Victoria Harper v. Fulton County, Illinois
748 F.3d 761
7th Cir.
2014
Check Treatment
Docket

Viсtoria HARPER, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. FULTON COUNTY, ILLINOIS, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 13-2553.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Feb. 20, 2014. Decided April 8, 2014.

761 F.3d 761

of just one person disqualified him from safety-valve relief under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(4). He focuses on the reference in the safety-valve provision to the plural “others“: a defendant is not eligible for the safety valve if he was “an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of others.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(4) (emphasis added); U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(4). May interprets this provision to mean that the safety valve remains available to a defendant who supervised only оne person, and he supervised only Collier.

But under the rules of construction for the United States Code, “words importing the plural include the singular” unless the context indicates otherwise. 1 U.S.C. § 1; see also (courts may depart from § 1‘s presumptive definitions to avoid “forcing a square peg into a round hole“); . Further support for denying the safety valve to a supervisor of a single person appears in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(4), which disqualifies a defendant from the safety valve if he wаs a “supervisor of others in the offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f)(4) (emphasis added). The plain language of § 3553(f)(4) conditions safety-valve relief on whether the defendant is characterized as a supervisor anywhere in the guidelines, see id.; U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2(a)(4); , and the commentary to § 3B1.1 authorizes the two-level adjustment as long the defendant supervised “one or more” participants. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n. 2. (emphasis added); see also (§ 3B1.1 adjustment for defendant‘s supervision of one co-conspirator foreclosed argument for safety-valve relief). Becаuse May properly received the two-level adjustment under § 3B1.1, he is not eligible for safety-valve relief.

AFFIRMED.

Richard L. Steagall, Attorney, Nicoara & Steagall, Peoria, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Julie A. Bruch, Attorney, O‘Halloran, Kosoff, Geitner & Cook, LLC, Northbrook, IL, for Defendant-Appellee.

Before EASTERBROOK, MANION, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.

MANION, Circuit Judge.

After the Fulton County Board voted not to raise the salary of the County Treasurer, Victoria Harper, she filed a § 1983 action against the County for sex discrimination. The County moved for summary judgment. After considering Harper‘s sex discrimination claim under both the direct and indirect ‍‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​‍methods, the district court concluded that the claim failed as a matter of law, and granted the County‘s motion for summary judgment. Harper appeals. We affirm.

I. Facts

Victoria Harper has served as County Treasurer for Fulton County, Illinois, since 1994. The County Treasurer is elected and serves a four-year term. See III. Const. art. VII, § 4(c); 55 ILCS 5/3-10001. After her election in 1994, Harper was reelected in 1998, 2002, 2006, and 2010. Pursuant to the Illinois Counties Code, the Fulton County Board—a body composed of twenty-one members—is empowered to set the salaries for the County Treasurer, the County Clerk, and other elected officials. See 55 ILCS 5/4-6001. The Board‘s Finance Committee is composed of five members of the Board and focuses on the County‘s budget, expenditures, and general financial situation. The Finance Committee makes an initial recommendation to the Board regarding the salaries of the County Treasurer and County Clerk. From 1983-2002, the County Treasurer and County Clerk were paid the same salary. In the early 2000s, Ronald Rumler, the County Clerk, announced his decision to retire. The County Board voted to increase Rumler‘s salary in order to allow him to receive greater retirement benefits. Thus, from 2003-2006, the County Clerk‘s salary exceeded the County Treasurer‘s salary. After Rumler‘s retirement, the new County Clerk, James Nelson, and the County Treasurer were paid the same salary from 2007-2010.

In the years leading up to 2010, however, disputes arose between Harper and the members of the Finance Committee and the Board. These disputes seem to have рrompted the Finance Committee to recommend against increasing the County Treasurer‘s salary for her term in office commencing in December 2010.1 At that time, the members of the Finance Committee were Bob Bucher, Steve Conklin, Mat Fletcher, Ed Huggins, and Rob Malott. At its May 11, 2010, meeting, the Board adopted this recommendation by a vote of 10-8. At the same meeting, the Board voted (16-2) to give the County Clerk annual pay raises for the term commencing in Decеmber 2010. As a result, Harper‘s salary remained $58,300 from 2010-2013, while Nelson‘s salary started at $64,300 and rose to $71,300 for the same period.

Harper believed that the decision to deny her pay raises while awarding pay raises to Nelson was the result of sex discrimination on the part of a critical mass of the male members of the Board. She responded by filing a § 1983 action against the County for sex discrimination in compensation in violation of the Fourteenth Amendmеnt‘s Equal Protection Clause.2 The County moved for summary judgment. The County identified a number of justifications for denying Harper pay raises, most of them centered around her work performance. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the County. Harper appeals.

