205 Conn. 386 | Conn. | 1987
The defendant was charged by substitute information with the crimes of sexual assault in the second degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-71 (a) (3),
On appeal, the defendant claims that: (1) the state failed to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of sexual assault in the third degree; (2) the state failed to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of sexual assault in the fourth degree; (3) the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on circumstantial evidence; (4) the trial court erroneously refused to charge the jury on the element of intent necessary for a conviction of sexual assault in the fourth degree; and (5) the defendant’s constitutional rights to confrontation and cross-examination of adverse witnesses were violated by the trial court’s denial of his motion for disclosure of the complainant’s psychiatric records. We find error.
The jury could reasonably have found the following facts. On October 15, 1984, the complainant and her husband, from whom she had filed for divorce, were engaged in an argument, at their East Hartford home,
The sexual assault is alleged to have occurred during the ride to the hospital. The facts are in dispute. The complainant testified that during the ride, the defendant unbuttoned her blouse and unzipped her pants, and over her verbal protests fondled her breasts and massaged her vagina. The defendant testified that after the complainant was placed in the ambulance, he took her vital signs, that during the trip, he again took her vital signs, that he noticed that the top two buttons of the complainant’s blouse were open and that he buttoned them, and that it was possible that he brushed up against her breast while taking her blood pressure, but did not actually recall doing so. He denied the complainant’s assertion that he had intentionally touched her breasts and inserted his fingers in her vagina. Bearse, who was driving the ambulance, testified that he had a partial view of the rear compartment of the vehicle where the defendant and the complainant were, and that he could hear the complainant yelling that she did not want her belongings taken from her. He said he saw the defendant doing paperwork.
I
The defendant’s first challenge is to the sufficiency of the evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he committed sexual assault in the third degree as
In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Simino, 200 Conn. 113,116, 509 A.2d 1039 (1986); State v. Morrill, 197 Conn. 507, 512, 498 A.2d 76 (1985). In other words, this court must ascertain “whether, viewing the evidence favorably to sustaining the verdict, the trier could have reasonably concluded, upon the facts established and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, that the cumulative effect of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Zayas, 195 Conn. 611, 620, 490 A.2d 68 (1985).
The state was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant used force to compel the alleged sexual contact. General Statutes § 53a-72a (a) (1) (A). General Statutes § 53a-65 (7) (B) defines “use of force” as “use of actual physical force or violence or superior physical strength against the victim.” The defendant argues that the state did not prove use of force as that term is defined by the statute. The state
Penal statutes are to be construed strictly; State v. Paradise, 189 Conn. 346, 352, 456 A.2d 305 (1983); and not extended by implication to create liability that the legislature did not purport to create. State v. Roque, 190 Conn. 143, 151, 460 A.2d 26 (1983). Words and phrases, however, are to be understood according to the commonly approved usage of the language; General Statutes § 1-1 (a); and words used in a criminal statute should not be accorded the narrowest technical meaning in disregard of their context and in frustration of the obvious legislative intent. State v. Roque, supra. We have previously acknowledged that the statutory definition of “use of force” is clear and that “it contains no words not commonly used which might not be understood in their ordinary meaning.” State v. Kish, 186 Conn. 757, 766, 443 A.2d 1274 (1982).
This court has not heretofore considered any case in which mere touching was alleged to be the force necessary to a sexual assault. Rather, where we have found use of force proven, the evidence demonstrated either violence or some other form of physical coercion. See, e.g., State v. Monk, 198 Conn. 430, 503 A.2d 591 (1986) (defendant forced victim into car, struggled with her, choked her and sexually assaulted her while another held her down); State v. Rodgers, 198 Conn. 53, 502 A.2d 360 (1985) (defendant strangled victim into unconsciousness); State v. Rothenberg, 195 Conn. 253, 487 A.2d 545 (1985) (defendant took victim by the arms and pulled her, struggling, to the couch); State v. Green, 194 Conn. 258, 480 A.2d 526 (1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1191, 105 S. Ct. 964, 83 L. Ed. 2d 969 (1985); (attempted sexual assault; when victim tried to get up,
The evidence adduced at the trial of this case demonstrated that the defendant had no need to exert force to effect the sexual contact. The complainant had been legally rendered immobile for transport to the hospital and the defendant had only to open her blouse and pants to commit the sexual assault. We are unpersuaded by the state’s argument that these actions constituted force. In this case, there was mere touching. Neither violence, nor physical coercion, nor use of superior strength was necessary to assault this complainant sexually. We decline to stretch the ordinary meaning of “use of force” to fit this particular case. We, therefore, hold that the defendant did not use force as contemplated by General Statutes § 53a-65 (7) (B), and that the evidence does not support the jury’s verdict of guilty of sexual assault in the third degree.
