United States v. HargroveUnited States v. Hargrove
AFFIRMED. We GRANT IFP status and remind Mr. Wiggins of his obligation to make partial payments until the filing fee is paid.
Frederick A. Duchardt, Jr., Kearney, MO, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before MURPHY, O‘BRIEN, Circuit Judges, and KANE †, District Court Judge.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
TERRENCE L. O‘BRIEN, Circuit Judge.
Demetrius Hargrove was convicted of three counts of murder and one count of conspiracy to kill and attempt to kill a person with the intent of preventing that person from testifying in an official proceeding. He was spared the death penalty, but sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of release. Hargrove claims the district court erred by: (1) not permitting sufficient inquiry into the mental status of a government witness who testified she changed her story about Hargrove‘s involvement in two of the murders because she was “visited” by the victims; (2) allowing the government to read into evidence the testimony of a critical, but unavailable, adverse witness taken at a state court preliminary hearing; (3) per-
I. BACKGROUND
Hargrove and Christopher Trotter were friends 1 who engaged in myriad nefarious activities 2 including selling crack cocaine in Kansas City, Kansas. These murders were a byproduct of their drug dealing.
In February 1998 Hargrove killed one of his “customers,” Elmer Berg, and Berg‘s sister, Misty Castor, because Berg failed to pay his drug bill. A couple of months later Hargrove and Trotter kidnapped another drug dealer, Tyrone Richards, who was talking about Hargrove‘s role in the Berg/Castor murders. Both were charged in federal court with the kidnapping. Trotter was in custody; Hargrove was on the lam. On July 26, 1998, two days before Trotter‘s kidnapping trial was to begin, Hargrove killed Richards.
On January 1, 1999, an attempt was made to murder Shedrick Kimbrell, a witness to the Richards kidnapping. Hargrove arranged for the murder to be committed by Maurice Peters, Trotter‘s cousin.
The arrests and trials did not follow the same chronological order as the crimes. On May 11, 1998, Hargrove and Trotter were jointly charged in federal court with the Richards kidnapping, but the proceedings were severed at the government‘s request. Trotter was detained pending trial. After Richards, a key witness, was murdered, Trotter‘s trial was continued until August 1998. The jury returned a verdict of guilty on August 14, 1998. Hargrove was not arrested until November 4, 1998. On May 28, 1999, a jury convicted him of kidnapping Richards.
Hargrove was originally charged with the Berg/Castor murders in state court, where Trotter was a witness against him. Trotter testified at Hargrove‘s preliminary hearing on March 20, 2000.3 The state charges were dismissed after Hargrove was indicted in this case (on December 10, 2003).
At Hargrove‘s trial in this case (commencing October 3, 2005), Trotter invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to testify against Hargrove. Over Hargrove‘s objection, the district court permitted Trotter‘s testimony from Hargrove‘s preliminary hearing in the state case to be read to the jury.
A. The Berg/Castor Murders
On February 19, 1998, at approximately 9:30 p.m., the bodies of Elmer Berg and Misty Castor were found in Berg‘s car in Coronado Park in Kansas City, Kansas. The car was running when the police ar-
Trotter‘s testimony against Hargrove in the state court proceedings (taken from the transcript of the preliminary hearing) was read to the jury. A summary follows. Berg owed Hargrove approximately $1500 in February 1998.4 On the day Berg and Castor were killed, Hargrove called Trotter and told him he had a customer wanting to purchase a quarter ounce of crack. About twenty minutes later, Hargrove arrived at Trotter‘s house with his girlfriend, Micaela Cross Graham. Berg and Castor also drove to Trotter‘s house. Trotter asked Hargrove why Berg and Castor were there; Hargrove replied he had arranged to sell the crack to Berg. After Trotter asked Hargrove why he was still dealing with Berg, Hargrove said: “I‘m going to knock him,” which Trotter interpreted to mean Hargrove was going to kill Berg. (Joint App. at 96.)
Hargrove and Trotter drove to Coronado Park, followed by Berg and Castor in Berg‘s car. Hargrove stopped the car and stepped out carrying a .38 caliber revolver. Trotter, who remained in the car, heard four gunshots, but did not see Hargrove fire the gun. After the shots were fired, Hargrove returned to the car and drove away. Hargrove stopped near Trotter‘s house and threw the gun down a sewer.5 Trotter never talked to Hargrove about what happened.
Other witnesses testified in person at Hargrove‘s trial. Clarence Burnett, a federal prisoner incarcerated on drug and robbery charges in the same facility where Hargrove was incarcerated, testified to the following: Hargrove “described in detail [to Burnett] how he had committed the murders” but wanted to implicate Trotter for them in revenge for Trotter‘s testimony against Hargrove in state court. (R. Vol. 27 at 3715.) Hargrove offered to sell information about the murders to Burnett in exchange for $40,000 or $50,000; Burnett could pass the information along to the government for his own purposes, saying it came from Trotter. Burnett agreed to the plan and Hargrove gave Burnett a series of letters he wrote, pretending to be Trotter, which described the murders in detail. Burnett read those letters to the jury.
