Todd A. KILBORN v. Nicole CAREY et al.
Docket No. Cum-15-292.
Supreme Judicial Court of Maine.
Decided: May 26, 2016.
2016 ME 78
Argued: Feb. 10, 2016.
Heather T. Whiting, Esq. (orally), and Michael T. Devine, Esq., Drummond & Drummond, LLP, Portland, for appellee Todd A. Kilborn.
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
HUMPHREY, J.
[¶1] This appeal challenges a court‘s findings and conclusions resulting from its application of the test for establishing de facto parenthood that we enunciated in Pitts v. Moore, 2014 ME 59, ¶¶ 27-30, 90 A.3d 1169. Under the Pitts test, “To obtain parental rights as a de facto parent, an individual must show that (1) ‘he or she has undertaken a permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in the child‘s life,’ and (2) ‘there are exceptional circumstances sufficient to allow the court to interfere with the legal or adoptive parent‘s rights.‘”1 C.L. v. L.L., 2015 ME 131, ¶ 20, 125 A.3d 350 (quoting Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 27, 90 A.3d 1169). “[T]he petitioner must make those showings by clear and convincing evidence.” Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 27, 90 A.3d 1169.
[¶2] Nicole Carey appeals from a judgment entered in the District Court (Portland, Kelly, J.) finding that Todd A. Kilborn is her daughter‘s de facto parent. She contends that the court erred in determining that Kilborn met his burden, by clear and convincing evidence, of satisfying both prongs of the Pitts test. We disagree and affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶3] The court found the following facts after a two-day testimonial hearing, and its findings are supported by competent evidence in the record. See Ireland v. Tardiff, 2014 ME 153, ¶ 1, 107 A.3d 618.
[¶4] A daughter, now six, was born to Nicole Carey and Benjamin Knight in Massachusetts in February 2010. The child was hospitalized with a serious illness when she was about a month old, and Knight ended his relationship with Carey and removed himself from his daughter‘s life during her hospitalizatiоn.2 Carey moved into Todd Kilborn‘s home in Maine in April or May 2010, when the child was just two months old. Carey and Kilborn were married in September 2010. As part of the wedding ceremony, they included an informal “adoption” ceremony called “sprouts and roots,” which celebrated their union as a family and held the child out to their family and friends as Kilborn‘s “adopted” daughter in spirit and intention.
[¶5] From the beginning of their relationship, Carey made clear to Kilborn that she wanted him to serve as the child‘s
[¶6] Carey‘s daughter refers to Kilborn as “daddy,” and his parents have acted as grandparents to all three children. Aunts, uncles, and cousins on Kilborn‘s side were equally the child‘s aunts, uncles, and cousins and were so named by her. Kilborn regularly undertook the bedtime routine, which included getting the children into their pajamas, brushing their teeth, reading, and singing, with “Old MacDonald” being a favorite. He was also responsible for bathtime, and the children usually bathed together. Kilborn cut back on his work schedule to four days a week in 2011, following the birth of his and Carey‘s daughter, and to three days a week following the birth of their son, so that he could provide additional childcare. During the weekends, and when he was not at work during the week, Kilborn was fully engaged in taking care of all three children. He also contributed significantly to the household finances, and his income, combined with the Social Security payments received for the child through Knight‘s disability, were used to run the household.
[¶7] Kilborn‘s role in the family constellation was nurturing and responsible. He very much enjoyed being a parent to the child and her two siblings and was fully committed to the wellbeing of all three children. Carey personally praised Kilborn‘s skill, humor, and dependability as a father in her blog, in emails, and on Facebook, writing once, “[a]nother smart move by me—I did hand pick the best father I could have gotten for those young uns.”
[¶8] Kilborn and Carey‘s relationship deteriorаted, and, in October 2014, Kilborn filed a complaint for divorce.3 In his complaint, Kilborn requested that he be declared the de facto father of Carey‘s daughter, whom he had raised as his own since she was two months old. Carey opposed Kilborn‘s request and in November 2014 denied him access to the child, though he continued to have visitation with his two biological children. At that time, Carey was also actively encouraging and facilitating Knight‘s reentry into the child‘s life, notwithstanding his voluntary absence for over four years and the fact that he was living in a residential facility following an alleged suicide attempt.
