Toms v. TaftToms v. Taft
ARGUED: Arnold S. White, WHITE & FISH, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellants. Todd R. Marti, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, CORRECTIONS LITIGATION SECTION, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Arnold S. White, WHITE & FISH, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellants. Todd R. Marti, OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, CORRECTIONS LITIGATION SECTION, Columbus, Ohio, Linda L. Woeber, Ralph E. Burnham, MONTGOMERY, RENNIE & JONSON, Cincinnati, Ohio, Jeffrey Lynn Glasgow, Tracie M. Boyd, FRANKLIN COUNTY PROSECUTING ATTORNEY‘S OFFICE, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellees.
GIBBONS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which POLSTER, D. J., joined. GILMAN, J. (pp. 19-26), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part.
OPINION
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs-appellants Laura Toms and Ira Chaiffetz, a prisoner, sought to marry, but were unable to obtain a marriage license because Chaiffetz‘s incarceration made it impossible for him to comply with an Ohio statute requiring both applicants for a marriage license to appear personally before the probate court. Toms and Chaiffetz sued various state officials under
I.
Ira Chaiffetz and Laura Toms (now Laura Chaiffetz) became engaged while Chaiffetz was incarcerated at the Warren Correctional Institution (WCI) in Warren County, Ohio. Like most states, Ohio requires prospective spouses to obtain marriage licenses. In order to do so, “[e]ach of the persons seeking a marriage license shall personally appear in the probate court within the county where either resides” to apply for a license.
Plaintiffs asked the probate courts of both Warren County and Franklin County, where Toms resides and where Chaiffetz resided before his incarceration, to waive the personal appearance requirement, but both courts declined.1 Judge Lawrence Belskis of the Franklin County Probate
Toms wrote to Anthony Brigano, warden of WCI, on July 12, 1999, asking him to provide assistance in appointing someone to act as a deputy clerk and suggesting that Chaiffetz‘s attorney could serve in that capacity if Brigano preferred not to designate a WCI employee. Brigano declined this request in a letter, stating, “I do not see myself or the institution being involved in this process,” other than allowing a brief marriage ceremony during normal visiting hours if the couple obtained a marriage license.
Toms and Chaiffetz obtained counsel, who wrote to Brigano on September 20, 1999, again requesting that he designate an employee of WCI to serve as a deputy clerk to issue the marriage license. Brigano denied this request, citing a policy of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (ODRC) that specifies that “all preparatory obligations, such as securing a marriage license, are the sole responsibility of the couple to wed.” Plaintiffs received a similar response from Reginald Wilkinson, the director of the ODRC, who wrote, “It is not the responsibility of ODRC to obtain marriage licenses for the inmates in its custody . . . . The issuance of a marriage license is a function assigned by statute to the probate courts in Ohio.” Wilkinson also quoted and attached the policy stating that securing a marriage license is the couple‘s responsibility.
Plaintiffs also sought to avail themselves of Judge Belskis’ second option, a deputy clerk from the Warren County Probate Court who would travel to the correctional institution. They wrote to Judge Mark Clark of that court.2 Clark declined to designate a clerk for that purpose, stating that “due to the numerous requests this Court receives and the hardship it places on our clerks, it is our policy that we do not send employees to the correctional facilities located in our County.” Finally, plaintiffs sought assistance from Ohio Governor Bob Taft, in a letter dated October 29, 1999. Governor Taft forwarded the request to the ODRC, and administrative assistant Stacha Doty responded that “Warden Brigano is correct in not deputizing an employee to serve the marriage license on the inmate. That is not a part of the mission [of the ODRC].” Doty also wrote that:
No one is denying you the right to get married. You are responsible to obtain a marriage license. I am aware that Franklin County will not issue a marriage license without both parties present. It is the policy of the [ODRC] not to transport inmates for the purpose of gaining a marriage license.
On February 18, 2000, Toms and Chaiffetz filed suit under
The district court scheduled a settlement conference for March 31, 2000. At the conference, defendants agreed that the Franklin County Probate Court would deputize an employee of the “central office” of the ODRC (specifically, an Assistant Attorney General) as a clerk to issue the marriage license to Chaiffetz at WCI.