Graham, Hargrove‘s girlfriend, testified that on the day of the murders, she and Hargrove drove to a gas station, Hargrove talked to Berg, and then she and Hargrove drove to Trotter‘s house, followed by Berg and Castor. Graham went into Trotter‘s house; Trotter left with Hargrove in Graham‘s car. Berg and Castor followed in Berg‘s car. Hargrove and Trotter returned approximately fifteen to twenty minutes later. She overheard Hargrove and Trotter talking about going to a club in order to establish an alibi. Hargrove went to the club, returning later that night or the next morning. When he returned, he remarked “he didn‘t know why he does the things that he does sometimes” and he
B. The Richards Murder
After Berg and Castor were murdered, Tyrone Richards began telling people Hargrove had committed the murders. Hargrove told Joshua Hunt to tell Bony (a nickname for Richards) to “keep his mouth shut.” (R. Vol. 19 at 2047.) On April 21, 1998, Hargrove and Trotter kidnapped Richards in an effort to keep him quiet. They drove Richards across a bridge into Missouri, but they noticed the car was low on gas so they drove back to Kansas, where they were pulled over by police. Hargrove escaped but Trotter was arrested.6 Hargrove and Trotter were later charged in federal court with kidnapping Richards. Richards was subpoenaed to testify at Trotter‘s trial, scheduled to begin on July 28, 1998. On July 26, Richards was found in the back of his car with his hands and feet bound together, dead from a gunshot wound to his head. Trotter was in custody at that time; Hargrove was not.
Graham testified as to her knowledge of the Richards kidnapping/murder. On July 28, Hargrove told Graham he did not think there would be a trial in Trotter‘s kidnapping case. She asked why and he said she should read the newspaper.7 Hargrove told her: “Bony should have kept his mouth shut.” (R. Vol. 30 at 4180.) He later told Graham he had set up a fake drug deal to lure Richards to the location where he was murdered.
Graham said Hargrove incriminated himself in the murders of Berg, Castor and Richards on multiple occasions between July and November 1998. On one occasion Graham told Hargrove, in reference to the murder of Berg: “[D]ead men don‘t pay their money.” (R. Vol. 30 at 4187.) He responded: “[D]ead men don‘t talk either,” which she took as a reference to the Richards murder. (Id.)
Charles Williams was married to one of Trotter‘s sisters. He told the jury he gave Hargrove a .38 revolver on the weekend Richards was murdered. He could not recall whether the gun was loaded but said it was probably loaded because he kept it for protection. The government attempted to establish the gun recovered in the sewer was the loaned .38, but Williams could not say for certain they were the same. He did testify, however, that both guns were “snub nose revolver[s], five shot with . . . wooden handle[s].” (R. Vol. 22 at 2908.) The sewer gun was the same size and similar weight as the loaned .38 and the insignia on the handle appeared to match that on the loaned .38. Hargrove never returned the loaned .38 but about a week after Richards was killed, Hargrove gave Williams a machine gun as a replacement.
The government‘s ballistics expert testified the bullet recovered from Richards’ body could have been fired by the sewer gun, based on its general rifling characteristics. However, the bullet could also have been fired by “millions or tens of millions” of other guns. (R. Vol. 23 at 3088.) Williams had cartridges for the loaned .38.8
C. The Kimbrell Attempted Murder
Shedrick Kimbrell, who was a witness at Trotter‘s kidnapping trial in August 1998, testified to the following events. He was riding in the car with Hargrove and Trotter when Richards was kidnapped. On January 1, 1999, he was accosted by a man wielding a shotgun while climbing the stairs to his house. When he heard a sound he believed to be a gun misfiring, he ran for his life. He received money from the FBI to relocate and moved away. He returned to testify at Hargrove‘s kidnapping trial in May 1999.
Maurice Peters, Trotter‘s cousin, was the man who accosted Kimbrell on January 1, 1999. He testified as follows. Hargrove asked him to kill Kimbrell and gave him a shotgun, mask, shells and gloves for that purpose. The gun did not misfire; he simply pretended he could not pull the trigger. Hargrove called Peters on January 2, 1999, to talk about the attempted murder, which they discussed in code. Hargrove asked Peters to try again.9
D. Procedural History
Hargrove was indicted for five federal crimes: premeditated murder of Elmer Berg by use of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime in violation of
Hargrove filed a motion in limine to prevent the government from reading into evidence the transcript of Trotter‘s testimony at the state court preliminary hearing. The court denied the motion, concluding the transcript was admissible under Rule 804(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Evidence and its admission would not violate Hargrove‘s rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. At trial, the court admitted the transcript over objection but allowed the defense to present impeachment evidence against Trotter—his 2003 murder conviction;10 his release from the Richards kidnapping charges in exchange for his testimony against Hargrove; his receipt of $5,000 from the FBI for relocation expenses; and his supposed admission to killing Berg and Castor.11 The court told
the jury Trotter had invoked his Fifth Amendment right not to testify.
