Vernard CROCKETT, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Kim BUTLER, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 14-2320.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued Oct. 2, 2015. Decided Nov. 17, 2015.
807 F.3d 160
HAMILTON, Circuit Judge.
The State raises one other point. Because Magwood left the precise question in this case open, id. at 342, 130 S.Ct. 2788, the State maintains that we should follow pre-Magwood circuit precedent that (it maintains) makes King‘s challenges to his convictions second or successive. But no such binding precedents exist. The State points to two unpublished orders and Lang v. United States, 474 F.3d 348 (6th Cir. 2007). The unpublished orders bind only the parties to those cases, not future parties and future claims. And Lang helps King. It held that claims that originate at a resentencing cannot be second or successive. Id. at 353. Magwood, it is true, noted that Lang “cit[ed] [pre-Magwood] decisions” that supported the State‘s interpretation, but that is all Lang did and indeed it cited decisions from other courts in doing so. Magwood, 561 U.S. at 342 n. 16, 130 S.Ct. 2788; see Lang, 474 F.3d at 351-52.
For these reasons, we reverse the determination that King‘s conviction-related claims are “second or successive” and remand the petition for further proceedings.
Nicole Lerescu, Attorney, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, Chicago, IL, for Petitioner-Appellant.
Jason Foster Krigel, Attorney, Office of the Attorney General, Chicago, IL, for Respondent-Appellee.
Before POSNER, SYKES, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
In 2004, sixteen-year-old Jazmine Robinson was shot and killed in her Chicago home. Her boyfriend, petitioner Vernard Crockett, was convicted of first-degree murder and attempted armed robbery for his role in her death. He appealed, asserting that the evidence did not support his attempted armed robbery conviction and that his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment had been violated. He prevailed on the first argument. The Illinois Appellate Court reversed his attempted armed robbery conviction and ordered re-sentencing on the murder conviction.
After re-sentencing, Crockett filed a second appeal—this time challenging his first-degree murder conviction. He argued that without the conviction for attempted armed robbery, there was insufficient evidence to convict him of murder. He also renewed his Confrontation Clause claim. The Illinois Appellate Court affirmed
I. Background
A. Crockett‘s Trial
On January 20, 2004, sixteen-year-old Jazmine Robinson was shot and killed in the basement of her home in Chicago. An anonymous call led investigators to Crockett and his acquaintance Ronald Lamar. Lamar ultimately pled guilty but refused to testify against Crockett, who went to trial on charges of first-degree murder and attempted armed robbery.
The prosecution relied heavily on evidence of conversations Crockett had with the police soon after Robinson‘s murder. According to Detective Brian Johnson, Crockett offered police an alibi when they first interviewed him, on January 23, 2004. He claimed he had been at home playing video games on the afternoon of the murder. The police then released Crockett from custody. Soon afterward, though, Detective Johnson spoke with Lamar, and that led him to order that Crockett be arrested. Crockett bases his Confrontation Clause claim on Detective Johnson‘s testimony about his next conversation with Crockett after bringing him in the second time:
Q And during that conversation tell us what you said to the Defendant and what he said to you.
A At that point I told the Defendant that, you know, after speaking with Mr. Lamar that we believe that he had been present and actually killed [Jazmine] Robinson on the date in question.
Crockett again denied involvement, but this time he provided a different alibi: he had been with his friends Tristan Campbell and Nicholas Brown when Robinson was murdered. As false alibis go, this was surely one of the worst ever. Detective Johnson quickly learned that both Campbell and Brown had actually been in police custody on the afternoon in question.
Assistant State‘s Attorney Tim Carter also testified at trial. Carter interviewed Crockett on the evening of January 23, 2004 and confronted him with his alibi statements. Crockett responded that he wanted “to be truthful” and then admitted he had been involved in the events leading up to Robinson‘s death. According to Carter, Crockett said that Lamar had approached him the Sunday before the murder expressing his desire to “hit a lick“—that is, to rob someone. Crockett told Lamar that he knew Robinson was “holding money for some guys” and offered to “set it up.” Crockett also said that he knew Robinson “wouldn‘t go along with the robbery if she wasn‘t threatened with a gun.” He knew Lamar would have one, though he said he did not want Lamar to shoot Robinson.
Carter further testified that Crockett admitted going to Robinson‘s house with Lamar on January 20, 2004 on the pretense of looking at the results of her pregnancy test. Robinson let them in, brought them to the basement, and offered Crockett a glass of rum, which he left atop a freezer. Crockett asked Robinson to bring down a CD to play some music. He then signaled Lamar to go ahead with the robbery.
Once Robinson turned the music up, Lamar pulled out his gun and demanded money. Robinson showed no signs of com-
That was the substance of Crockett‘s first confession, according to prosecutor Carter. Carter also testified that he interviewed Crockett again later the same night, accompanied by other detectives. Crockett “basically told me the same thing” but “went into somewhat more detail about the planning of it and what happened and said some things a little bit differently.” Finally, Carter testified that the next day, January 24, 2004, he interviewed Crockett again and that he related “basically the same facts.”