The district court then recited this arrangement into the record to make sure the parties had reached “a meeting of the
The issues of damages and attorney‘s fees were not resolved at the conference. After the conference, all defendants moved for summary judgment. Plaintiffs opposed summary judgment and sought discovery. In an order dated January 4, 2001, the district court denied plaintiffs’ motion for discovery because the defendants’ arguments “were based on matters of law, namely whether the individual defendants are entitled to immunity.” In the same order, the court granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, finding that they were entitled to qualified immunity because, even if the plaintiffs’ rights to marry and to access to the courts were violated, neither right was “so clearly established that a reasonable official would understand that his actions violate[d] that right.”
The district court‘s January 4, 2001, order did not address the issue of attorney‘s fees. The parties therefore briefed the issue. The district court denied plaintiffs’ request for attorney‘s fees, finding that plaintiffs were not prevailing parties under
A. Grant of summary judgment before discovery
First, the Chaiffetzes contend that the district court erred by granting summary judgment before they had conducted discovery. We review for abuse of discretion. See Emmons v. McLaughlin, 874 F.2d 351, 356 (6th Cir. 1989).
In this case, the district court did not abuse its discretion by granting summary judgment before discovery had commenced. The basis for the district court‘s decision was its finding that defendants were protected by qualified immunity, a purely legal question. Bell v. Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 601 (6th Cir. 2002) (“qualified immunity is a question of law“). To resolve that issue, the only question was whether plaintiffs’ rights were “clearly established,” thus putting defendants on notice that they may have been violating those rights. Although the Chaiffetzes cite various areas they would have investigated through discovery, such as the state‘s treatment of other prisoners who wished to marry, this information does not bear on the dispositive question of whether the prisoner‘s right to marry was “clearly established.” Moreover, it is proper to decide the qualified immunity issue at the threshold of each case, before burdening potentially immune defendants with discovery. Where the defendant seeks qualified immunity and the defense is dispositive, a ruling on that issue should be made early in the proceedings so that the costs and expenses of trial are avoided. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200 (2001); Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227 (1991) (per curiam) (“[W]e repeatedly have stressed the importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation.“); Criss v. City of Kent, 867 F.2d 259, 261 (6th Cir. 1988) (“[D]iscovery in litigation against government officials should be halted until the threshold question of immunity is resolved.“). Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity before allowing discovery.
The Chaiffetzes’ second argument is that the district court erred in finding that the defendants were protected by qualified immunity. Because this is a question of law, it is reviewed de novo. Bell, 308 F.3d at 601. Moreover, this court examines de novo all appeals arguing that summary judgment was improperly granted. Summar v. Bennett, 157 F.3d 1054, 1057 (6th Cir. 1998).
Generally, government officials performing discretionary functions are shielded from liability for civil damages unless their conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). In order for a right to be “clearly established,” it must be established in a particularized, relevant sense: the “contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987). “[I]n the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.” Id. Government officials are shielded from civil damages liability “as long as their actions could reasonably have been thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to have violated.” Id. at 638. Thus, officials are “entitled to qualified immunity [when] their decision was reasonable, even if mistaken.” Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 229 (1991). Qualified immunity “provides ample protection to all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986).
This court evaluates qualified immunity claims using a three-part inquiry. First, we determine whether the facts viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs show that a constitutional violation has occurred. Feathers v. Aey, 319 F.3d 843, 848 (6th Cir. 2003). Second, we determine whether the right that was violated was a clearly established right of which a reasonable person would have known. Id. Finally, we determine whether the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts,
It is undisputed that the right to marry is protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374, 383 (1987). “The freedom to marry has long been recognized as one of the vital personal rights essential to the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men.” Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 12 (1967) (quoting Skinner v. Oklahoma ex rel. Williamson, 316 U.S. 535, 541 (1942)). It is also undisputed that the right to marry extends to prisoners. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 95 (1987). However, the right is not unfettered. Turner holds that a prisoner‘s right to marry may be restricted where the restriction is reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest. Id. at 96-97. Applying that test, the Turner Court held unconstitutional a Missouri regulation that prohibited prisoners from marrying unless the superintendent found compelling reasons for allowing the marriage. Id. at 97-98. The Court noted that “legitimate security concerns” may require placing restrictions on an inmate‘s right to marry, id. at 97, and that the right “is subject to substantial restrictions as a result of incarceration,” id. at 95. Therefore, Turner recognizes a prisoner‘s right to marry, but also recognizes that the right can be curtailed for penological reasons. In short, “when a prison regulation impinges on inmates’ constitutional rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” Id. at 89.