Hargrove filed another motion in limine to exclude evidence or testimony relating to the gun recovered in the sewer, arguing it was irrelevant and prejudicial because ballistics testing revealed it was not the weapon used in the Berg/Castor murders. The court denied Hargrove‘s motion, concluding his objection went to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility. The evidence was also relevant to the Richards murder. At trial, the court permitted questioning about the gun and admitted it into evidence.
Hargrove moved for various forms of relief based on Graham‘s trial testimony. When first contacted by the police, Graham stated she was with Hargrove on the evening Berg and Castor were killed. Her testimony at Hargrove‘s preliminary hearing in state court (March 2000) was consistent with her original statements to the police. It was also consistent with a sworn statement she gave to Hargrove‘s counsel in January 2005.
Graham changed her story in a subsequent interview with FBI agents. She said, for the first time, that Hargrove told her he killed Berg and Castor. She also said Hargrove admitted he set up Richards with a fake drug deal, but did not admit to killing Richards. She repeated her changed story at trial and explained the change came “[b]ecause Elmer [Berg] and Misty [Castor] will not leave me alone.” (R. Vol. 30 at 4222-23.) She claimed she was visited by the spirits of Berg and Castor; she denied these visitations were dreams: “If I explained it to anyone else, they would probably think they were dreams, but they‘re visitings.” (Id. at 4228.) She attributed the “visitings” to her spiritual connection with Berg, derived from Berg giving her a tattoo of praying hands. On cross-examination, she acknowledged seeing a psychiatrist for an anxiety disorder and taking Klonopin, a psychotropic medication which she described as “a non-addictive form of Xanax.” (Id. at 4306.)
The defense requested Graham produce her mental health records or submit to a psychiatric examination. She refused and the court did not require her to do either. Hargrove then asked permission to recall Graham to question her in front of the jury regarding her refusal. As an alternative, he requested the court strike her testimony. The court denied all requested relief, but allowed the defense to seek additional funds to retain “[its] own mental health person [to] testify in regards to what [Graham] has all ready [sic] testified to.” (R. Vol. 31 at 4473.) The defense did not pursue that avenue of relief.
Prior to trial, Hargrove moved to dismiss Counts 1 and 2 arguing the government failed to establish a federal nexus because there was no evidence Berg and Castor were killed in the course of a drug trafficking offense or with a weapon that traveled in interstate commerce. The court denied the motion as premature. During trial, Hargrove again moved to dismiss Counts 1 and 2, arguing the indictment was fatally flawed because it did not allege a drug type and quantity. The court denied the motion. At the close of the government‘s case, Hargrove moved for an acquittal, raising this same argument. The motion was denied. Continuing this theme, Hargrove objected to three jury instructions (Nos. 22, 23 and 25) arguing they amounted to a constructive amendment of the indictment because they referred specifically to crack cocaine, even
At the close of the government‘s case, Hargrove moved for dismissal of Count 4 (attempted murder of Kimbrell) due to insufficient evidence. The court granted the motion.
After twenty-one days of trial and four days of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on the four remaining counts. The government sought the death penalty, which the jury rejected.
Several months after the verdict was rendered, Hargrove moved (for the first time) to dismiss Counts 1 and 2 for lack of jurisdiction due to the government‘s failure to separately charge an offense under
On April 25, 2006, the court sentenced Hargrove to life imprisonment without the possibility of release on Counts 1, 2 and 3, and 60 months imprisonment on the remaining count, all to run concurrent with each other.
II. DISCUSSION
Hargrove summarizes his appeal issues as:
Point One—Failure to grant relief with respect to Micaela [Cross] Graham mental illness issues.
Point Two—Failure to prohibit use of state court preliminary hearing testimony by Christopher Trotter.
Point Three—Permitting testimony about gun found in storm sewer.
Point Four—Failure to dismiss counts one and two due to inadequate pleading. (Appellant‘s Opening Br. at 2-3.) We discuss them in the order he has chosen.
A. Graham Testimony
Hargrove requested various forms of relief after Graham changed her story because she was “visited” by the spirits of Berg and Castor, was seeing a psychiatrist because she had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, and was taking Klonopin, a psychotropic medication which she described as “a non-addictive form of Xanax.” 12 (R. Vol. 30 at 4306.) The court refused all requests. Hargrove asserts the rulings violated his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. The government contends the court did not violate the Sixth Amendment because mental health records are privileged and Hargrove had “an unrestricted opportunity to cross-examine [Graham].” (Appellee‘s Br. at 35.) We review rulings regarding limitations on cross-examination and the striking of witness testimony for abuse of discretion. United States v. Rosario Fuentez, 231 F.3d 700, 704 (10th Cir.2000); United States v. McKneely, 69 F.3d 1067, 1074-75 (10th Cir.1995). Whether a violation of the Confrontation Clause arose from evidentiary rulings is a question we review de novo. United States v. Townley, 472 F.3d 1267, 1271 (10th Cir.2007).