Crockett testified in his own defense and told a very different story. According to Crockett, on January 20, 2004, he had planned to visit Robinson alone to see the results of her pregnancy test. He met Lamar on the way and asked him to come too. Crockett confirmed that Robinson had given him the glass of rum and played music, but he testified that Lamar had pulled out a gun unexpectedly. Crockett testified that both he and Robinson had asked Lamar to put the gun away, and that he and Lamar had argued heatedly about the weapon. According to Crockett, Robinson then pushed Lamar from behind, and Lamar then shoved Robinson to the ground and shot her. Crockett admitted fleeing at that point. He admitted he did not report the shooting to the police, claiming he was afraid for his and his loved ones’ safety. Crockett also denied making the statements prosecutor Carter described, testifying that he had told Carter “the story that I just told you all.”
The jury found Crockett guilty of both first-degree murder and attempted armed robbery. He was sentenced to forty-two years for the murder and a consecutive term of ten years for attempted armed robbery.
B. First Appeal
On direct appeal, Crockett argued that the State had failed to establish the corpus delicti of attempted armed robbery. Under the corpus delicti doctrine, the state must prove with evidence other than the defendant‘s confession that the crime was actually committed. People v. Lara, 368 Ill.Dec. 155, 983 N.E.2d 959, 964 (2012). Crockett argued that his conviction ran afoul of the corpus delicti rule because the only evidence of an attempted armed robbery was his own confession. As a corollary, he argued that the invalid robbery conviction had affected his sentence on the murder conviction, and he requested re-sentencing. Finally, he argued that Detective Johnson‘s testimony about his conversation with Lamar that led the police back to Crockett violated the Confrontation Clause.
The Illinois Appellate Court agreed with the first argument, holding that no independent evidence corroborated Crockett‘s confession that an attempted armed robbery had occurred. Because the court could not be certain that the attempted armed robbery conviction had not influenced the murder sentence, it also ordered re-sentencing on the murder conviction, as Crockett had requested. The court rejected the Confrontation Clause claim, however, holding that Detective Johnson‘s testimony had simply described police investigatory procedure and was not testimonial in nature. Crockett did not file a petition for leave to appeal the Illinois Appellate Court‘s decision to the Supreme Court of Illinois.
C. Second Appeal
Crockett again received a forty-two-year sentence for the first-degree murder con-
To explain, a defendant commits first-degree murder under Illinois law if he kills an individual without lawful justification and: (1) “intends to kill or do great bodily harm ... or knows that such acts will cause death“; (2) “knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm“; or (3) “is attempting or committing a forcible felony other than second degree murder.”
In the second appeal, the Illinois Appellate Court held that Crockett had waived any challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his first-degree murder conviction by failing to raise it during his first appeal. In Illinois, waiver “will be found where a defendant fails to raise an issue in his initial appeal and attempts to raise it for the first time in his second appeal.” People v. Crockett, No. 1-10-3685, 2012 WL 6953467, at *4 (Ill.App. Sept. 28, 2012), citing People v. Young, 152 Ill.App.3d 361, 105 Ill.Dec. 246, 504 N.E.2d 115, 118 (1987). The state court found that Crockett‘s sufficiency of the evidence challenge “was a logical corollary to his challenge to the attempted armed robbery conviction,” making it “practicable and logical” to raise the two together. Id.
The court held further that Crockett‘s sufficiency challenge failed on the merits because the evidence supported a finding of guilt by accountability. In Illinois, accountability “is established where the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant either shared the criminal intent of the principal or there was a common criminal design.” Crockett, 2012 WL 6953467, at *6, citing People v. Perez, 189 Ill.2d 254, 244 Ill.Dec. 371, 725 N.E.2d 1258, 1264-65 (2000). According to the Illinois Appellate Court, the “evidence need only prove that the defendant had the specific intent to promote or facilitate a crime, which need not be the actual crime for which he was charged.” Id. at *7 (emphasis in original), citing People v. Miscichowski, 143 Ill.App.3d 646, 97 Ill.Dec. 653, 493 N.E.2d 135, 141 (1986). Applying that standard and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the state court held that the evidence showed that Crockett intended to promote or facilitate armed robbery when he knowingly aided Lamar in planning and committing the robbery, making him “accountable under the common design rule for the victim‘s murder.” Id. at *8.
As for the Confrontation Clause claim, the Illinois Appellate Court noted that it had rejected the same claim in the first appeal, so the trial court had lacked the authority to consider it on remand. Id. at *8. The appellate court then rejected the claim based on the law of the case doctrine. Id. In the second appeal, Crockett petitioned for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Illinois, but that court denied his petition.