We hold that refusal to aid a prisoner in exercising his right to marry, where such refusal completely frustrates the right, can amount to a “prison regulation” under Turner. Therefore, such refusals must be reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. In this case, summary judgment was granted before state defendants were required to articulate a legitimate penological interest to justify their policy regarding
The second part of the qualified immunity inquiry asks whether the constitutional right was clearly established such that reasonable officials would know that their conduct violated the right. Plaintiffs have the burden of showing that a right is clearly established. Pray v. City of Sandusky, 49 F.3d 1154, 1158 (6th Cir. 1995). The right must be clearly established in a particularized sense, as discussed above. However, as the Supreme Court has explained, “officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates established law even in novel factual circumstances.” Hope v. Pelzer, 526 U.S. 730, 741 (2002). “Although earlier cases involving ‘fundamentally similar’ facts can provide especially strong support for a conclusion that the law is clearly established, they are not necessary to such a finding.” Id. In determining whether a right is clearly established, “we look first to the decisions of the Supreme Court, then to the decisions of this court and other courts within our circuit, and finally to decisions of other circuits.” Bell v. Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 602 (6th Cir. 2002). The district court, analyzing relevant law, determined that a prisoner‘s “right to marry in this context was not so clearly defined that a reasonable person would have known that it was being violated by the defendant[s‘] actions.”
The lack of prior authority imposing a duty upon officials to act affirmatively to aid an inmate in exercising his right to marry indicates that qualified immunity is appropriate here. In Gibson v. Matthews, 926 F.2d 532 (6th Cir. 1991), an inmate brought suit alleging that prison officials violated her constitutional rights by not enabling her to have an abortion. The Sixth Circuit stated that “[t]he actions that Gibson thinks the prison officials should have performed fall, in our opinion, closer to a failure to act than a prohibition [of her exercise of the right].” Gibson, 926 F.2d at 536. While there may have been a right to abortion, there was no clearly established right of a prisoner “to require the aid of prison officials in procuring an abortion.” Id. Similarly, in this case,
Because the case law fails to show that an inmate‘s right to marry was so clearly established that an official reasonably would believe that declining to assist an inmate in obtaining a marriage license is unconstitutional, the Chaiffetzes have failed to meet their burden. We affirm the finding of qualified immunity.4 However, in order to provide more guidance to officials in the future, we note that Turner‘s test extends to situations in which an inmate‘s right to marry will be completely frustrated without prison officials’ affirmative assistance. Although it was not previously clearly established, we now hold that the distinction between actively prohibiting an inmate‘s exercise of his right to marry and failing to assist is untenable in a case in which the inmate‘s right will be completely frustrated without officials’ involvement. Therefore, where an inmate will be unable to marry without prison officials’ affirmative assistance, Turner‘s strictures apply. The inmate‘s right to marry may be curtailed only where the officials’ refusal to assist the inmate is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.
The dissent argues that one can view Turner as clearly establishing the right at issue, if one characterizes the regulation in Turner as “a failure by prison officials to ‘affirmatively aid’ inmates in marrying.” (Diss. Op. at 4.) The Supreme Court, however, characterized the rule as a “prohibition.” Turner, 482 U.S. at 97. The dissent‘s reading of the Turner regulation as “a failure by the prison‘s superintendent to provide a chaplain to perform marriages . . . “, Diss. Op. at 4, does not find support in the Supreme Court‘s opinion. It included no discussion of the logistics of prison marriage ceremonies, other than to affirm that prison officials may regulate the time and circumstances under which the ceremonies take place. Turner, 482 U.S. at 99. The regulation at issue did not amount to a mere “failure to provide . . . a chaplain“; rather it banned all inmate weddings absent the superintendent‘s express permission, given only for compelling reasons. A reasonable government official would
C. Monetary Damages
The Chaiffetzes’ third contention is that the district court “erred in its summary judgment order by denying appellants without a hearing their right to show that they were entitled to money damages.” However, an award of monetary damages is unavailable, given that the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. The effect of qualified immunity is to protect government defendants from liability, including monetary liability. Harlow, 457 U.S. at 818 (qualified immunity shields eligible officials from liability for civil damages). Therefore, it was not error for the district court to decline to hold a hearing.