1. Refusal to Order Graham to Produce her Mental Health Records or Submit to Questioning Before the Jury Regarding her Refusal
Under the Federal Rules of Evidence, “[c]ross-examination should be limited to
The court did not require Graham to disclose her mental health records or submit to questioning before the jury regarding her refusal. No other meaningful limitations were placed on cross-examination.13
Defense counsel could have questioned Graham in greater detail about her spiritual visitations, thus giving the jury a better opportunity to assess whether those visitations were a sign of mental illness.14 And counsel could have questioned Graham further about her psychiatric treatment.15 We are not persuaded that, without access to Graham‘s mental health records, Hargrove was unable to test whether Graham could comprehend, recall and correctly relate the truth.16
Hargrove has called our attention to United States v. Robinson, a case decided after oral argument. 583 F.3d 1265 (10th Cir.2009). In Robinson, we held the defendant‘s rights under the Confrontation Clause were violated when the district court “prohibited [him] from questioning the prosecution‘s star witness on two highly relevant topics: [his] mental health and his prescription medication use.” 17 Id. at 1274. Unlike in Robinson, the court here did not preclude Hargrove from inquiring into Graham‘s psychiatric history. On the contrary, the court only held Graham was not required to produce her mental health records or submit to questioning regarding
“The opinions of [the Supreme Court] show that the right to confrontation is a trial right, designed to prevent improper restrictions on the types of questions that defense counsel may ask during cross-examination.” Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 52 (1987). “Normally the right to confront one‘s accusers is satisfied if defense counsel receives wide latitude at trial to question witnesses.” Id. at 53. “[T]he Confrontation Clause only guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” Id. (quotations omitted). Hargrove does not point to any cases which indicate the Sixth Amendment requires the government to disclose mental health records of a witness which are not in its possession. If such a right does exist, it would stem from the Due Process Clause, not the Confrontation Clause. Hargrove did not make a Fifth Amendment argument in the district court and does not rely on the Fifth Amendment in his appellate briefs. He has thus waived the issue.18 See Anderson v. Commerce Constr. Servs., Inc., 531 F.3d 1190, 1198 (10th Cir.2008) (issue not raised in district court is waived); Becker v. Kroll, 494 F.3d 904, 913 n. 6 (10th Cir.2007) (issue not raised in opening brief is waived).
Where, as here, a court does not place any meaningful limitation on cross-examination, the Confrontation Clause is not violated. See Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 19 (1985) (holding no Sixth Amendment violation where “the trial court did not limit the scope or nature of defense counsel‘s cross-examination in any way“); United States v. LaVallee, 439 F.3d 670, 692 (10th Cir.2006) (holding no Sixth Amendment violation where the district court denied the defendant‘s pre-trial motion for production of the psychiatric records of one of the government‘s principal witnesses because there was “no indication . . . that the [defendants] did not have the opportunity to cross-examine [the witness] effectively” and the district court “did not appear to limit the scope of questions that the defendants could ask [the witness] on cross-examination“); United States v. Hinkle, 37 F.3d 576, 579 (10th Cir.1994) (holding no Sixth Amendment violation where “[t]he district court did not . . . rule out all testimony regarding the witness’ mental health” and counsel “could have cross-examined the witness generally on this issue but never did so“); see also United States v. Vitale, 459 F.3d 190, 196 (2d Cir.2006) (holding the district court did not err in denying defendant access to a witness’ substance abuse treatment records where “the trial court did not limit the scope or nature of defense counsel‘s cross-examination in any way“) (quotations omitted).
All we are left with, then, is the court‘s decision not to order Graham to submit to questioning in front of the jury regarding her refusal to provide her mental health records. “[L]imiting the scope of cross-examination is a matter well within the trial judge‘s discretion and such an error will not lead to reversal unless an abuse of
There is no indication Graham suffered from or was treated for a mental illness that may have affected her perception or recall. She testified she was diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and had no other psychiatric diagnoses.20 We have not discovered a single case in which a witness’ credibility was called into question on account of an anxiety disorder. In United States v. Butt, the First Circuit noted “federal courts appear to have found mental instability relevant to credibility only where, during the time-frame of the events testified to, the witness exhibited a pronounced disposition to lie or hallucinate, or suffered from a severe illness, such as schizophrenia, that dramatically impaired her ability to perceive and tell the truth.” 955 F.2d 77, 82-83 (1st Cir.1992); see also United States v. Smith, 77 F.3d 511, 516 (D.C.Cir.1996) (“[E]vidence regarding mental illness is relevant only when it may reasonably cast doubt on the ability or willingness of a witness to tell the truth.“). We are not persuaded Graham‘s anxiety disorder dramatically impaired her ability to perceive and tell the truth.
