Feathers v. AeyFeathers v. Aey
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Bruce H. Christensen, Jr., CITY OF AKRON, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, Akron, Ohio, for Appellants. Paul R. Reiners, Canton, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Bruce H. Christensen, Jr., John C. Reece, CITY OF AKRON, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, Akron, Ohio, for Appellants. Paul R. Reiners, Canton, Ohio, for Appellees.
OPINION
KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendants William Aey and J.P. Donohue, both officers in the City of Akron Police Department, appeal from the district court‘s denial of summary judgment in a
I. BACKGROUND
Taken in the light most favorable to Feathers, the facts are as follows. At approximately 1:25 in the morning on August 31, 2000, Akron officials received a 911 call reporting that moments earlier, a white male with a beard on a porch on North Howard Street had pointed something at the caller and told the caller to shut up. The caller said that the individual “looks like he is pretty drunk,” and said that although he didn‘t know the address from which the individual had spoken, the house was two houses from the corner. Joint Appendix (“J.A.“) at 70. The caller, who claimed that he was just walking along the street when the individual spoke to him, refused to identify himself by name but suggested that “you can have somebody come by here.” J.A. at 70. The dispatcher then instructed a patrol car near the area to approach 708 North Howard Street and “check for a signal 9, supposed to be carrying a weapon. . . . Signal 9 is on the porch near the corner, it‘s a white male with a beard, no shirt, possible 4, he pointed something at a caller, so he possibly has a weapon.”1 J.A. at 71.
Officers William Aey and J.P. Donohue were in a patrol car nearby and informed the dispatcher that they would go to the address. After determining that 708 North Howard was the wrong address, Aey saw on a nearby porch an individual who Aey believed matched the dispatcher‘s description, and they pulled their car over to 728 North Howard. When the officers arrived, Thomas Feathers and his wife, Kathleen Feathers, were standing on one side of the porch, hugging. Feathers was wearing shorts and sandals, but no shirt.
The officers approached the porch and shouted at Feathers to move from one end of the porch to the other. Feathers complied, moving to the side of the porch nearest the porch stairs and the entrance to the house. The officers, ignoring Kathleen‘s questions about why they were there, ordered Feathers to take his hands out of his pockets. Feathers did not remove his hands on their first instruction. They repeated the instruction; Feathers claims that, on the repeated instruction, “[I] took my hands out and by habit just put them back in.” J.A. at 363. When he put his hands back in his pockets again, the officers — still standing at the base of the porch stairs — instructed him once more to take his hands out of his pockets.
After receiving this order a third time, Feathers turned away and, removing his hands from his pockets, went back toward the door that led into his house. Opening the door with his right hand, Feathers leaned into his house and told his father, who was inside, to come outside quickly and to bring their video camera. The officers ran up the porch stairs and seized him from behind while he was leaning into the house. Officers Aey and Donohue each grabbed one of his arms and pinned him, face-forward, against a pillar. One of Aey‘s hands was placed against Feathers‘s shoulders and neck in order to prevent Feathers from head-butting them, and at some point during the scuffle Aey‘s pinky finger was bitten, breaking the skin on both sides. Aey states that Feathers
Once they had pinned Feathers against the pillar, Donohue called for other officers. The other officers, who were on their way pursuant to the original dispatch, arrived within a matter of seconds and helped wrestle Feathers to the ground, face down, where they handcuffed him. At that point, the newly arriving officers stated that they could smell alcohol on Feathers‘s breath. Feathers was handcuffed and transported to a cruiser. When the officers searched his pockets, they found that Feathers, a carpenter, had a Leatherman utility knife in his pocket.
Feathers was charged with assault against a peace officer, carrying a concealed weapon, and resisting arrest. At trial, the concealed weapon and resisting arrest charges were dismissed, and Feathers was acquitted by a jury on the charge of assaulting a police officer.
On August 30, 2001, Feathers and his wife filed a suit under
The officers timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
II. ANALYSIS
We must evaluate Feathers‘s claims under the framework of qualified immunity. According to the doctrine of qualified immunity, “government officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). Qualified immunity involves a three-step inquiry. First, we determine whether, based upon the applicable law, the facts viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs show that a constitutional violation has occurred. Second, we consider whether the violation involved a clearly established constitutional right of which a reasonable person would have known. Third, we determine whether the plaintiff has offered sufficient evidence “to indicate that what the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established constitutional rights.” Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d 685, 691 (6th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (citing Dickerson v. McClellan, 101 F.3d 1151, 1158 (6th Cir. 1996)); see also Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001).
For a right to be clearly established, “[t]he contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Russo v. City of Cincinnati, 953 F.2d 1036, 1042 (6th Cir. 1992) (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 639 (1987)). “Although it need not be the case that ‘the very action in question has been previously held unlawful, . . . in the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent.‘” Id. (quoting Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640). As the Supreme Court noted in Hope v. Pelzer, ___ U.S. ___, 122 S. Ct. 2508, 2516-17 (2002), an action‘s unlawfulness can be apparent from direct holdings, from specific examples described as prohibited, or from the general reasoning that a court employs.
A. The Terry Stop
Feathers alleges that the officers’ initial Terry stop violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Specifically, Feathers claims that the officers lacked the necessary reasonable suspicion when, immediately upon arriving at Feathers‘s residence, they performed an investigative stop and search under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), by ordering Feathers to come to the near side of the porch and remove his hands from his pockets.
The parties disagree over whether this claim is properly characterized as an “anonymous tip” case or as a “dispatcher” case. Feathers argues that this is an anonymous tip case, because insofar as the officers’ initial detention was based only on an unsubstantiated anonymous tip, the officers’ knowledge was insufficient under Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 268 (2000), to justify a Terry stop. The officers argue that this is a dispatcher case, because insofar as the officers’ knowledge was based only on the initial dispatch, they could not have known that the tip at issue was anonymous. We agree with Feathers, that for purposes of determining whether the Terry stop violated Feathers‘s Fourth Amendment rights, we must consider this an anonymous tip case, and we conclude that the search was unconstitutional under J.L. However, the determination of whether the officers violated Feathers‘s rights is only the first aspect of the qualified immunity inquiry. On the ultimate question of whether the officers acted reasonably under the circumstances and are entitled to qualified immunity from civil liability, we must agree with the officers that this is a dispatcher case: Knowing only what the dispatcher told them, the officers cannot be held civilly liable for the search.
First, we determine whether the officers violated Feathers‘s constitutional rights. The question is, whether, at the moment that they initiated the stop, the totality of the circumstances provided the officers
The officers did not know that the dispatcher‘s information was from an anonymous tipster who offered no evidence of reliability, but for purposes of determining whether the Terry stop was reasonable, we must impute to the individual officers the dispatcher‘s knowledge that the tip was anonymous. In United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 232 (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that a Terry stop based on reasonable suspicion that came from a police bulletin or flyer from other officials is permissible to whatever extent the bulletin itself was based on articulable facts that would support reasonable suspicion. That is, “if a flyer or bulletin has been issued on the basis of articulable facts supporting a reasonable suspicion that the wanted person has committed an offense, then reliance on that flyer or bulletin justifies a stop.” Id. On the other hand, “[i]f the flyer has been issued in the absence of a reasonable suspicion, then a stop in the objective reliance upon it violates the Fourth Amendment.” Id. Thus, if the dispatcher had sufficient information to find reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop, the stop was permissible. But if the dispatcher lacked sufficient information to satisfy the reasonable suspicion requirement, and the officers’ subsequent observations did not produce reasonable suspicion, then the stop violated Feathers‘s Fourth Amendment rights. See also United States v. Hinojos, 107 F.3d 765, 767 (10th Cir. 1997) (“[A] Terry investigation in reliance upon a police bulletin is justified only if the bulletin itself is based on reasonable suspicion or is augmented by independent police corroboration.“) (citations omitted).
Based on all of the information available to law enforcement officials at the time, we conclude that the officials did not have sufficient information to support a finding of reasonable suspicion. The individual who called 911 and led the police to North Howard Street refused to leave his name, and the Supreme Court has expressly held that when an anonymous tip is neither supported with indicia of reliability nor corroborated with police observation, it cannot provide an officer reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop. See J.L., 529 U.S. at 271. In Florida v. J.L., the Supreme Court ruled that police lacked reasonable suspicion to search an individual when their suspicion was based solely on an anonymous tip that an individual matching the defendant‘s description and location was carrying a gun. See id. at 268. Unlike known or identified informants, anonymous tipsters, without more, cannot be deemed reliable regarding their allegations. See id. at 270. Further, as the Court discussed in Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 332 (1990), unlike tips that predict future movements or indicate some inside knowledge of the criminal activity, mere descriptions of outwardly observable facts provide no indication of a “special familiarity” with the criminal behavior that suggests reliability.
The officers allege that the “totality of the circumstances” justified their search. Indeed, if their observations, when combined with the information provided to the dispatcher, supported a finding of reasonable suspicion, the detention would be permissible. The officers suggest that by corroborating the information from the tip, and finding a shirtless white male on North Howard Street, they were able to form a reasonable suspicion that justified a Terry stop. However, the only information that they corroborated is precisely the information that the Supreme Court ruled fails to support reasonable suspicion in an anonymous tip. Feathers‘s identity consisted of “easily obtained facts and conditions existing at the time of the tip, [not] future actions of third parties ordinarily not easily predicted.” White, 496 U.S. at 332. Even when taken as a whole, the totality of the circumstances here do not support a finding of reasonable suspicion. An anonymous tip that an individual pointed something at a tipster does not support a finding of reasonable suspicion even when police find the described individual in the relevant area. The Terry stop thus violated Feathers‘s Fourth Amendment rights.
Second, the rights at issue here were clearly established when the incident occurred. Under Hope v. Pelzer, a right can be clearly established even if there is no case involving “fundamentally similar” or “materially similar” facts. See id. at 2516. We see no exception in this analysis for the admittedly “somewhat abstract” problem of determining when the reasonable suspicion requirement is met, Arvizu, 534 U.S. at 274, because Hope specifically states that a right is clearly established when “[t]he reasoning, though not the holding,” of a prior court of appeals decision puts law enforcement officials on notice, or when the “premise” of one case “has clear applicability” to a subsequent set of facts. See Hope, 122 S. Ct. at 2517. Here, this standard is met. Terry, which requires reasonable suspicion for investigative detentions, had been clearly established since 1968. The Supreme Court had emphasized the importance of establishing the reliability of anonymous tips in 1990 in White and had re-affirmed that principle in J.L., decided just a few months before this incident. And the principle that an officer may rely on a dispatch for reasonable suspicion only to the extent that the dispatch itself is based on sufficient information had been established since Hensley in 1985. These premises clearly apply to the case at
Nonetheless Feathers cannot overcome the officers’ qualified immunity. Aey‘s and Donohue‘s behavior was not objectively unreasonable, even in light of the clearly established rights, as Williams v. Mehra, 186 F.3d at 691, requires before a plaintiff can overcome qualified immunity. Based on the information that Aey and Donohue had themselves, the Terry stop was reasonable. The dispatcher informed the officers of a suspicious person who was possibly intoxicated and supposed to be carrying a weapon. Although this information was from an anonymous tipster, whose information was not sufficient to create reasonable suspicion under J.L., the officers knew only what had been reported from the dispatch, and efficient law enforcement requires — at least for the purposes of determining the civil liability of individual officers — that police be permitted to rely on information provided by the dispatcher. If the dispatcher‘s information were accurate and reliable, as the police presumed, the totality of circumstances would justify the Terry stop. This is precisely the scenario contemplated in Hensley, in which, after reasoning that a stop based on a bulletin that was itself issued in the absence of reasonable suspicion would violate the Fourth Amendment, the Supreme Court stated that, “[i]n such a situation, of course, the officers making the stop may have a good-faith defense to any civil suit.” Hensley, 469 U.S. at 232. So although the stop violated the Fourth Amendment because the authorities’ collective information did not amount to reasonable suspicion, Feathers cannot prevail in a
B. The Arrest
The officers’ behavior in arresting Feathers is also protected by qualified immunity, because the officers did not violate Feathers‘s rights. “In order for a wrongful arrest claim to succeed under
In order to determine whether the officers had probable cause when they arrested Feathers, we must determine when the officers’ Terry stop escalated into an arrest. Although the officers initially laid their hands on Feathers when he opened the door to his house, “the mere use or display of force in making a stop will not necessarily convert a stop into an arrest.” United States v. Hardnett, 804 F.2d 353, 357 (6th Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1097 (1987). In order to determine whether that confrontation at the doorway indicated the escalation of the Terry stop into a full-fledged arrest, we must determine whether the use of force was “reasonably related in scope to the situation at hand,” id. at 356, or, in other words, whether the degree of intrusion was necessary in order to effectuate the Terry stop. If the force was necessary to effect the Terry stop, we consider it part of the Terry stop; if the force went beyond that necessary for the Terry stop, we interpret it as a signal that the confrontation had escalated into an arrest. Under these circumstances, we believe that the officers’ pursuit and seizure
The officers did not arrest Feathers until after the three of them had wrestled and Officer Aey had been bitten. By the time they arrested him, however, the officers had good reason — in the form of Officer Aey‘s punctured finger — to believe that Feathers had bitten Officer Aey. This provided the necessary probable cause for an arrest under
Because the officers had probable cause to arrest Feathers for assaulting a police officer, they did not violate his rights in this regard. Accordingly, the district court erred in holding that the officers were not entitled to qualified immunity.
III. CONCLUSION
Although Feathers‘s Fourth Amendment right to be free from an unreasonable seizure was violated when the Terry stop was executed without reasonable suspicion, Officers Aey and Donohue were entitled to qualified immunity because their behavior was objectively reasonable even in light of the constitutional rights at stake. Further, the officers did not violate Feathers‘s right to be free from an arrest without probable cause. On both claims, we REVERSE the district court.