Finally, the Chaiffetzes contend that the district court erred in declining to award attorney‘s fees pursuant to
In Buckhannon, the plaintiff obtained the result it was seeking when the West Virginia legislature, which was not a party to the lawsuit, changed a statute. The Court held that the plaintiff was not a prevailing party in that lawsuit, thus precluding it from obtaining attorney‘s fees. The Court stated:
Numerous federal statutes allow courts to award attorney‘s fees and costs to the “prevailing party.” The question presented here is whether this term includes a party that has failed to secure a judgment on the merits or a court-ordered consent decree, but has nonetheless achieved the desired result because the lawsuit brought about a voluntary change in the defendant‘s conduct. We hold that it does not.
532 U.S. at 600. In order to “prevail,” and thus to become eligible for attorney‘s fees, a party must have obtained a “judicially sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties.” Id. at 605. “A defendant‘s voluntary change in conduct, although perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff sought to achieve by the lawsuit, lacks the necessary judicial imprimatur on the change.” Id. Only “enforceable judgments on the merits and court-ordered consent decrees create the material alteration of the legal relationship of the parties
In this case, plaintiffs obtained defendants’ “voluntary change in conduct,” when the state defendants agreed to allow an employee of the ODRC to be deputized in order to issue the marriage license. However, plaintiffs did not obtain a “judgment on the merits.” The only judgment on their request for injunctive relief declared that the request was mooted by the parties’ voluntary actions. Nor did plaintiffs obtain a “court-ordered consent decree.” Although the settlement conference occurred at the district court, with the district judge‘s involvement, the resulting settlement did not bear the necessary “judicial imprimatur.” For example, no judicial oversight was involved in enforcing the settlement, and the district court did not issue any order altering the defendants’ conduct. The district court itself did not consider its action to be a “consent decree” leading to prevailing party status under Buckhannon. The district court stated:
[T]here has not been a court ordered consent decree. Although the parties settled the Plaintiff‘s [sic] claim for injunctive relief at a Court sponsored settlement conference, the record is clear that the agreement was purely a private one that resulted in no Court ruling or Order on the merits. Moreover . . . the fact that the Court‘s Opinion and Order on summary judgment indicates a potential violation of the Constitution is of no moment under Buckhannon because the Court has ordered no judicial relief in this case. As no judicial relief was granted in this case, nor was any consent decree issued, the court concludes that the Plaintiffs are not prevailing parties . . . .
The Chaiffetzes contend that Buckhannon should not apply to this case because it was initiated before Buckhannon was decided.6 Buckhannon was decided on May 29, 2001. The district court, having been apprised of Buckhannon by the judicial defendants, issued its order denying attorney‘s fees on September 7, 2001.
The Chaiffetzes’ argument fails. There is no authority for the Chaiffetzes’ suggestion that Buckhannon should not apply to their case. The case they cite in support of their position, Chevron Oil v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97 (1971), has been overruled to the extent that it permits the selective prospective-only application of a new rule of law. See Reynoldsville Casket Co. v. Hyde, 514 U.S. 749, 752 (1995). Instead, we apply the following principle announced by the Supreme Court:
When this Court applies a rule of federal law to the parties before it, that rule is the controlling interpretation of federal law and must be given full retroactive effect in all cases still open on direct review and as to all events, regardless of whether such events predate or postdate our announcement of the rule.
Harper v. Va. Dept. of Taxation, 509 U.S. 86, 97 (1993). Under this rule, it was proper for the district court to consider
Therefore, the district court was correct in applying Buckhannon to this case. Because the Chaiffetzes were not prevailing parties under Buckhannon, the district court was also correct in determining that the Chaiffetzes were not eligible for attorney‘s fees.