In State v. Hufford, a case relied upon by Hargrove, the Connecticut Supreme Court held the defendant‘s conviction was invalid because, inter alia, “[t]he court erroneously denied the defendant‘s motion for disclosure of the complainant‘s psychiatric records, thereby violating the defendant‘s right to confront and cross-examine the state‘s key witness against him.” 205 Conn. 386, 533 A.2d 866, 874 (1987). In explaining this result, the court noted “the defendant made the requisite showing that there were reasonable grounds to believe that there were psychiatric records or information pertaining to the complainant‘s mental condition bearing on her testimonial capacity and reliability as a witness.” Id. at 876. Hargrove has made no such showing here—his argument is wholly speculative. That aside, and for more important reasons, we do not consider Hufford persuasive: (1) the case involved the testimony of a rape victim, not just a fact witness, (2) the opinion does not mention Pennsylvania v. Ritchie (decided earlier that year) and reads Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308 (1974), more broadly than does Ritchie, (3) the opinion does not distinguish between due process and Sixth Amendment rights as Ritchie does, and (4) the opinion relies on both federal and state constitutions.
The Supreme Court has instructed: “[T]rial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable limits on . . . cross-examination based on concerns about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986) In light of the “wide latitude” afforded to trial judges, we have no trouble concluding the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to order Graham to submit to questioning in front of the jury regarding her refusal to provide her mental health records to the defense.
2. Refusal to Order Graham to Submit to a Psychiatric Examination
A “district court has broad discretion in deciding whether to allow psychiatric examination of a government witness for purposes of impeachment.” United States v. Pino, 827 F.2d 1429, 1430 (10th Cir.1987). Hargrove contends the court abused its discretion by failing to order Graham to submit to a psychiatric examination.21 We disagree.
“Before permitting a psychiatric examination, the court must consider the infringement on a witness‘s privacy, the opportunity for harassment, and the possibility that an examination will hamper law enforcement by deterring witnesses from coming forward.” Id. (quotations omitted). These considerations support the district court‘s decision here. Ordering Graham to undergo a psychiatric examination would obviously infringe upon her privacy and would provide a potential opportunity for harassment. Moreover, if an examination were warranted solely upon a witness’ admission of suffering from an anxiety disorder, one could imagine the reluctance of other witnesses with anxiety disorders or similar psychiatric conditions to testify in the future.
Apart from these considerations, we can find no abuse of discretion where the jury heard Graham testify about her “visitations” as well as her psychiatric condition and thus could evaluate her credibility. See United States v. Provenzano, 688 F.2d 194, 203 (3d Cir.1982) (finding no abuse of discretion in the trial judge‘s refusal to order a psychiatric examination of a witness where the cross-examination of the witness placed the witness‘s credibility in doubt and thus “provided ample information [to the jury] for its task of evaluating the truthfulness of the . . . witness[]“).
3. Refusal to Strike Graham‘s Testimony
Hargrove contends “to the extent that a witness prevents efforts at impeachment by thwarting access to his/her mental health records, the appropriate step for a Court to take is to strike the witness’ testimony.” (Appellant‘s Opening Br. at 26.) Again, we disagree.
“Striking the testimony of a witness is a drastic remedy not lightly invoked. However, striking all of the testimony of the witness may be the only appropriate remedy when refusal to answer the questions of the cross-examiner frustrates the purpose of the process.” McKneely, 69 F.3d at 1076 (quotations omitted). Here, Graham did not refuse to answer any questions posed to her on cross-examination. She did refuse to provide her mental health records but, as discussed above, this did not significantly infringe upon Hargrove‘s Sixth Amendment rights and did not frustrate the purpose of his cross-examination, which could have been more reaching. The district court did not abuse its discre-
B. Use of Trotter‘s Preliminary Hearing Testimony
Hargrove contends his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment were violated when the court admitted the transcript of Trotter‘s testimony at Hargrove‘s state court preliminary hearing. “Although a district court‘s evidentiary rulings are reviewed for abuse of discretion, whether admission of such evidence violates the Confrontation Clause is reviewed de novo.” Townley, 472 F.3d at 1271.
The Sixth Amendment‘s Confrontation Clause provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.”