II. Discussion

On appeal, Harper contends that the district court erred in concluding that her sex discrimination claim failed as a matter of law. We review the decision to grant a summary judgment mоtion de novo and construe the evidence in the light most favorable to Harper, the nonmoving party. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); . We must determine whether the evidence, so construed, establishes genuine disputes of material fact with respect to Harper‘s sex discrimination claim. Id. And because Harper contends that she can establish sex discrimination under both the direct and indirect methods, we consider both methods in turn.

A. Direct Method

“Under the ‘direct method,’ the plaintiff may avoid summary judgment by presenting sufficient evidence, either ‍‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​‍direct or circumstantial, that the employer‘s discriminatory animus motivated an adverse employment action.” . “Direct evidence is evidence that would prove discriminatory intent without reliance on inference or presumption.” . Such evidence essentially “requires an admission by the decision-maker that [the decision-maker‘s] actions were based upon the prohibited animus.” (quoting ). Should the plaintiff lack direct evidence, she may also point to circumstantial evidence that allows a jury to infer intentional discrimination by the decision-maker. .

Harper points to the testimony of two other County employees in an attempt to establish her sex discrimination claim under the direct method. First, Sandra Monari, a Board member from 1998-2010 and the Chairman from 2000-2004, testified by declaration (made under penalty of perjury pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1746) that, in 2004, Ed Ketchum, a male Board mеmber, dispensed with the traditional approach to electing the Chairman and secured the position for himself through a floor nomination at a special meeting during “extremely severe weather conditions.”3 Monari also testified that at some point during Ketchum‘s chairmanship, he “and other male members” of the Board insisted that Teresa Abudusky, a female Board member, resign because her long work commute (about one hour and forty-five minutеs) caused her to miss committee and Board meetings. Monari testified that Doug Manock, a male Board member, was not asked to resign even though he also had a long commute (about one hour and fifteen minutes) that caused him to be repeatedly absent from meetings. In addition, Monari testified that, during her twelve years as a Board member, she “observed the attitude and actions of the male board members” and concluded that “a sufficient number of the male members of the Board who had influence with the remaining male members of the Board were biased against women.” Specifically, Monari stated that, based on her observations of the conduct of Ketchum, George Hall, Doug Manock, Steve Conklin, and Terry Piff in relation to the incidents wherein Monari lost the chairmanship and Abudusky was asked to resign, Monari believed that those particular members “held a bias against women in positions of authority.” Finally, Monari remarked that, in 2006, Ketchum, Hall, and Manock “regularly voiced complaints about Victoria Harper‘s accounting reports and her conduct of the Office of Treasurer.”

Second, Mary Hampton, the County‘s Circuit Clerk since 1988, testified by deposition that whenever the County Clerk‘s salary was set higher than her salary, she would have to make a presentation to the Board in order to have her salary raised to the County Clerk‘s level. Hаmpton testified that male officers were not required to similarly justify their pay raises to the Board. However, she admitted that she had no “personal knowledge of whether the other elected officials ap-peared before the Finance Committee to explain why they needed a particular budget or salary increase....” Hampton also testified that she felt that Hall talked down to her and Harper and adopted a more aggressive tone than when he was speaking to men. Finally, Hampton testified that in August 2008, when she requested a raise, she felt hostility when she was in the same room as the members of the Finance Committee, which at that time included Bucher, Hall, Ketchum, Manock, and Williams.

None of this testimony is direct evidence that the Board (or members thereof) denied Harper pay raises because of her sex. Thus, the question is whether this testimony is strong enough circumstantial еvidence to allow a jury to infer intentional discrimination by the Board—or, at least, a critical mass of the Board‘s members. We conclude that this testimony falls far short of that standard.

Monari‘s testimony includes nothing to suggest that the power struggle resulting in her ouster from the Chairmanship had anything to do with her sex. To conclude that it did would be raw speculation. Similarly, Monari fails to link Ketchum, Hall, and Manock‘s complaints about Harper‘s performance to her sex.4 Furthermore, Monari‘s testimony that she believes that a critical mass of male Board members are biased against women is conclusory. And Hampton‘s testimony that male office-holders were not required to justify their pay raises is pure speculation in light of her admission that she lacked personal knowledge. Finally, Hampton does not offer any evidence linking her sex to her perceptions of hostility from the Finance Committee members during the August 2008 meeting to her sex.