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court in all respects.
RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part. I concur in the majority‘s conclusion that Bob Taft, Reginald J. Wilkinson, Lawrence Belskis, and Mark Clark are entitled to summary judgment. Based upon the present record, however, I believe that Warden Anthony J. Brigano should have known that his actions violated Ira Chaiffetz‘s clearly established constitutional rights, thus precluding his entitlement to summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity. I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority‘s conclusion to the contrary.
The facts in this case that are pertinent to Brigano‘s claim of qualified immunity are not in dispute. Ira Chaiffetz sought to marry Laura Toms while he was an inmate at the Warren Correctional Institution (WCI). Ohio statutory law, however, mandates that in order to receive a marriage license, “[e]ach of the persons seeking a marriage license shall personally appear in the probate court within the county where either resides.”
Chaiffetz and Toms investigated various avenues for satisfying the personal-appearance requirement. A judge of the Franklin County Probate Court informed them that someone at WCI could be deputized as an official of the court for that purpose. Toms therefore wrote a letter to WCI Warden Brigano, explaining:
I spoke at length with the Magistrate at the Franklin County Probate Court and was told that the appointed Deputy Clerk need not be a prison employee; it can be anyone the Warden is willing to allow to act in this manner. With your assistance, I believe we can find a workable solution. I am willing to cooperate with
anyone that you would find acceptable to serve as Deputy Clerk, and will pay him or her for his services.
Brigano replied that he was denying Toms‘s request. He gave no explanation other than to state that “I do not see myself or the institution being involved in this process . . . .” Scott P. Bellinger, an attorney retained by Toms, then raised the issue in a second letter to Brigano. Brigano again denied the request with little explanation:
Your request that we assist by designating a staff person as a “deputy clerk to issue the marriage license” for Ms. Toms and inmate Chaiffetz must be denied. Our policy regarding inmate marriages which is attached for your review states “all preparatory obligations, such as securing a marriage license, are the sole responsibility of the couple to wed.”
Brigano‘s refusal to allow anyone, WCI employee or not, to serve as a deputy clerk resulted in Chaiffetz‘s inability to marry.
The Supreme Court, on the other hand, has declared that prisoners retain their fundamental right to marry. Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 95 (1987). Further, where a prison regulation impinges upon this right, the regulation is valid only “if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” Id. at 89. The prison regulation in the present case—that “all preparatory obligations, such as securing a marriage license, are the sole responsibility of the couple to wed“—completely thwarted Chaiffetz‘s constitutional right to marry. Unless the regulation was reasonably related to a legitimate penological interest, therefore, Chaiffetz‘s constitutional rights were violated by Brigano‘s application of the prison policy; that is, by Brigano‘s refusal to allow anyone to serve as a deputy clerk.
In light of Turner, any reasonable prison warden under the circumstances should have recognized the unlawfulness of
The majority nevertheless concludes that Brigano is entitled to qualified immunity because the policy prohibiting inmates from marrying (by preventing them from obtaining marriage licenses) did so implicitly, rather than explicitly. According to the majority, “neither [Turner nor an unpublished Sixth Circuit case] discusses whether prison officials and judges must affirmatively aid prisoners in their efforts to marry.” (Maj. Op. at 11) But neither do these cases relieve a prison official from liability for enforcing regulations that completely frustrate an inmate‘s right to marry simply because the official chooses to “stick his head in the sand.”
To marry under Ohio law, a couple must obtain a marriage license and then have their union solemnized by an authorized official.