Crawford requires only that the defendant have an opportunity to cross-examine the adverse witness at the prior proceeding—it does not require that the defendant have a similar motive at the prior proceeding. The prior motive requirement comes from the Federal Rules of Evidence, not the Confrontation Clause. See
In Barber v. Page, the Supreme Court recognized “there has traditionally been an exception to the confrontation requirement where a witness is unavailable and has given testimony at previous judicial proceedings against the same defendant which was subject to cross-examination by that defendant.” 390 U.S. 719, 722 (1968). “This exception has been explained as arising from necessity and has been justified on the ground that the right of cross-examination initially afforded provides substantial compliance with the purposes behind the confrontation requirement.” Id. This exception has been applied to testimony given at a preliminary hearing, see Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, despite the fact “[a] preliminary hearing is ordinarily a much less searching exploration into the merits of a case than a trial . . . because its function is the more limited one of determining whether probable cause exists to hold the accused for trial.” Barber, 390 U.S. at 725.
Thus, in Glenn v. Dallman, the Sixth Circuit held the trial court did not err in admitting the preliminary hearing testimony of an unavailable witness at the defen-
Hargrove also claims testimony in a Kansas state court preliminary hearing can never satisfy the requirements of the Confrontation Clause because the purpose of a preliminary hearing under Kansas law is limited to determining the existence of probable cause.23 This argument is unavailing because the Supreme Court has held testimony from a preliminary hearing can be admitted without violating the Confrontation Clause, see Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68, despite the fact the function of a preliminary hearing “is . . . determining whether probable cause exists. . . .” Barber, 390 U.S. at 725. What matters under the Confrontation Clause is whether the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness. See Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68.24 Under Kansas law, “[t]he defendant has the right to cross-examine witnesses against him and introduce evi- dence on his behalf [at the preliminary examination].” State v. Jones, 233 Kan. 170, 660 P.2d 965, 968 (1983) (citation omitted). Hargrove had the right and he exercised that right.
Rule 804(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Evidence is more restrictive. It makes admissible the prior testimony of a declarant who is unavailable as a witness at trial only “if the party against whom the testimony is now offered . . . had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination.”
Here, the district court reviewed the transcript of Trotter‘s testimony at Hargrove‘s preliminary hearing and noted Hargrove‘s state court counsel “cross-examined Mr. Trotter at length. . . .” (R. Vol. 10 at 184.) It concluded:
[Hargrove] had a similar motive to develop [Trotter‘s] testimony [at the preliminary hearing], given that he was facing the same charge, capital murder, involving the same victims, Elmer Berg and Misty Castor. The mere fact that [Hargrove] lacked some of the tools which were later developed by the government or by [Hargrove] himself which
would have allowed him to more thoroughly cross-examine Mr. Trotter does not mean that [Hargrove] lacked the opportunity to cross-examine Mr. Trotter.
(Id. at 184-85.) We agree.
The fact Hargrove‘s counsel did not want to “tip[] his hand” does not mean he did not have a similar motive to cross-examine Trotter at the preliminary hearing. (Appellant‘s Opening Br. at 33.) The Supreme Court “has never said that either the opportunity to cross-examine, or the actual cross-examination conducted at the preliminary hearing, must be as full and complete as allowed at trial in order for testimony from such a proceeding to be admissible in the event the witness subsequently becomes unavailable.” United States ex rel. Haywood v. Wolff, 658 F.2d 455, 462 (7th Cir.1981); see also Trigones v. Bissonnette, 296 F.3d 1, 12 (1st Cir.2002) (holding it was not unreasonable for the state court to conclude the defendant‘s motive to cross-examine a witness for bias at a suppression hearing was similar to the motive he would have had at trial; noting “the stakes at trial would have been higher, but the stakes are almost always higher then (or at least different), and it is clear that in many cases the motive at a preliminary hearing is sufficiently similar to the motive at trial to bring the evidence within the Confrontation Clause‘s requirements. . . .“). The court properly admitted the transcript of Trotter‘s preliminary hearing testimony.
C. Admission of the Gun
The evidence demonstrated the sewer gun was not the Berg/Castor murder weapon. Moreover, there was no conclusive evidence that the sewer gun was used to kill Richards. Hargrove contends the court erred in permitting testimony about the sewer gun and admitting it into evidence because it was not relevant and was unfairly prejudicial. We review the district court‘s admission of evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Jenkins, 313 F.3d 549, 559 (10th Cir.2002). We will overturn a district court‘s evidentiary ruling only if “it was based on a clearly erroneous finding of fact or an erroneous conclusion of law or manifests a clear error in judgment.” Id.
The Federal Rules of Evidence define “relevant evidence” as “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.”
[A] fact is of consequence when its existence would provide the fact-finder with a basis for making some inference, or chain of inferences, about an issue that is necessary to a verdict. As for the degree of probative value required under Rule 401, the rule sets the bar very low. The rule establishes that even a minimal degree of probability—i.e., any tendency—that the asserted fact exists is sufficient to find the proffered evidence relevant.
United States v. McVeigh, 153 F.3d 1166, 1190 (10th Cir.1998) (quotations and citations omitted).