Our holding here is supported by a comparison of sexual assault in the third degree; General Statutes § 53a-72a (a) (1) (A); with sexual assault in the fourth degree. General Statutes § 53a-73a (a) (1) (C) and (a) (2). We agree with the state that these are separate crimes but disagree with the state’s assertion that in this factual setting, the defendant can be found guilty of both. While both statutes proscribe nonconsensual sexual conduct, sexual assault in the third degree by use of force contemplates a will overborne by physical coercion, whereas sexual assault in the fourth degree addresses subjection to sexual contact upon a physically helpless person or without the victim’s consent under circumstances not necessarily requiring physical force.
Prior to 1975, sexual contact by forcible compulsion and sexual contact with a person unable to consent by
Finally, we do not lightly upset a jury verdict. Although whether there was a use of force is ordinarily a question of fact for the trier; State v. Monk, supra, 433; State v. Kish, supra, 766-67; a jury may not resort to speculation or conjecture. State v. Scielzo, 190 Conn. 191,196-97, 460 A.2d 951 (1983). “ ‘Where it cannot be said that a rational trier of fact could find guilt proven beyond a reasonable doubt, then, a conviction cannot “constitutionally stand,” as it is violative of the fourteenth amendment [to the United States constitution] . . . ” State v. Scielzo, supra; see Jackson v.
It was the state’s burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt every element of sexual assault in the third degree. We hold that the record discloses no evidence upon which the jury could reasonably have concluded that the defendant used force to compel the complainant to submit to sexual contact. Therefore, no rational trier could have found the defendant guilty of sexual assault in the third degree. Accordingly, we find error. The trial court is directed to render judgment of acquittal on count two of the substitute information.
II
We consider the defendant’s second and fifth claims of error together since they both implicate the validity of his conviction on count three, sexual assault in the fourth degree.
A
The defendant was charged in the substitute information and bill of particulars with intentionally subjecting the complainant to sexual contact while she was physically helpless and/or without her consent. He asserts that these disjunctively phrased charging documents, coupled with the court’s charge to the jury, permitted the jury to convict him without reaching unanimity on the exact crime charged. He further asserts that the state failed to present evidence that the complainant was physically helpless. The state objects that this claim of error is not reviewable because at trial the defendant did not preserve it for appeal. The defendant urges us to review this claim under the
The defendant concedes that he did not object to the disjunctive phrasing in the substitute information or bill of particulars, nor did he except to the court’s allegedly erroneous jury instruction. Furthermore, the defendant requested that the court give the jury charge of which he now complains. When the jury returned its verdict, the defendant failed to request a poll of the jury to determine under which subsection of General Statutes § 53a-73a he was convicted.
In his motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the state’s case, the defendant argued that the state had failed to present any evidence that the complainant was physically helpless. At the close of all the evidence, the defendant renewed his motion. The motion was denied at both junctures.
Claims of error not preserved at trial are nonetheless reviewable “where the record adequately supports a claim that a litigant has clearly been deprived of a fundamental constitutional right and a fair trial.” State v. Evans, supra, 70.
According to the defendant, his constitutional rights to proper notice, to prepare an effective defense and to a unanimous jury verdict have been violated and he is, therefore, entitled to review under Evans. We find no constitutional error arising from the disjunctively phrased substitute information and bill of particulars.
The defendant properly preserved his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of sexual assault in the fourth degree by timely excepting to the court’s denial of his motion for judgment of acquittal. See State v. Duhan, 194 Conn. 347, 354, 481 A.2d 48 (1984). We agree with the defendant that the state
General Statutes § 53a-65 (6) defines “physically helpless” as “unconscious or for any other reason . . . physically unable to communicate unwillingness to an act.” This language contains no terms not commonly used which might not be understood in their ordinary meaning. Since the complainant was not unconscious, we are concerned with whether she was physically able to communicate her unwillingness to the act. The defendant argues that because the complainant, according to her own testimony, was able to protest verbally, she was not physically helpless. The state, relying on People v. Teicher, 52 N.Y.2d 638, 422 N.E.2d 506, 439 N.Y.S.2d 846 (1981), responds that the complainant was physically helpless by virtue of her inability to move away from the defendant notwithstanding her ability to speak. We find Teicher inapposite to the case before us. In Teicher, the defendant, a dentist, was convicted of sexually abusing a police decoy whom he had drugged. The Court of Appeals upheld the conviction over the defendant’s contention that the victim was not physically helpless because she was mentally aware although unable to control her body. Significantly, that court pointed out that the jury heard evidence that the victim was lifted to a standing position by the defendant, and that, under the circumstances, “there may be a decrease in the cerebral blood flow which could result in dizzyness or even unconsciousness,” and that chest compression could compound the result, thereby leaving the question of the state of the victim’s helplessness for the jury to decide. Id., 648. We find that these facts sufficiently distinguish Teicher from the present case.
“Communicate” means “2 a: to make known: inform a person of . . . 3 . . . speak, gesticulate . . . to convey information.” Webster, Third New International
The court instructed the jury that it could find the defendant guilty if it found that the complainant was either physically helpless or had not consented to the sexual contact. The court’s submission of the issue of physical helplessness to the jury in light of the state’s failure to produce evidence of physical helplessness violated the defendant’s constitutional right to be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of all the elements of the crime charged. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970); State v. Little, 194 Conn 665, 676, 485 A.2d 913 (1984). The jury returned a general verdict of guilty of sexual assault in the fourth degree. A verdict rendered on a single count charging alternative methods of committing the same crime may be upheld only if there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict as to each alternative charged. Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 31-32, 89 S. Ct. 1532, 23 L. Ed. 2d 57 (1969); State v. Arnold, 201 Conn. 276, 285, 514 A.2d 330 (1986). Unless there is evidence sufficient to support all alternatives, it would be impossible to determine whether the jury based its decision on an alternative theory of criminal liability for which there was no evidence. State v. Arnold, supra, 282. Since there is no evidence of physical helplessness as required for a conviction under General Statutes § 53a-73a (a) (1) (C), the verdict must be set aside and the case remanded for a new trial limited to the issue of lack of consent.
The defendant’s conviction is invalid for another reason. The court erroneously denied the defendant’s motion for disclosure of the complainant’s psychiatric records, thereby violating the defendant’s right to confront and cross-examine the state’s key witness against him.
Following the state’s direct examination of the complainant, the defendant, out of the jury’s presence, introduced the hospital records of the treatment of the complainant on the night of the alleged sexual assault. He also argued his motion for an order to compel the complainant to submit to a psychiatric examination and sought production of her psychiatric records for the purpose of impeaching her credibility. The defendant sought the complainant’s records to show that her mental and emotional condition might have impaired her ability at trial or at the time of the occurrence to observe, recollect and narrate the events of the night in question. The court denied the motion, concluding that the defendant had failed to make the requisite showing that the complainant’s testimonial capacity was affected by her condition, and that he had failed to demonstrate that denial of the information sought would impair his right to confrontation. The defendant duly excepted to this ruling. He limits his challenge on appeal to the court’s denial of access to the psychiatric records.
The right to confrontation is fundamental to a fair trial under both the federal and state constitutions. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923 (1965); State v. Jarzbek, 204 Conn. 683, 707, 529 A.2d 1245 (1987); State v. Reardon, 172 Conn. 593, 599-600, 376 A.2d 65 (1977). It is expressly protected by the sixth and fourteenth
Where, as here, the records sought are privileged,
The patient-psychiatrist privilege must defer to the defendant’s interest in determining whether there is substantial evidence that the mental condition of a vital prosecution witness might reasonably affect that witness’ credibility. State v. Pierson, 201 Conn. 211, 227, 514 A.2d 724 (1986); State v. Cardinal, 194 Conn. 114, 118-19, 478 A.2d 610 (1984). “If the testimony of such a witness is to remain in the case as a basis for conviction, the defendant must be afforded a reasonable opportunity to discover any infirmities that may cast serious doubt upon its truthfulness.” State v. Pierson, supra. We have established procedures to reconcile the patient-psychiatrist privilege with the defendant’s right to confrontation where, as here, it is not certain that such privileged information exists; id., 228; cf. State v. Bruno, 197 Conn. 326, 497 A.2d 758 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1119, 106 S. Ct. 1635, 90 L. Ed. 2d 181 (1986); State v. Esposito, 192 Conn. 166, 471 A.2d 949 (1984); or where psychiatric records were known to exist.
“Where there is any reasonable basis in the evidence for believing that psychiatric personnel may have infor
In this case, the defendant made the requisite showing that there were reasonable grounds to believe that there were psychiatric records or information pertaining to the complainant’s mental condition bearing on her testimonial capacity and reliability as a witness. During argument on his motion for disclosure, the defendant introduced the Hartford Hospital emergency room record and emergency department nursing notes pertaining to the complainant’s condition on the night of the incident. The nursing notes described her as uncooperative and unwilling to answer questions or talk rationally. While her mental status was described in the emergency room record as “calm now, very hys
The procedures set forth above are to be applied to the proceedings on remand. Should the defendant’s efforts to discover the records fail, i.e., no such records exist, then there would be no need for a voir dire and a new trial should proceed in accordance with our decision in part II A of this opinion. Should such records exist and the complainant refuse, however, to consent to waive her privilege as to a preliminary inquiry into admissibility, her testimony must be stricken. Since her testimony was the only evidence that the crime had been committed, judgment of acquittal would have to be rendered due to insufficiency of the evidence. Should she consent and the court find no impeachment evidence, the entire record of the proceeding shall be
Ill
Finally, the defendant challenges the trial court’s instructions to the jury on circumstantial evidence and on sexual assault in the fourth degree.
A
The defendant claims that the court’s instructions on circumstantial evidence erroneously diluted the state’s burden of proof to establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and instead permitted the jury to find him guilty by a preponderance of the evidence. The defendant did not file a request to charge with the trial court on circumstantial evidence, nor did he except to the charge. Ordinarily, we decline to review claims of error not properly preserved for appeal; Practice Book § 4185; but because the claim implicates the defendant’s constitutional right to have the state prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, we will review it. In re Winship, supra, 361; State v. Miller, 202 Conn. 463, 489-90, 522 A.2d 249 (1987); State v. Whelan, 200 Conn 743, 755-56, 513 A.2d 86, cert. denied, 479 U.S. 994, 107 S. Ct. 597, 93 L. Ed. 2d 598 (1986); State v. Evans, supra.
In its general charge on circumstantial evidence, the trial court instructed the jury that “proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean that you must have direct evidence supporting each and every element of the charge, nor does it mean that you have direct evidence of every fact involved.” The court explained that the rule of circumstantial evidence involves the offering of evidence from facts, “from which you are asked to infer the existence of another fact or of a set of facts. Such an inference may be made, providing two elements in
The defendant argues that this instruction permitted the jury to infer his intent and purpose in committing the crime by a preponderance of the evidence.
We have had many opportunities to consider jury instructions on circumstantial evidence that were substantially similar to the charge in this case. State v. Robinson, 204 Conn. 207, 527 A.2d 694 (1987); State v. Miller, supra; State v. Smith, 201 Conn. 659, 519 A.2d 26 (1986); State v. Whelan, supra; State v. Rodgers, 198 Conn. 53, 502 A.2d 360 (1985); State v. Reddick, 197 Conn. 115, 496 A.2d 466 (1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1067, 106 S. Ct. 822, 88 L. Ed. 2d 795 (1986). While we have consistently held such a charge to be erroneous, such error is not reversible unless it can be shown that it was reasonably possible that the jury was “misled [by the charge] to believe that they were to apply any standard other than that of ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in determining the guilt of the accused.” State v. Miller, supra, 491-92; State v. Robinson, supra, 210-11; State v. Whelan, supra, 756-57.
The standard of our review turns on whether the principal disputed issue is one that is ordinarily proven by circumstantial evidence. If the principal disputed
Contrary to the defendant’s assertion, the principal disputed issue in this case was not intent, but the credibility of the complainant. The defendant denied that he committed the crimes charged. The evidence produced to prove that the crime was committed was the direct testimony of the complainant. This evidence was contradicted by the direct testimony of the defendant and his version of the facts was corroborated by the testimony of Bearse, the ambulance driver. On this record, it is clear that the jury’s verdict depended not upon circumstantial evidence, but upon the credit it gave to the direct testimony of the complainant.
Our examination of the jury charge as a whole discloses that the court repeatedly admonished the jury that they must find the existence of each essential element of each crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Furthermore, the court adequately instructed the jury on the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt. As to the intent required for sexual assault in the fourth degree, the court instructed the jury that they could find it by circumstantial evidence, but that it must be found beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we find that the erroneous circumstantial evidence instruction
B
The defendant also claims that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that intentional conduct was necessary to convict him of sexual assault in the fourth degree in violation of General Statutes § 53a-73a (a) (2). We find this claim to be without merit.
Subsection (a) (1) of General Statutes § 53a-73a contains an element of specific intent not repeated in subsection (a) (2). In its charge to the jury on subsection (a) (2), the court merely recited the language of the statute and did not apprise the jury that conviction under that subsection requires a finding that the defendant intended to subject the complainant to sexual contact. The defendant argues that, even if specific intent is not required under subsection (a) (2), his testimony that he may have inadvertently touched the complainant’s breast while taking her blood pressure constituted evidence sufficient to require an instruction on general intent to commit the crime of sexual assault in the fourth degree in this manner.
“[T]he fundamental principle that a criminal act must be volitional does not mean that a charge to the jury that omits reference to this principle is constitutionally defective where the evidence at trial contains no suggestion that the defendant’s conduct was involuntary and he has made no such claim either in the trial court or on appeal.” State v. Pierson, supra, 217.
We need not address the defendant’s arguments as to the type of intent required for sexual assault on a
There is error, the judgment of guilty of sexual assault in the third degree is set aside and the trial court is ordered to render judgment of acquittal, and the judgment of guilty of sexual assault in the fourth degree is set aside and the case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with part II of this opinion.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
General Statutes (Rev. to 1983) § 53a-71, as amended by Public Acts 1983, No. 83-396, provides in part: “sexual assault in the second degree: class c felony: nine months not suspendable. (a) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the second degree when such person engages in sexual intercourse with another person and such other person is (1) under fifteen years of age, or (2) mentally defective or mentally incapacitated to the extent that he is unable to consent to such sexual intercourse, or (3) physically helpless, or (4) less than eighteen years old and the actor is such person’s guardian or otherwise responsible for the general supervision of such person’s welfare, or (5) in custody of law or detained in a hospital or other institution and the actor has supervisory or disciplinary authority over such other person.”
“[General Statutes] Sec. 53a-72a. sexual assault in the third degree: class d felony, (a) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the third degree when such person (1) compels another person to submit to sexual contact (A) by the use of force against such other person or a third person, or (B) by the threat of use of force against such other person or against a third person, which reasonably causes such person to fear physical injury to such person or a third person, or (2) engages in sexual intercourse with another person whom such person knows to be related to such person within any of the degrees of kindred specified in section 46b-21.”
“[General Statutes] Sec. 53a-73a. sexual assault in the fourth degree: class a misdemeanor, (a) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the fourth degree when: (1) Such person intentionally subjects another person to sexual contact who is (A) under fifteen years of age, or (B) mentally defective or mentally incapacitated to the extent that he is'unable to consent to such sexual contact, or (C) physically helpless, or (D) less than eighteen years old and the actor is such person’s guardian or otherwise responsible for the general supervision of such person’s welfare, or (E) in custody of law or detained in a hospital or other institution and the actor has supervisory or disciplinary authority over such other person; or (2) such person subjects another person to sexual contact without such other person’s consent, or (3) such person engages in sexual contact with an animal or dead body.”
At the time of the incident, the complainant and her husband were still living in the same house.
The defendant urges us to abolish the waiver rule, under which a defendant may not obtain appellate review of a trial court’s denial of his motion for acquittal at the close of the state’s case without relinquishing his right to introduce evidence in his own behalf. State v. Simino, 200 Conn. 113, 118, 509 A.2d 1039 (1986); State v. Rutan, 194 Conn. 438, 440, 479 A.2d 1209 (1984). Although we acknowledge that the waiver rule has come under attack in recent years; see State v. Rutan, supra, 440-44; we decline, at this time, to overrule it because to do so is not required for disposition of this appeal.
The defendant argues that this claim of error is reviewable under the doctrine of plain error. Practice Book § 4185. “Such review is reserved for truly extraordinary situations where the existence of the error is so obvious that it affects the fairness and integrity of and public confidence in the judicial proceedings.” State v. Hinckley, 198 Conn. 77, 87-88, 502 A.2d 388 (1985). The error claimed by the defendant “is not so obvious or so egregious as to constitute plain error.” State v. Franko, 199 Conn. 481, 489-90 n.10, 508 A.2d 22 (1986).
The sixth amendment to the United States constitution provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.”
The right to confrontation is made obligatory on the states by the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923 (1965); State v. Reardon, 172 Conn. 593, 599, 376 A.2d 65 (1977).
The constitution of Connecticut, article first, § 8, provides: “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a right to be heard by himself and by counsel; to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his behalf; to be released on bail upon sufficient security, except in capital offenses, where the proof is evident or the presumption great; and in all prosecutions by information, to a speedy, public trial by an impartial jury. No person shall be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall excessive bail be required nor excessive fines imposed. No person shall be held to answer for any crime, punishable by death or life imprisonment, unless upon probable cause shown at a hearing in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, except in the armed forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger.”
General Statutes § 52-146e protects such records from disclosure.