The regulation challenged in Turner “permit[ted] an inmate to marry only with the permission of the superintendent of the prison, and provide[d] that such approval should be given only ‘when there are compelling reasons to do so.‘” 482 U.S. at 82. According to the Supreme Court, the constitutional issue was whether that “regulation impermissibly burden[ed] the right to marry.” Id. at 97. The Court concluded: “It is undisputed that Missouri prison officials may regulate the time and circumstances under which the marriage ceremony
Nothing in the Court‘s analysis depended on the precise method by which the prison officials made marriage impossible. In fact, one could easily characterize the prison regulation at issue in Turner as a failure by the prison‘s superintendent to provide a chaplain to perform marriages unless he agreed that there were compelling reasons to do so. Thus viewed, Turner itself involved a failure by prison officials to “affirmatively aid” inmates in marrying. The action/inaction dichotomy, in other words, is a distinction without a difference in this context. Even the majority recognizes that “the distinction between actively prohibiting an inmate‘s exercise of his right to marry and failing to assist is untenable . . . .” (Maj. Op. at 12) (Emphasis added.) One wonders how a reasonable official could believe himself to be complying with Supreme Court precedent by relying upon an “untenable” distinction.
The primary answer to this question, according to the majority, is that this court‘s decision in Gibson v. Matthews, 926 F.2d 532 (6th Cir. 1991), generally sanctions the action/inaction distinction in the context of prison regulations. (See Maj. Op. at 13) (“Thus, if Brigano considered Gibson, he could reasonably have believed that Chaiffetz had no constitutional right to require officials’ affirmative assistance in marrying simply because one case, Turner, had held unconstitutional a policy prohibiting marriages.“) (Emphasis in original). In Gibson, the court considered the
The Gibson court did discuss the right of citizens generally (not prisoners) to abortions, and it recognized that although certain Supreme Court decisions had held “that the government cannot restrict access to abortions [where] the government acted wholly in a prohibitory manner,” other cases established “that the government was not under an obligation to facilitate abortions.” Id. at 536. But I cannot conceive that the court‘s discussion would have given Brigano cause to think that he could deny, for no penological reason, a prisoner the right to marry so long as the policy he was enforcing was phrased in terms of inaction. This is due to the fact that a physician can provide an abortion without the aid of the state, whereas a marriage does not exist without the state. That an action/inaction distinction has currency in the context of abortion, therefore, provides no reason to suppose that it has meaning in the context of the right to marry. Indeed, as explained above, the action/inaction distinction in this context amounts to no more than sophisticated wordplay.
“Although earlier cases involving ‘fundamentally similar’ facts can provide especially strong support for a conclusion that the law is clearly established, they are not necessary to
I am therefore of the opinion that we should reverse the district court‘s grant of summary judgment to Brigano. If his refusal to appoint a probate court deputy clerk at WCI was in furtherance of a legitimate penological interest, he can develop the facts supporting such an argument on remand. The district court would remain free to grant him judgment as a matter of law on the ground of qualified immunity should such facts be developed. On the present record, however, Brigano is not entitled to qualified immunity because he applied a prison regulation to completely deny an inmate‘s right to marry without any apparent penological justification. I would therefore reverse the portion of the district court‘s judgment that grants Brigano qualified immunity and remand for further proceedings.
Finally, a word of explanation is in order as to why I believe that summary judgment in favor of Bob Taft and Reginald J. Wilkinson was proper, but was not proper as to Brigano. The majority expresses puzzlement that “Brigano would be treated differently than Taft or Wilkinson, who both
Section 1983 makes liable only the “person who, under color of any statute . . . subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights . . . secured by the Constitution.”
I first turn to Wilkinson‘s claim of immunity. He is the Director of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction. This supervisory position does not require him to actually apply prison regulations to any particular inmate. Wilkinson‘s direct involvement in this case is in fact very limited. After receiving no relief from Brigano, the attorney for Toms wrote a letter to Wilkinson on September 24, 1999. The first sentence of the letter stated: “The purpose of this correspondence is to inquire as to the State of Ohio‘s procedures for inmates to exercise their constitutional right and obtain a marriage license while incarcerated outside of their county of residence.” Assistant Chief Counsel T. Austin Scott replied to this letter on Wilkinson‘s letterhead, attaching a copy of the Ohio policy on inmate marriages. Replying to this request for information did not violate any clearly established constitutional rights.
Summary judgment was therefore proper for Wilkinson and Taft, neither of whom actually applied a prison regulation to Chaiffetz. But Brigano, on his own authority and without any direct order from Wilkinson, Taft, or any other superior, did so act. In light of Turner, I believe that he should have known better. I therefore respectfully dissent from the majority‘s contrary conclusion.