA should not be allowed to become contaminated with MDA, and if they do, the clothing and shoes should be promptly removed and decontaminated. The clothing should be laundered to remove MDA or discarded. Once MDA penetrates shoes or other leather articles, they should not be worn again.
C. Eye protection. You must wear splashproof safety goggles in areas where liquid MDA may contact your eyes. Contact lenses should not be worn in areas where eye contact with MDA can occur. In addition, you must wear a face shield if your face could be splashed with MDA liquid.
A. Eye and face exposure. If MDA is splashed into the eyes, wash the eyes for at least 15 minutes. See a doctor as soon as possible.
B. Skin exposure. If MDA is spilled on your clothing or skin, remove the contaminated clothing and wash the exposed skin with large amounts of soap and water immediately. Wash contaminated clothing before you wear it again.
C. Breathing. If you or any other person breathes in large amounts of MDA, get the exposed person to fresh air at once. Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped. Call for medical assistance or a doctor as soon as possible. Never enter any vessel or confined space where the MDA concentration might be high without proper safety equipment and at least one other person present who will stay outside. A life line should be used.
D. Swallowing. If MDA has been swallowed and the patient is conscious, do not induce vomiting. Call for medical assistance or a doctor immediately.
If you are exposed to MDA at a concentration at or above the action level for more than 30 days per year, or exposed to liquid mixtures more than 15 days per year, your employer is required to provide a medical examination, including a medical history and laboratory tests, within 60 days of the effective date of this standard and annually thereafter. These tests shall be provided without cost to you. In addition, if you are accidentally exposed to MDA (either by ingestion, inhalation, or skin/eye contact) under conditions known or suspected to constitute toxic exposure to MDA, your employer is required to make special examinations and tests available to you.
Your employer is required to perform measurements that are representative of your exposure to MDA and you or your designated representative are entitled to observe the monitoring procedure. You are entitled to observe the steps taken in the measurement procedure and to record the results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking place in an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and equipment are required to be worn; you and your representative must also be provided with, and must wear, the protective clothing and equipment.
You or your representative are entitled to see the records of measurements of your exposure to MDA upon written request to your employer. Your medical examination records can be furnished to your physician or designated representative upon request by you to your employer.
A. Material is combustible. Avoid strong acids and their anhydrides. Avoid strong oxidants. Consult supervisor for disposal requirements.
B. Emergency clean-up. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and fully clothe the body in the appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment.
Appendix B to Section 1926.60-Substance Technical Guidelines, MDA
A. Substance identification.
1. Synonyms: CAS No. 101-77-9. 4,4'-methylenedianiline; 4,4'-methylenebisaniline; methylenedianiline; dianilinomethane.
2. Formula: C13H14N2
II. Physical Data
1. Appearance and Odor: White to tan solid; amine odor
2. Molecular Weight: 198.26
3. Boiling Point: 398-399 degrees C at 760 mm Hg
4. Melting Point: 88-93 degrees C (190-100 degrees F)
5. Vapor Pressure: 9 mm Hg at 232 degrees C
6. Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate=1): Negligible
7. Vapor Density (Air=1): Not Applicable
8. Volatile Fraction by Weight: Negligible
9. Specific Gravity (Water=1): Slight
10. Heat of Combustion: -8.40 kcal/g
11. Solubility in Water: Slightly soluble in cold water, very soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, and many organic solvents.
III. Fire, Explosion, and Reactivity Hazard Data
1. Flash Point: 190 degrees C (374 degrees F) Setaflash closed cup.
2. Flash Point: 226 degrees C (439 degrees F) Cleveland open cup.
3. Extinguishing Media: Water spray; Dry Chemical; Carbon dioxide.
4. Special Fire Fighting Procedures: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes.
5. Unusual Fire and Explosion Hazards: Fire or excessive heat may cause production of hazardous decomposition products.
1. Stability: Stable.
2. Incompatibility: Strong oxidizers.
3. Hazardous Decomposition Products: As with any other organic material, combustion may produce carbon monoxide. Oxides of nitrogen may also be present.
4. Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
1. Sweep material onto paper and place in fiber carton.
2. Package appropriately for safe feed to an incinerator or dissolve in compatible waste solvents prior to incineration.
3. Dispose of in an approved incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber or contract with licensed chemical waste disposal service.
4. Discharge treatment or disposal may be subject to federal, state, or local laws.
5. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
A. High exposure to MDA can occur when transferring the substance from one container to another. Such operations should be well ventilated and good work practices must be established to avoid spills.
B. Pure MDA is a solid with a low vapor pressure. Grinding or heating operations increase the potential for exposure.
C. Store away from oxidizing materials.
D. Employers shall advise employees of all areas and operations where exposure to MDA could occur.
A. The workplace should be kept clean, orderly, and in a sanitary condition.
The employer should institute a leak and spill detection program for operations involving MDA in order to detect sources of fugitive MDA emissions.
B. Adequate washing facilities with hot and cold water are to be provided and maintained in a sanitary condition. Suitable cleansing agents should also be provided to assure the effective removal of MDA from the skin.
Common operations in which exposure to MDA is likely to occur include the following: Manufacture of MDA; Manufacture of Methylene diisocyanate; Curing agent for epoxy resin structures; Wire coating operations; and filament winding.
Appendix C to Section 1926.60-Medical Surveillance Guidelines for MDA
Inhalation; skin absorption; ingestion. MDA can be inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or ingested.
MDA is a suspect carcinogen in humans. There are several reports of liver disease in humans and animals resulting from acute exposure to MDA. A well documented case of an acute cardiomyopathy secondary to exposure to MDA is on record. Numerous human cases of hepatitis secondary to MDA are known. Upon direct contact MDA may also cause damage to the eyes. Dermatitis and skin sensitization have been observed. Almost all forms of acute environmental hepatic injury in humans involve the hepatic parenchyma and produce hepatocellular jaundice. This agent produces intrahepatic cholestasis. The clinical picture consists of cholestatic jaundice, preceded or accompanied by abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Onset in about 60% of all observed cases is abrupt with severe abdominal pain. In about 30% of observed cases, the illness presented and evolved more slowly and less dramatically, with only slight abdominal pain. In about 10% of the cases only jaundice was evident. The cholestatic nature of the jaundice is evident in the prominence of itching, the histologic predominance of bile stasis, and portal inflammatory infiltration, accompanied by only slight parenchymal injury in most cases, and by the moderately elevated transaminase values. Acute, high doses, however, have been known to cause hepatocellular damage resulting in elevated SGPT, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin.
Absorption through the skin is rapid. MDA is metabolized and excreted over a 48-hour period. Direct contact may be irritating to the skin, causing dermatitis. Also MDA which is deposited on the skin is not thoroughly removed through washing.
MDA may cause bladder cancer in humans. Animal data supporting this assumption is not available nor is conclusive human data. However, human data collected on workers at a helicopter manufacturing facility where MDA is used suggests a higher incidence of bladder cancer among exposed workers.