All that remains is Monari‘s testimony that Ketchum and “other male members” of the Board asked Abudusky to resign but did not ask Manock to resign, along with Hampton‘s deposition testimony that Hall spoke more aggressively to her and Harper than to men. In some circumstances, “behavior toward or comments directed at other employees in the protected group” can be one kind of circumstantial evidence indicating discriminаtion. (quoting ). But Harper offers no evidence that these “other male members” (whom she fails to identify) were still on the Board in 2010 or, if so, voted to deny her pay raises. See (“The direct method of proof ... requires evidence leading directly to the conclusion that an employer was illegally motivated, without reliance on speculation.“). Similarly, even supposing ‍‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​‍this evidence were enough to establish that Ketchum and Hall held biases against womеn, Harper has failed to link those alleged biases to the decision to deny Harper pay raises. (“[B]igotry, per se, is not actionable. It is actionable only if it results in injury to a plaintiff; there must be a real link between the bigotry and an adverse employment action.” (quoting )). This is especially so given that neither Ketchum nor Hall were on the Finance Committee when the recommendation was made.

In other words, the testimony does not lead “directly to the cоnclusion that” the Finance Committee‘s recommendation and the Board‘s vote to adopt that recommendation were based on Harper‘s sex. , . And even if the testimony had some circumstantial relevance, the totality of Harper‘s evidence is simply insufficient to establish intentional sex discrimination.

B. Indirect Method

Under the indirect method, also known as the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting approach, Harper “must establish a prima facie case of sex discrimination by producing competent evidencе that (1) she is a woman, (2) she suffered an adverse employment action, (3) she was meeting [the County‘s] legitimate business expectations, and (4) a similarly situated man was treated more favorably.” . If she does so, the burden shifts to the County to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory justification for denying Harper pay raises. Id. Once the County offers such a justification, the burden shifts back to Harper to show that the justification is simply a pretext and that her sex was the real reason she did not receive pay raises. Id.

Here the parties focus on whether the County‘s justifications for denying Harper pay raises are pretextual.5 The County offers seven justifications for denying Harper pay raises. First, Conklin, Huggins, and Hall testified that they believed Harper should not receive pay raises because of an incident wherein the Illinois State Police investigated Harper for requesting a check from the County‘s Gеneral Fund for “supplies” even though the check was to reimburse herself for money she had donated to the County in the early 2000s. Second, Bucher, Conklin, and Hall testified that they believed that Harper did not work full-time. Third, Bucher, Conklin, Fletcher, Huggins, and Hall testified that they believed that Harper could have chosen better investments but refused to do so or work with the Finance Committee with respect to the County‘s investments. Fourth, the County asserts that on two different occasions Harper did not provide reports requested by the Finance Committee. Fifth, Harper sued the County in state court in an effort to overturn a Board resolution directing that the County Administrator be given “read only” access to the County Treasurer‘s reports. Sixth, Harper often did not provide monthly reports to the Board members until after the Finance Committee met and shortly before the Board met. Seventh, Harper did not assist with the County‘s budget and often did not attend Finance Committee meetings.

Harper has utterly failed to come forward with evidence tending to prove that the County‘s numerous justifications for denying her pay raises are pretexts masking sex discrimination6.

Harper does contend that the testifying Board members were mistaken about a number of the accusations they level against her. But so long as these accusations were sincere, it does not matter whether they were wrong. Seе (observing that a plaintiff cannot prevail if the employer “honestly believed in the nondiscriminatory reasons it offered, even if the reasons are foolish or trivial or even baseless” (quoting )).7 Moreover, Harper concedes that many of the accusations were true, but contends that the problems were not (entirely) her fault. For example, Harper argues that she did not write the check giving rise to the state police investigatiоn, she did not have the technical ability (or, at least, the time) to generate the requested reports, she was not obligated by statute to assist with the budget or attend Finance Committee meetings, and the Finance Committee‘s investment views wrongly valued high interest rates over liquidity. However, the fact that some of the criticisms leveled against Harper may not be completely fair does not establish that they are pretextual.

Harper‘s only attemрt to show pretext relates to the lawsuit she filed against the County in resistance to the Board‘s resolution directing that the County Administrator be given “read only” access to the County Treasurer‘s reports. Specifically, because County Counsel represented the County, the state court appointed a special attorney to represent Harper, but who was to be paid by the County (pursuant to Illinois ‍‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​‍law). However, the Board resisted the еfforts of Harper‘s attorney to collect his fee for about one and one-half years. Harper contends that the Board‘s reluctance to pay her attorney‘s fee interfered with his ability to attempt to negotiate and reach a settlement, which shows that the Board was not genuinely interested in ensuring that the County Administrator obtained access to the County Treasurer‘s reports.8 But Harper‘s attorney was appointed for the purpose of aiding Harper in the lawsuit that she brought in order to oppose the Board‘s demands. It is not reasonable to infer from the Board‘s reluctance to pay for the services rendered on behalf of Harper‘s opposition to the Board‘s demands that the Board was not concerned with Harper‘s compliance with those demands. Indeed, as the County has stated, Harper‘s decision to bring the suit was one of the County‘s justifications for denying Harper pay raises. Regardless, Harper still has completely failed to come forward with evidence that the County‘s other six justifications are pretextual.