D. Habeas Corpus Proceedings
Crockett then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to
II. Analysis
We review de novo a district court‘s denial of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Peterson v. Douma, 751 F.3d 524, 529 (7th Cir.2014). Because Crockett is in state custody, the case is governed by
The district court rejected both of Crockett‘s claims on procedural grounds, however, so before we might turn to their merits, we must resolve the threshold questions, whether procedural defaults bar us from reaching those claims at all. “Whether a party has procedurally defaulted his claim is a question of law that we review de novo.” Malone v. Walls, 538 F.3d 744, 753 (7th Cir.2008).
A. Confrontation Clause
The district court rejected Crockett‘s Confrontation Clause claim because he failed to present it for one full round of state court review. Before seeking federal habeas relief, state prisoners must “give the state courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete round of the State‘s established appellate review process.” O‘Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999); see also Lewis v. Sternes, 390 F.3d 1019, 1025-26 (7th Cir.2004) (petitioner “must raise the issue at each and every level in the state court system, including levels at which review is discretionary rather than mandatory“).
During his first appeal, Crockett presented his Confrontation Clause claim to the Illinois Appellate Court but did not seek review by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Under O‘Sullivan, that means Crockett has procedurally defaulted this claim. He also has not shown “cause and prejudice” or actual innocence to excuse his default. See Spreitzer v. Schomig, 219 F.3d 639, 647-48 (7th Cir.2000) (discussing exceptions to procedural default).1
Crockett‘s second appeal could not cure his earlier default, even though he petitioned for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Illinois in the second appeal. When faced with the same Confrontation Clause claim a second time, the Illinois Appellate Court rejected it based not on the merits but on the law of the case doctrine: a previous decision on the merits by an appellate court is final and conclusive in a second appeal in the same case. People v. McNair, 138 Ill.App.3d 920, 93 Ill.Dec. 408, 486 N.E.2d 941, 943 (1985). Accordingly, the Supreme Court of Illinois never had the chance to address the Confrontation Clause claim on the merits.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Crockett‘s other claim is that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his murder conviction. He argues that the Illinois Appellate Court unreasonably applied Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), which teaches that an applicant can win habeas corpus relief under
Again, Crockett faces a procedural hurdle. The Illinois Appellate Court found that he had waived his sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge to his murder conviction by failing to raise it in his first appeal. In federal habeas cases under
In assessing the adequacy of a state procedural ruling, federal courts do not review the merits of the state court‘s application of its own procedural rules. See Lee v. Foster, 750 F.3d 687, 694 (7th Cir.2014). Instead, we ask whether the rule invoked was “firmly established and regularly followed.” Beard v. Kindler, 558 U.S. 53, 60, 130 S.Ct. 612, 175 L.Ed.2d 417 (2009), quoting Lee v. Kemna, 534 U.S. at 376, 122 S.Ct. 877. If so, federal review is barred, absent a showing of either cause and prejudice or actual innocence, and neither has been shown here. If a rule has been applied “infrequently, unexpectedly, or freakishly,” however, it may not be adequate, for “the lack of notice and consistency may show that the state is discriminating against the federal rights asserted.” Prihoda v. McCaughtry, 910 F.2d 1379, 1383 (7th Cir.1990).
The Illinois Appellate Court held that Crockett had waived his Jackson challenge to the sufficiency of the murder evidence because he could have presented it in his first appeal but did not. The state calls this the “First Appeal Rule.” See, e.g., Village of Ringwood v. Foster, 369 Ill.Dec. 349, 986 N.E.2d 662, 671 (2013); People v. Young, 152 Ill.App.3d 361, 105 Ill.Dec. 246, 504 N.E.2d 115, 118 (1987).
Crockett acknowledges that the First Appeal Rule is “firmly established and regularly followed in Illinois.” He argues, however, that its application in his case was inappropriate and unexpected because he could not have raised his Jackson challenge in his first appeal. Cf. Village of Ringwood, 369 Ill.Dec. 349, 986 N.E.2d at 671 (where “a question was open to consideration in a prior appeal and it could have been presented but was not, the question will be deemed to be waived“) (emphasis added), quoting Turner v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 63 Ill.App.3d 693, 20 Ill.Dec. 499, 380 N.E.2d 477, 481 (1978). This is so, Crockett argues, because his Jackson challenge depended on his first obtaining a reversal of his attempted armed robbery conviction.
Even if Crockett could somehow overcome that bar, his sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim would still fail on the merits. Federal habeas corpus relief is not available to correct perceived errors of state law. Bates v. McCaughtry, 934 F.2d 99, 102 (7th Cir.1991), quoting Pulley v. Harris, 465 U.S. 37, 41, 104 S.Ct. 871, 79 L.Ed.2d 29 (1984). A claim that the state court “misunderstood the substantive requirements of state law,” for example, does not present a true Jackson challenge and is not cognizable under
Though Crockett argues otherwise, his Jackson challenge is really a claim that the Illinois court misinterpreted state law. In his view, the Illinois accountability statute,
Accordingly, the district court correctly found that Crockett procedurally defaulted his claims. Crockett‘s Jackson claim also fails on the merits because at its core it challenges the state court‘s interpretation of Illinois law, which is not cognizable under
AFFIRMED.