[¶9] In a procedural order issued on March 16, 2015, the court, after acknowledging that the process articulated in Pitts requires that a person seeking de facto parenthood status must first establish standing to initiate the litigation “by making a prima facie showing of de facto parenthood,” Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 35, 90 A.3d 1169, found that Kilborn had made out a prima facie case of de facto parenthood in his affidavit and that, therefore, a separatе
[¶10] In April 2015, the court held a two-day evidentiary hearing. Kilborn, Carey, and Knight testified, as well as a child psychologist, the child‘s former therapist, Kilborn‘s mother, and several of Carey‘s friends. The court found that Kilborn‘s participation in the child‘s care was at least as equal to that provided by Carey and sometimes more extensive, and also found that, from the child‘s infancy until Carey unilaterally denied him access to the child, Kilborn performed substantial caregiving and otherwise undertook a permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible role with respect to the child, and did so with the express consent and encouragement of Carey and with Knight‘s tacit consent and encouragеment.
[¶11] The child‘s former therapist testified that she had seen the child for twenty-three weekly counseling sessions; that Kilborn had brought her to several of these sessions; that the child would refer to Kilborn as “Daddy“; and that her drawings about her family always included him in the father role. Based on her work with the child, it was the therapist‘s opinion that having to watch her youngеr siblings go off with Kilborn for their visits without her would be extremely difficult for her, and that “there is no doubt that [the child] would be harmed” if Kilborn were removed from her life.
[¶12] The actual harm that the child suffered was demonstrated by audio recordings entered into evidence in which the child, reacting to Kilborn‘s arrival to pick up her siblings for a visit, is heard crying, “Daddy, you‘ve got to care about me too” and “I want to come too.” In addition, after four years of positive family unity, the court found that separating the child from her siblings based on her biology, and denying her an ongoing relationship with Kilborn while her siblings were able to enjoy a continued relationship with him, carried a high probability of emotional and psychological harm to her.
[¶13] The court found that Carey‘s handling of the transition for the child after separating from Kilborn, including the reintroduction of Knight back into her life, increased the risk of harm to the child. Carey acknowledged that the child struggled for some period of time following Kilborn‘s abrupt removal from her life, and she was aware that the child was upset. The thеrapist expressed a concern about the potential harm to the child caused by rapidly switching father figures, instead of a well thought-out and less abrupt reintroduction of Knight while preserving Kilborn‘s presence.
[¶14] The court found, by clear and convincing evidence, that the child‘s life would be substantially and negatively affected by Kilborn‘s absence and that Kilborn had satisfied his burden of showing that he is the child‘s de facto parent.
[¶15] The court held a testimonial hearing on June 11, 2015, to determine interim parental rights and responsibilities for Kilborn as to the child. However, before it could enter an order regarding rights of contact and the appointment of a guardian ad litem, Carey filed this appeal and a motion to stay enforcement of the order granting de facto parenthood and “the anticipated order awarding Plaintiff temporary visitation, pending the appeal of both Orders.” See
II. DISCUSSION
[¶16] Carey contends that the court erred in determining that Kilborn met his burden, by clear and convincing evidence, of satisfying both prongs of the two-part test set out in Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶¶ 27-30, 90 A.3d 1169. We review the court‘s findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Id. ¶ 9.
[¶17] To protect a parent‘s fundamental right to the care and custody of his or her children, see Davis v. Anderson, 2008 ME 125, ¶ 18, 953 A.2d 1166, we have established the standard by which petitions for de facto parenthood must be analyzed. “To obtain parental rights as a de facto parent, an individual must show that (1) he or she has undertaken a permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in the child‘s life, and (2) there are exceptional circumstances sufficient to allow the court to interfere with the legal or adoptive parent‘s rights.” C.L. v. L.L., 2015 ME 131, ¶ 20, 125 A.3d 350 (quotation marks omitted).5
A. Permanent, Unequivocal, Committed, and Responsible Parental Role
[¶18] We have defined a “permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role” as one in which the de facto parent has participated in the child‘s life as a member of the child‘s family, has resided with the child, “and, with the consent and encouragement of the legal parent, performs a share of the caretaking functions.” Pitts, 2014 ME 59, ¶ 28, 90 A.3d 1169 (emphasis added) (quotation marks omitted). More specifically, this standard can be met by demonstrating that the legal parent and the putative de facto parent intended to co-parent, or that a legal parent intended for the nonparent to act in place of the legal parent. Id. Carey acknowledges that Kilborn “was a wonderful caregiver for the child,” but she argues that, because Knight maintained contact with Carey and never gave his consent for Kilborn to assume a “parental role,” Kilborn could not establish that he undertook an “unequivocal” parental role in the child‘s life. Id.
[¶19] Contrary to Carey‘s contention, the court found, and the evidence established, that Carey intended for Kilborn to act as a parent in place of Knight, and further, that Knight had “implicitly, if not explicitly, consented to and encouraged Kilborn‘s parental role.” For example, in her blog, Carey wrote, describing her move to Maine and impending marriage to Kilborn: “So in about a month we will all become a family. At least for formal law-abiding filing purposes. But between you and I, we were a family the moment we pulled in the driveway with our small SUV, crammed with the little amount of life possessions we had on our оwn.” Carey also wrote on social media that she would be “the luckiest” when her “complete family [was] born” upon her marriage to Kilborn, and she testified that she “wanted Kilborn to act as a parent . . . to the child.” Kilborn‘s mother also testified that, right from the beginning, Kilborn was being referred to as Dad, and she was Grammy.
[¶20] As to Knight‘s “implicit” consent, he testified that, after he left the child and her mother at the hospital following the child‘s admission, he allowed Carey to have a different parenting figure in the
[¶21] Because there was ample evidence in the record to support the court‘s finding that Kilborn‘s parental role was unequivоcal, despite Knight‘s peripheral presence and objection to formal adoption, we conclude that the court did not err in finding that Kilborn met his burden under the first prong of the Pitts analysis.
B. Exceptional Circumstances and Harm to the Child
[¶22] We stated in Pitts that a court may not constitutionally recognize a person‘s status as a de facto parent unless the court determines by clear and convincing evidеnce “that the child‘s life would be substantially and negatively affected if the person who has undertaken a permanent, unequivocal, committed, and responsible parental role in that child‘s life is removed from that role.” Id. ¶ 29. Carey contends that the trial court erred in concluding that Kilborn carried his burden of establishing that the child would be substantially and negatively affected if Kilborn were removed from her life because the trial court oscillated between concluding that the child was definitely harmed by Kilborn‘s absence and that the child would possibly be harmed by Kilborn‘s absence.
[¶23] Here, the court observed that it is not clear, “in practical terms,” how this standard may be met and harm determined. It remains unclear whether the parties need to obtain expert testimony on the issuе, whether the court has the authority to appoint a guardian ad litem for a child . . . and whether the court has authority to preserve the status quo during litigation by providing for continued contact between the child and de facto claimant once the threshold question of standing has been met.
Notwithstanding the reference to a lack of clarity on this issue, the court found that Kilborn had met his burden, giving particular weight to testimony that the child‘s former therapist would “lose sleep” if she thought the child would be deprived of contact with Kilborn.
[¶24] The court also found compelling the audio recording of the child calling after “Daddy” when he was picking up her siblings but not her, and the fact that the child, who alrеady has a history of anxiety, could be further harmed if Kilborn were removed from her life. The guardian ad litem for the child‘s siblings also testified that it is particularly difficult for children close in age to have their family unit separated. Finally, the court found that the conduct of Carey and Knight, specifically Carey‘s handling of the transition between Kilborn‘s departure and Knight‘s reintroduction, and Knight‘s earlier pattern of absenting himself almost entirely from the
[¶25] While there is some merit to Carey‘s assertion that the salient questions concern the depth and persistence of the harm, and thоse questions have no answers without pertinent information regarding the specific child, especially given the lack of jurisprudential or legislative guidance at the time this matter arose, we discern no clear error in the court‘s findings nor in the court‘s conclusion that Kilborn met his burden under the second prong of the Pitts test.6 We conclude that it is difficult to envisage a more clear case establishing de facto parenthood and illustrating the proper application of the Pitts two-part test than the one before us.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.7