Harper also complains that the Board treated Nelson, a male, better than her by giving him pay raises. But the County explains that the Board adopted the Finance Committee‘s recommendation to give Nelson (the County Clerk) pay raises for the term commencing in Dеcember 2010 because of his particularly excellent work performance. The County points to

evidence that Finance Committee members believed that Nelson went beyond his normal duties and worked overtime (including on weekends during the election process). The County offers evidence that Nelson helped the County save about $160,000 in health insurance premiums. The County also offers evidence that Finance Committee members believed that Nelson had improved the equipment, processes, and efficiency of the election process, had guided the County through a major information technology upgrade, and had spearheaded the County‘s efforts to establish a geographic information system. Harper offers no contrary evidence. Thus, in addition to the complaints about her work performance, the County has offered undisputed and legitimate reasons for giving pay raises to Nelson but not to Harper. And Harper offers no evidence that these reasons are pretexts masking sex discrimination.

Finally, Harper points out that much of the County‘s evidence regarding its justifications for denying her pay raises (while giving them to Nelson) comes from the testimony of individual Finance Committee members and other Board members. Harper contends that this evidence is irrelevant because it does not necessаrily reflect the views of all ten Board members who voted to deny her pay raises. Of course, any rule that only evidence reflecting the views of all of these ten Board members is relevant would not bode well for Harper‘s theory that only some of those Board members (a critical mass) were motivated by biases against women. In fact, the testimony of the individual Board members regarding why they voted to deny Harper pay raises is certainly relevant to whether that decision was the product of sex discrimination. Similarly, because the Board merely voted to adopt the Finance Committee‘s recommendation to deny Harper pay raises, the Finance Committee members’ reasons for making that recommendation shed light on the Board‘s ultimate decision to adopt that recommendation.

Moreover, at the May 11, 2010, meeting, the Board adopted three resolutions concerning the content and timeliness of the Treasurer‘s reports. Harper concedes that these resolutions demonstrate that the Board was concerned about the content and timeliness of her reports when it voted to deny her pay raises. But, as explained above, Harper has failed to show that the Board‘s concerns about the content and timeliness of her reports were merely excuses covering sex discrimination. Thus, even if wе were to confine our review of the Board‘s justifications to its concerns about the content and timeliness of Harper‘s reports, Harper cannot establish pretext.

III. Conclusion

Because, as a matter of law, Harper cannot establish sex discrimination under either the direct or indirect method, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

Michael B. JOHNSON, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Plaintiff--Respondent, v. PUSHPIN HOLDINGS, LLC, et al., Defendants-Petitioners.

No. 14-8006.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Submitted March 19, 2014. Decided April 9, 2014.

Notes

1
Becausе the position of County Treasurer is an elected one, there could be no guarantee that Harper would succeed in her 2010 bid for re-election. However, the County concedes that the Board fully expected Harper to be re-elected in 2010.
2
Her lawsuit included other causes of action that are not at issue in this appeal.
3
See (“[A] declaration under § 1746 is equivalent to an affidavit for purposes of summary judgment.“).
4
Indeed, that testimony is consistent with the County‘s сontention that it did not give Harper pay raises due to her poor work performance.
5
The denial of a raise—even a purely discretionary one—can be an adverse employment action. .
6
Harper argues that the Board was not legally permitted to deny her raises on the basis of her work performance. Harper relies upon an Illinois Supreme Court decision referencing ‍‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌​​​‍that “if one is lawfully entitled to a public office the right to salary attaches to the office and that it may be recovered in full, irrespective of any service rendered....” . But Kelly is concerned with whether a public official is actually being paid her full salary—the decision does not concern an authorized body‘s initial decision about what the public office‘s salary should be. At the May meeting, the Board set the salary for the four-year term commencing in December 2010. Because the elections for that term had not yet occurred, neither Harper (nor anyone else) was “lawfully entitled” to the office of County Treasurer for the December 2010 term. Moreover, apart from imposing minimums not at issue here, the Illinois Counties Code imposes no substantive limitations on the Board‘s power to set the salaries of certain County officers prior to the commencement of their terms. See 55 ILCS 5/4-6001.
7
As Ballance makes clear, there is no merit to Harper‘s contention that “[t]his court has not addressed the question of whether proof [of] the falsity of the employer‘s stated reasons for the employment action is all that is required to survive summary judgment.” Showing that the proffered justifications were mistaken is not enough; to establish pretext a plaintiff must show that the employer is lying when it claims that the justifications were the real reasons for the adverse employment action.
8
The parties do not tell us the outcome of the state litigation.
Read the detailed case summary