UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Juan DE OLEO, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 11-1360
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Sept. 20, 2012.
697 F.3d 338
* This decision was originally issued as an “unpublished decision” filed on September 20, 2012. The court has now designated the opinion as one recommended for full-text publication.
I understand the contours of this proximate-cause requirement in much the same manner as does Judge Davis, including his analysis of “collective causation.” See also United States v. Kearney, 672 F.3d 81, 96-98 (1st Cir.2012). I also agree that the option of “apportion[ing] liability among the defendants to reflect the level of contribution to the victim‘s loss and economic circumstances of each defendant” belies the majority‘s notion that each case calls for an award equal to the total loss incurred by a victim.
Awards must therefore reflect the need to make whole the victims of these offenses. As Amy‘s suffering illustrates, the “distribution of photographs and films depicting sexual activity by juveniles is intrinsically related to the sexual abuse of children.” New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 759, 102 S.Ct. 3348, 73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982). They constitute an indelible “record of the children‘s participation and the harm to the child is exacerbated by their circulation.” Id.
In light of the unique nature of prosecutions for child pornography and the clear congressional intent to maximize awards, any doubts about the proper amount of restitution should be resolved in favor of the child. This concern is largely a matter of a difference of emphasis from the views expressed by Judge Davis. I am concerned that his emphasis on the discretion of a district court, though clearly that discretion exists and can be exercised under the terms of
In summary, proximate cause must be shown and the principle of aggregate causation is the method for proving its existence. By statute, district courts can award all damages to each defendant but also have discretion to make lesser awards if properly explained. This means that I agree with requiring additional proceedings as to both defendants, but disagree that each district court is required to impose a restitution award of the full amount of damages.
Before: COLE and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; THAPAR, District Judge.**
AMUL R. THAPAR, District Judge.
Juan De Oleo appeals his conviction for Medicare fraud, conspiracy to commit Medicare fraud, and money laundering. We affirm.
I.
De Oleo and his co-conspirators engaged in a lucrative form of Medicare fraud. They created sham medical clinics by renting office space, furnishing it with enough equipment to make the clinic appear legitimate, and hiring a doctor willing to participate in the fraud. After that, they bribed Medicare beneficiaries to travel to the fraudulent clinic and submit their insurance information without receiving treatment. To make the scheme profitable, the conspirators used that insurance information to bill Medicare for expensive medications.
De Oleo got his start with fraudulent clinics down in Florida. There, he worked as a medical assistant at a clinic owned by Jose Rosario. After the government cracked down on fraud in Florida, De Oleo and his co-conspirators, including his wife Rosa Genao, moved their conspiracy to Michigan. While in Michigan, De Oleo partnered with Rosario to open Xpress Medical Center.
A few weeks after Xpress began submitting its fraudulent bills to Medicare, Medicare began investigating the clinic. That investigation led to the indictment of Rosario, De Oleo, Genao, and a number of their co-conspirators. Many defendants pled guilty. But De Oleo, Genao, and medical assistant Deirdre Teagan proceeded to trial. The jury ultimately convicted De Oleo and Genao and acquitted Teagan of all but one count.
This appeal followed.
II.
De Oleo faults the district judge for two discretionary decisions: first, her dismissal of a juror after the close of evidence, and, second, her admission of evidence about De Oleo‘s and the witnesses’ involvement in other fraudulent clinics.
A. Excuse of Juror 12
Juror 12 was a full-time student at Adrian College. During jury selection, she informed the court that she did not want to miss the beginning of school. The district judge believed the trial would be finished before classes began. During trial, however, the district judge realized that trial would go longer than expected. Juror 12 immediately reiterated her desire not to miss classes. The court assured her that she would not have to miss school, and no one objected. At the close of evidence, it became clear that Juror 12 would likely miss the start of college classes if required to deliberate with the jury. As promised, the court excused her and replaced her with an alternate. De Oleo objected. He did not explain the grounds for his objection except to state that it was important to his client that Juror 12 not be dismissed.
The district court‘s dismissal of Juror 12 was reasonable. A district court may replace a juror with an alternate when a juror is either “unable or disqualified to perform juror duties.”
De Oleo believes that Juror 12‘s academic obligations were insufficiently serious to rise to the level of reasonable cause. But even if De Oleo‘s contention that “next to nothing is done the first week of college classes” is true (and we are sure that academics nationwide would disagree, see e.g., The Paper Chase (Twentieth Century Fox, 1973) (Hart‘s first day in Kingsfield‘s class)), his observation misses the point. In many cases, it is not the conflict‘s objective seriousness but its impact on a particular juror that matters. Jurors, like all people, “boil at different degrees.” Ralph Waldo Emerson, 7 The Complete Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson 61 (Houghton, Mifflin, and Company 1904) (1870). A conflict that one juror might brush aside might render another unable to give a case due consideration. The district judge might believe that one juror can leave a family conflict at the courthouse door, while another might be so “affected by the quarrel with her husband [] that her ability to shoulder her responsibilities as a member of the jury [is] impaired.” United States v. Brown, 571 F.2d 980, 985 (6th Cir.1978). One juror might put jury service before family obligations, while another might grow “impatient and disgruntled” when sitting on a lengthy trial while her niece is visiting. United States v. Shelton, 669 F.2d 446, 460 (7th Cir.1982). Good cause may encompass any of “the inevitable vagaries of the many trial participants’ complex lives.” United States v. Nelson, 102 F.3d 1344, 1350 (4th Cir.1996). These vagaries include a state court appearance, United States v. Warren, 973 F.2d 1304, 1308–09 (6th Cir.1992); difficulty concentrating due to deaths in the juror‘s family, United States v. Virgen-Moreno, 265 F.3d 276, 287-88 (5th Cir.2001); holiday travel plans, Nelson, 102 F.3d at 1349-50; and taking a child to college, United States v. McMillan, 64 F.3d 660, 1995 WL 501659 at *2 (4th Cir. 1995) (unpublished). Of course, the district judge must balance any particular vagary against the preference for maintaining the originally selected jury. See Nelson, 102 F.3d at 1350.
Ultimately, district judges are in the best position to view a juror‘s demeanor and determine whether she is able to shoulder the obligations of jury service. Here, Juror 12 repeatedly raised her academic obligations with the court. The district court apparently concluded from these statements that missing class would distract Juror 12 from giving her full attention to the deliberations. Thus, the court‘s determination to excuse Juror 12 was reasonable.
The court also made clear at the outset that it viewed a school conflict as legitimate and would excuse the juror if the trial ultimately conflicted with the start of classes. Neither party objected to Juror 12 when she was added to the jury under those conditions. Moreover, De Oleo has failed to show that he was prejudiced by the substitution. See United States v. Powell, 15 Fed.Appx. 337, 339 (6th Cir. 2001) (“A defendant claiming to be injured by the replacement of a juror is entitled to a new trial only upon a clear showing of prejudice” (citing United States v. Warren, 973 F.2d 1304, 1308 (6th Cir.1992))). The court did not abuse its discretion by excluding Juror 12.
B. Other Acts Evidence
During trial, the government introduced evidence regarding other fraudulent clinics established in Florida and Michigan. De Oleo asserts that this information was irrelevant because he did not commit
De Oleo was involved in some of these previous clinics, and as to those clinics the district court properly ruled that this evidence was admissible under
In evaluating
The Other Acts Actually Occurred: De Oleo does not contest that the other acts actually occurred. See Appellant‘s Br. and Reply.
Proper Purpose: The district court properly determined that the other clinics were relevant to De Oleo‘s knowledge, intent, or plan.
Sacred Heart: Sacred Heart was a fraudulent medical clinic that Rosario operated in Florida. De Oleo was the medical assistant there, so his involvement in this clinic is relevant to his knowledge of Rosario‘s fraudulent clinic scheme and his knowledge of how these clinics defrauded Medicare. See Transcript of Jury Trial, Briceno et al., No. 09-cr-20221-DPH, R. 263 at 50.
Lifetime Medical Center: De Oleo introduced Genao to Rosario, and this meeting spawned Lifetime Medical Center. Id. at 52. Thus, evidence of this clinic can be introduced to show De Oleo had knowledge of Rosario‘s fraudulent clinic scheme and intended to participate in it. Lifetime also used Genao to fabricate patients’ medical charts in a similar manner as Xpress, id. at 46, 52, so this evidence was also probative of Xpress and De Oleo‘s plan to defraud Medicare.
Sacred Hope: De Oleo‘s visit to Sacred Hope and examination of Sacred Hope‘s patient files demonstrates his knowledge of the way that Rosario‘s Michigan clinics operated and his intent to run the Xpress clinic in a similar manner. Id. at R. 279 at 186-90.
De Oleo contends that the United States offered the other acts evidence before he put his knowledge of the illegal activities at the Xpress clinic at issue. Reply at 13. De Oleo is mistaken. The district court asked De Oleo before trial if he would be disputing knowledge and intent, and he said that, “for now, the answer is yes.”
Rule 403 Balancing: The evidence of De Oleo‘s involvement in other fraudulent clinics was more probative than prejudicial. As the district court noted in denying De Oleo‘s motion for a new trial, the admission of testimony about the other clinics “was crafted so as not to overly prejudice De Oleo and Genao.” United States v. De Oleo, No. 09-20221, 2011 WL 836737, at *2 (E.D.Mich. Mar. 9, 2011). The court also gave a limiting instruction, cautioning the jury to consider the other clinics only for the limited purpose of assessing De Oleo‘s intent, knowledge, and plan. Transcript of Jury Trial, Briceno et al., No. 09-cr-20221-DPH, R. 273 at 24. Limiting instructions are one factor that the district court can consider in conducting a 403 balancing test for other acts evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Hardy, 643 F.3d 143, 153 (6th Cir.2011). These instructions were sufficient to prevent unfair prejudice to De Oleo.
Additionally, the evidence of other fraudulent clinics in Florida and Michigan, if not admissible under
Moreover, any error here was harmless. There was ample evidence to support De Oleo‘s conviction, and we can say with “fair assurance” that the jury‘s verdict “was not substantially swayed” by the evidence of the other fraudulent clinics. Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 765, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946).
De Oleo‘s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
AMUL R. THAPAR
DISTRICT JUDGE