The jury heard evidence that the sewer gun could have been used to kill Richards. And it heard evidence of some similarity between the sewer gun and the loaned
The next question is whether the evidence, though relevant, should have been excluded because “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. . . .”
The sewer gun could neither be eliminated nor confirmed as the Richards murder weapon. Even if the sewer gun was the Richards murder weapon, there was no positive evidence tying Hargrove to it—Williams could not specifically identify the sewer gun as the loaned .38. Moreover, it could not be determined whether the bullet found in Richards’ body came from the same box of ammunition Williams gave to the police. But there was more and jurors are not fools. Williams testified to significant similarities between the sewer gun and the loaned .38. He also said Hargrove did not return the loaned .38, providing a machine gun as a substitute. The jury was well aware of the limited value of the gun evidence and we can fairly assume it assigned weight accordingly.
In United States v. Murray, the defendant argued the court erred by admitting into evidence a sawed-off shotgun because the eyewitness to the armed robbery was not sure it was the weapon she observed. 65 F.3d 1161, 1169 (4th Cir.1995). The court held the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the weapon because other evidence “tends to make it more likely than not that the shotgun recovered was used by [the defendant] during the robbery.” Id. at 1170. The court explained:
Admission of a weapon into evidence is highly probative in an armed robbery conviction, whereas the prejudicial impact of its admission here is lessened by [the eyewitness‘s] testimony that the robber used a sawed-off weapon and by the other evidence linking [the defendants] together with the shotgun and the robbery of the credit union.
Id.
In Murray, there was some evidence connecting the weapon to the defendant and to the robbery. At the other end of the spectrum is Walker v. United States, 490 F.2d 683 (8th Cir.1974). In Walker, the Eighth Circuit held it was prejudicial error for the district court to admit into evidence “a pistol [which was] found on the defendant at the time of his arrest but [was] demonstrably unconnected with the crime.” Id. at 683. The court explained:
This is not at all the classic case of admitting into evidence a “similar” weapon which was found in the possession of a defendant but which could not be positively identified as that used in a crime. . . . Here there was positive evidence that the pistol admitted was not similar to the one used in the crime. Thus the traditional justification for the admission of such a weapon is cut away and the evidence must be seen as irrelevant since it was not probative of the proposition that the accused committed the crime charged.
Id. at 684 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
This case is more similar to Murray than Walker as there is evidence connecting Hargrove to the loaned .38 (Williams’ testimony) and the sewer where a gun was found (Trotter‘s testimony—Hargrove threw the Berg/Castor murder weapon in the same sewer). While the government did not prove the sewer gun was the loaned .38, the gun admitted into evidence (and testimony about it) was not “demonstrably unconnected with the crime” as was the gun in Walker. See id. at 683. As we stated in Tan, “[t]he district court has considerable discretion in performing the Rule 403 balancing test.” 254 F.3d at 1211. The district court did not abuse its discretion.
D. Challenge to Counts 1 and 2 of the Indictment
Count 1 charged Hargrove as follows:
On or about the 19th day of February, 1998, in the District of Kansas, Demetrius R. Hargrove in the course of a violation of
(R. Vol.1, Doc. 44.) Count 2 mirrored Count 1 except it named Misty Castor as the murder victim.
[A]ny person who, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime 26 . . . for which the person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States, uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime—
(i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years;
(ii) if the firearm is brandished, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 7 years; and
(iii) if the firearm is discharged, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 10 years.
The jury was instructed it had to find the following five elements “beyond a reasonable doubt” to convict on Count 1:
FIRST: The defendant committed a drug trafficking crime, namely, possession of a controlled substance with the intent to distribute . . . or aided and abetted in said drug trafficking crime. . . .
SECOND: The defendant unlawfully used or carried a firearm during and in relation to said drug trafficking crime or possessed a firearm in furtherance of said offense;
THIRD: The defendant, in the course of this offense, discharged the firearm and caused the death of Elmer Berg;
FOURTH: The defendant killed Elmer Berg with malice aforethought and with premeditation; and
FIFTH: The offense occurred on or about February 19, 1998, in the District of Kansas.
(R. Vol. 1, Doc. 336 at 25.)27 The language of the first element tracks the language of § 841 and the language of the second and third elements tracks the language of § 924(c) and § 924(j). All of the requisite elements were set forth and supported by sufficient evidence. The jury was satisfied each element was proved beyond a reasonable doubt. In spite of the government‘s clear proof that Hargrove violated § 924(j), § 924(c) and § 841, Hargrove contends Counts 1 and 2 should have been dismissed because the government did not separately charge the § 924(c) and § 841 offenses. He also contends the jury instructions amounted to a constructive amendment of the indictment by referencing crack cocaine, which was not specifically mentioned in the indictment. “[W]e review the sufficiency of an indictment de novo.” United States v. Barrett, 496 F.3d 1079, 1091 (10th Cir.2007).
1. Failure to Separately Charge § 924(c) and § 841 Offenses
We have held “it is unnecessary for a criminal defendant charged with a § 924(c) offense to be separately charged with and convicted of the underlying offense.” Id. at 1094; see also United States v. Zhou, 428 F.3d 361, 378 n. 15 (2d Cir.2005) (noting all of the circuits to have reached the question have “rejected the argument . . . that an actual conviction under the predicate offense is necessary“). However, the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the underlying (drug trafficking) offense in order to find him guilty of the § 924(c) offense. See Barrett, 496 F.3d at 1094; see also United States v. McKissick, 204 F.3d 1282, 1292 (10th Cir.2000) (“[I]n order to establish a violation of § 924(c), the Government ha[s] the burden to prove . . . [the defendant] committed a drug trafficking crime. . . .“). Thus, had the government charged Hargrove with violating § 924(c), it would not have been necessary to separately charge the drug trafficking offense, though the government would, of course, bear the burden of proving that offense beyond a reasonable doubt.28
But that is not the end of the matter. Before and during trial Hargrove sought to have the indictment dismissed because it did not allege a drug type and quantity. However, he waited until several months after his conviction—until a few days before sentencing—to raise his § 924(c) and § 841 argument. The government “notes the lateness of defendant‘s claim.” (See Appellee‘s Br. at 58). But the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provide that “at any time while the case is pending, the court may hear a claim that the indictment or information fails to invoke the court‘s jurisdiction or to state an offense.”
If a defendant does not challenge an indictment until after a verdict . . . and if he does not assert prejudice, that is, if he had notice of the crime of which he stood accused, the indictment is to be read with maximum liberality. . . . Under this liberal standard, it is enough
that the necessary facts appear in any form, or by a fair construction can be found within the terms of the indictment. Thus, we will find the indictment sufficient unless it is so defective that by any reasonable construction, it fails to charge the offense for which the defendant is convicted.
Id. (quotations and citations omitted).
In Gama-Bastidas, we read the challenged indictment “with maximum liberality” because the defendant did not challenge the indictment until his case was remanded for resentencing and did not contend he lacked notice of the charge against him. See id. at 786. We applied the same liberal standard in United States v. Avery, where the defendant did not challenge his indictment until after the jury had rendered its verdict. 295 F.3d 1158, 1174 (10th Cir.2002). In both cases, we concluded the indictments were sufficient to charge the defendants with the crimes for which they were convicted. See Gama-Bastidas, 222 F.3d at 787; Avery, 295 F.3d at 1176. We apply that same liberal standard to our review of this indictment.
“[A]n indictment is considered sufficient if it sets forth the elements of the offense charged, puts the defendant on fair notice of the charges against which he must defend, and enables the defendant to assert a double jeopardy defense.” Barrett, 496 F.3d at 1092 (quotations omitted). It is generally sufficient for the indictment to set forth an offense in the words of the statute violated so long as those words unambiguously set forth all the elements constituting the offense intended to be punished. United States v. Doe, 572 F.3d 1162, 1173 (10th Cir.2009).
This indictment meets the test. Hargrove knew from the outset precisely what he was charged with (and had to defend against). The jury instructions tracked the indictment and clearly required proof of all necessary elements. Hargrove is able to assert a double jeopardy defense if necessary in a subsequent prosecution. The indictment “is [not] so defective that by any reasonable construction, it fails to charge the offense for which the defendant is convicted.” Gama-Bastidas, 222 F.3d at 786.
On these facts, Hargrove‘s argument is only technical. Significantly, he makes no claim of prejudice; he simple wants (understandably, but not justifiably) to take advantage of an inconsequential prosecutorial error, thereby avoiding two convictions and two life sentences. Reviewing the indictment “with maximum liberality,” see Gama-Bastidas, 222 F.3d at 786, we are satisfied it was sufficient to charge the offenses for which Hargrove was convicted.
2. Constructive Amendment of the Indictment
Hargrove argues the jury instructions (specifically Nos. 22, 23 and 25) amounted to a constructive amendment of the indictment by referencing crack cocaine because the indictment did not allege a drug type.
A constructive amendment occurs when the district court, through instructions to the jury, broadens the basis for a defendant‘s conviction beyond acts charged in the indictment. To constitute a constructive amendment, the district court proceedings must modify an essential element of the offense or raise the possibility the defendant was convicted of an offense other than that charged in the indictment. United States v. Tieu, 279 F.3d 917, 921 (10th Cir.2002) (citation omitted). “We review de novo the legal question of whether
Here, the jury instructions did not constructively amend the indictment because they did not broaden the basis for Hargrove‘s conviction beyond acts charged in the indictment. Hargrove was charged with violating
AFFIRMED.
TERRENCE L. O‘BRIEN
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE