Letizia THOMPSON, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. KYO-YA COMPANY, LTD., dba Sheraton-Maui Hotel, Defendant-Appellee, and John Does 1-10; Jane Does 1-10; Doe Partnerships 1-10; Doe Non-Profit Entities 1-10; and Doe Governmental Entities 1-10, Defendants.
No. 26040.
Supreme Court of Hawai‘i.
Nov. 9, 2006.
As Amended Nov. 20, 2006.
146 P.3d 1049
Brenda Morris Hoernig of the Law Offices of Dean E. Ochiai, on the briefs, for the defendant-appellee, Kyo-Ya Company, Ltd. dba Sheraton-Maui Hotel.
MOON, C.J., LEVINSON, and NAKAYAMA, JJ.; and ACOBA, J., concurring separately, with whom DUFFY, J., joins.
Opinion of the Court by LEVINSON, J.
The plaintiff-appellant Letizia Thompson appeals from the August 18, 2003 judgment1
On appeal, Thompson essentially argues that the circuit court erred in concluding that the Hawai‘i Recreational Use Statute (HRUS),
For the reasons discussed infra in section III, the Appellant‘s arguments are unavailing. Accordingly, this court affirms the circuit court‘s judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
The present matter arose out of an incident occurring on the island of Maui on September 26, 2000, when Thompson, a certified scuba instructor working as an independent contractor for Pacific Dive, a business located in Lahaina, led three students on a nighttime dive near the Sheraton at a location known as Black Rock. Neither she nor her students had any affiliation with the hotel as employees or guests, nor had they any plans to visit the hotel during the evening in question. The group entered the water north of the hotel and dove south around Black Rock, exiting the water on the beach in front of the Sheraton. Upon exiting the water, the group, still fully clad in their scuba equipment but carrying their masks, fins, and snorkels, used the hotel‘s unlit beach-access path to return to their vehicles, which were parked in a lot on the hotel grounds provided free of charge for members of the public using the beach.
In her answer to interrogatories, Thompson described what occurred next:
We were walking down the pathway to the parking garage when my foot dropped into a hole in the cement pathway. I fell with
full scuba gear on and my head hit the concrete. I remember the cracking sound of my skull. After that, I remember being unable to speak or move....
B. Procedural Background
On April 30, 2002, Thompson filed a complaint against the Sheraton and, on May 17, 2002, amended the complaint to allege premises liability negligence claims. On June 30, 2003, the Sheraton filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that, as Thompson was not on the hotel‘s property for any commercial purpose pertaining to the hotel, the HRUS immunized it from liability for her claims. In response, on July 21, 2003, Thompson filed a memorandum in opposition, arguing that the HRUS did not apply to her claims because she did not have a recreational purpose for being on the property but rather was on the land for vocational purposes as a scuba-diving instructor. Following a July 30, 2003 hearing, the circuit court granted the Sheraton‘s motion for summary judgment, issuing the following oral conclusion of law (COL): “The [c]ourt views this as coming under
II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
A. Conclusions Of Law
” ‘A COL is not binding upon an appellate court and is freely reviewable for its correctness.’ ” AIG Hawaii Ins. Co. v. Estate of Caraang, 74 Haw. 620, 628, 851 P.2d 321, 326 (1993) (quoting Amfac, Inc. v. Waikiki Beachcomber Inv. Co., 74 Haw. 85, 119, 839 P.2d 10, 28 (1992)). This court ordinarily reviews COLs under the right/wrong standard. In re Estate of Holt, 75 Haw. 224, 232, 857 P.2d 1355, 1359 (1993). Thus, ” [a] COL that is supported by the trial court‘s [findings of fact] and that reflects an application of the correct rule of law will not be overturned.” Estate of Caraang, 74 Haw. at 628-29, 851 P.2d at 326 (quoting Amfac, Inc., 74 Haw. at 119, 839 P.2d at 29). “However, a COL that presents mixed questions of fact and law is reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard because the court‘s conclusions are dependent upon the facts and circumstances of each individual case.” Id. at 629, 851 P.2d at 326 (quoting Amfac, Inc., 74 Haw. at 119, 839 P.2d at 29) (internal quotation marks omitted).
State v. Furutani, 76 Hawai‘i 172, 180, 873 P.2d 51, 59 (1994).
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ponce, 105 Hawai‘i 445, 453, 99 P.3d 96, 104 (2004). (Some brackets and internal citations omitted.) (Some bracketed material altered.)
B. Interpretation Of Statutes
The interpretation of a statute is a question of law reviewable de novo. State v. Arceo, 84 Hawai‘i 1, 10, 928 P.2d 843, 852 (1996).
Furthermore, ... statutory construction is guided by established rules:
When construing a statute, our foremost obligation is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature, which is to be obtained primarily from the language contained in the statute itself. And we must read statutory language in the context of the entire statute and construe it in a manner consistent with its purpose.
When there is doubt, doubleness of meaning, or indistinctiveness or uncertainty of an expression used in a statute, an ambiguity exists....
In construing an ambiguous statute, “[t]he meaning of the ambiguous words may be sought by examining the context, with which the ambiguous words, phrases, and sentences may be compared, in order to ascertain their true meaning.”
HRS § 1-15(1) [(1993)] . Moreover, the courts may resort to extrinsic aids in determining legislative intent. One avenue is the use of legislative history as an interpretive tool.
Gray [v. Admin. Dir. of the Court], 84 Hawai‘i 138, 148, 931 P.2d 580, 590 [(1997)] (footnote omitted).
State v. Koch, 107 Hawai‘i 215, 220, 112 P.3d 69, 74 (2005) (quoting State v. Kaua, 102 Hawai‘i 1, 7-8, 72 P.3d 473, 479-80 (2003)). Nevertheless, absent an absurd or unjust result, see State v. Haugen, 104 Hawai‘i 71, 77, 85 P.3d 178, 184 (2004), this court is bound to give effect to the plain meaning of unambiguous statutory language and may only resort to the use of legislative history when interpreting an ambiguous statute. State v. Valdivia, 95 Hawai‘i 465, 472, 24 P.3d 661, 668 (2001).
C. Summary Judgment
[This court] review[s] the circuit court‘s grant or denial of summary judgment de novo....
[S]ummary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A fact is material if proof of that fact would have the effect of establishing or refuting one of the essential elements of a cause of action or defense asserted by the parties. The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. In other words, [this court] must view all of the evidence and the inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.
[Hawai‘i Cmty. Fed. Credit Union v. Keka, 94 Hawai‘i 213, 221, 11 P.3d 1, 9 (2000)] (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
Querubin v. Thronas, 107 Hawai‘i 48, 56, 109 P.3d 689, 697 (2005) (quoting Durette v. Aloha Plastic Recycling, Inc., 105 Hawai‘i 490, 501, 100 P.3d 60, 71 (2004)) (internal citation omitted) (some brackets in original).
III. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Thompson asserts that the circuit court: (1) erred by implicitly concluding that, under Crichfield v. Grand Wailea, 93 Hawai‘i 477, 6 P.3d 349 (2000), absent evidence of a commercial purpose related to the landowner for entering the hotel‘s property, any presence by Thompson on the property was presumptively recreational; and, hence, (2) erred in concluding that the HRUS immunized the Sheraton from Thompson‘s negligence claims. She contends that, under Crichfield, the determining factor as to whether an entrant is engaged in a “recreational use” and, hence, barred by the HRUS from pursuing negligence claims against the landowner is the subjective intent of the entrant, not the intent of the owner in holding open the land for public use. She maintains that, inasmuch as her purpose at the Sheraton that evening was “occupational or vocational” as a paid diving instructor, she was not a recreational user under the HRUS.
The Sheraton argues that, inasmuch as Thompson concedes that she had no commercial purpose with the hotel, and that, under the plain language of
1. Ambiguity in the meaning of “recreational user” and “recreational purpose“: The plain language of the HRUS and cases construing it
It is undisputed that Thompson‘s injury occurred on the Sheraton‘s land, and nowhere does Thompson argue that her students were not engaged in a recreational activity. The crux of the matter, therefore, is whether Thompson was on the Sheraton‘s property as a “recreational user” for “recreational purposes” under the HRUS when she was engaged in a traditionally recreational activity4 but with the subjective intent of doing so for vocational or occupational reasons.
As with any statutory inquiry, we begin by analyzing the plain language of
a. The language of HRS ch. 520
Except as specifically recognized by or provided in
[HRS §] 520-6[(1993) (relating to duties of persons entering the property)],[5] an owner of land owes no duty of care to keep the premises safe for entry or use by others for recreational purposes, or to give any warning of a dangerous condition, use, structure, or activity on such premises to persons entering for such purposes....
Furthermore,
Except as specifically recognized by or provided in
[HRS §] 520-6, [see supra note 5,] an owner of land who either directly or indirectly invites or permits without charge any person to use the property for recreational purposes does not:
(1) Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for any purpose;
(2) Confer upon the person the legal status of an invitee or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed;
(3) Assume responsibility for, or incur liability for, any injury to person or property caused by an act of omission or commission of such persons; and
(4) Assume responsibility for, or incur liability for, any injury to person or persons who enter the premises in response to an injured recreational user.[6]
Finally, by its plain language,
In Crichfield, this court summarized the overall effect of the HRUS on land owner liability:
[The] HRUS confers upon the owner of the land immunity from negligence liability to any person—who is neither charged for the right to be present nor a houseguest[, see supra note 6]—injured on the land while that person is using the owner‘s land for a recreational purpose. In other words, if a person is injured on an owner‘s land, but that person was not on the land for a recreational purpose, [the] HRUS does not, by its plain language, immunize the owner from tort liability.
93 Hawai‘i at 485, 6 P.3d at 357. (Internal quotations omitted.) In most suits where a HRUS defense has been invoked, the question whether a party is a recreational user has been outcome-dispositive. See, e.g., Howard v. United States, 181 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir.1999); Palmer v. United States, 945 F.2d 1134 (9th Cir.1991); Brown v. United States, 180 F.Supp.2d 1132 (D.Haw.2001).
Resorting to the plain language of
As noted, the Sheraton contends that Thompson, as a person using the beach path to return to her car after diving, falls within the plain language of
Thompson, on the other hand, insists that, under Crichfield, her subjective intent to enter the property for a vocational pursuit, even one unrelated to the landowner, is sufficient to establish a non-recreational use of the land. Thompson‘s argument is unavailing.
b. Crichfield
This court concluded in Crichfield that neither the subjective intent of the landowner in holding open the property nor the subjective intent of the entrant in visiting the property were necessarily dispositive as to whether the plaintiff was a recreational user for the purposes of the HRUS. 93 Hawai‘i at 487-88, 6 P.3d at 359-60 (noting, “as a preliminary matter, that the subjective intent of an owner of land is obviously relevant to whether he or she has directly or indirectly invited or permitted an injured party to use the land without charge for a recreational purpose” but concluding that the entrant‘s subjective intent is also material)7 (internal quotations omitted).
In Crichfield, the plaintiffs alleged that they had entered the Grand Wailea‘s grounds both to enjoy the gardens and for the commercial purpose of having lunch at one of the hotel‘s restaurants. 93 Hawai‘i at 481, 6 P.3d at 353. This court concluded that the commercial purpose of having lunch at the hotel was a non-recreational use of the property and, in vacating the grant of summary judgment in favor of the hotel, weighed the intent of the landowner and the intent of the entrant and concluded that the plaintiffs’ allegations of a commercial purpose with the hotel raised a genuine issue of material fact. 93 Hawai‘i at 487-88, 6 P.3d at 359-60. The result in Crichfield was based on the legislative history underlying
c. Palmer and Brown
Research reveals only two other cases that have construed the terms “recreational purpose” and “recreational user” as set out in the HRUS. In Palmer, 945 F.2d 1134, decided before Crichfield, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed a decision of the district court holding that the HRUS shielded a military recreational facility from negligence liability claims asserted by a grandfather who slipped and fell at a swimming pool while watching over his granddaughters. Id. at 1135. Palmer was only allowed access to the pool area to watch his granddaughters as a favor to his step-daughter and was not himself allowed in the pool, which was restricted to military personnel and their dependents. Id. at 1136-37. Palmer argued that, because he was denied access to the pool, he was not a recreational entrant and, hence, the HRUS did not shield the facility from his claims. Id. at 1136. The court first considered the intent of the landowner, concluding that, because “[t]he United States has chosen to make the pool ... available for recreational use free of charge ... [, therefore,] the HRUS is applicable to the pool under the plain, unambiguous language of the statute.” Id. Addressing next Palmer‘s contentions that, because his subjective intent in being at the pool was allegedly as a pseudo-lifeguard and therefore not recreational, the court reasoned:
Even assuming that watching over one‘s own grandchildren is not a recreational activity, Palmer‘s services conferred no benefit upon the [recreational facility]. He was not there for the [facilities]’ purposes, but rather to facilitate his grandchildren‘s authorized use of the pool.... He was allowed on the property for his granddaughters’ recreational purposes, which is the type of permissive use the HRUS seeks to encourage. Moreover, Palmer‘s behavior was consistent with relaxation and recreation.... We therefore conclude that he was engaged in a recreational activity for purposes of the HRUS. By affording immunity in this situation, the purpose of the HRUS to encourage landowners to make their recreational property available for use is served.
Id. at 1136-37. The Palmer court, therefore, considered the intent of the landowner in holding the land open for use, the subjective intent of the entrant, as well as the nature of the entrant‘s activity while on the property and whether the activity conferred any benefit upon the landowner such that it would be equitable to impose a corresponding duty of care upon the landowner.
The United States District Court for the District of Hawai‘i, in Brown, focused primarily on the subjective intent of the entrant. The court concluded that a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the plaintiff was on a bicycle path on military land for recreational or non-recreational purposes, given the evidence that he was commuting to work8 on the day he swerved to avoid a runner and suffered injuries. 180 F.Supp.2d at 1140. The Brown court concluded that “[t]he Howard and Crichfield courts agree that the ‘subjective intent of an owner of land is obviously relevant to whether he or she has directly or indirectly invited or permitted’ a person to use the land for recreational purposes,” but nevertheless interpreted Crichfield to mean that testimony by the plaintiff that entry was for a non-recreational purpose was sufficient in itself to avoid summary judgment on a HRUS defense. 180 F.Supp.2d at 1139-40 (some internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Crichfield, 93 Hawai‘i at 487, 6 P.3d at 359) (citing Howard, 181 F.3d at 1072-73).
In Crichfield, this court noted that the “HRUS is ambiguous ... regarding the standpoint or perspective from which ‘recreational purpose’ is ascertained.” 93 Hawai‘i at 487, 6 P.3d at 359. Palmer, Howard, Crichfield, and Brown struggled to define
2. The legislature granted landowners reduced liability exposure to encourage opening private lands to the public for exercise, sightseeing, and access to Hawaii‘s scenic beauty.
In 1969, the Senate Committee on Lands and Natural Resources, in reporting on Senate Bill 56, the origins of the HRUS, stated that “[t]he purpose of this bill is to limit the liability of landowners who permit persons to use their property for recreational purposes without charge.” Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 534, in 1969 Senate Journal, at 1075. The House Committee on the Judiciary expressed similar sentiments. See Hse. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 760, in 1969 House Journal, at 914. The Senate committee, however, also noted that it had “amended this bill by deleting section 6 which provide[d] that an owner who provides a public right-of-way through his land to beach areas shall maintain such right-of-way, because it creates an undue burden on landowners.” Sen. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 534, in 1969 Senate Journal, at 1075. The legislature in 1996 further limited the duties of the owners of properties like the Sheraton that maintain beach right-of-ways. Effective June 12, 1996, the legislature amended
In Crichfield, this court summarized the legislature‘s intent in enacting and, in 1996, amending the HRUS:
Thus, the legislature enacted [the] HRUS to encourage the recreational use of our state‘s resources by limiting landowners’ liability to recreational users and, thereby, promoting the use and enjoyment of Hawaii‘s resources. Indeed, in amending [the] HRUS in 1996, the legislature reaffirmed its original intent:
... The legislature finds that encouraging the public to engage in recreational activities makes for healthier citizens and allows everyone to enjoy Hawaii‘s natural resources. In 1969, when the legislature enactedchapter 520, Hawai‘i Revised Statutes , to encourage wider access to lands and waters for hunting, fishing, and other activities, the intent was to make access easier and limit landowners’ liability.
93 Hawai‘i at 488-89, 6 P.3d at 360-61 (emphasis in Crichfield) (quoting 1996 Haw. Sess. L. Act 151, § 1 at 328). Nevertheless, this court also noted that the “HRUS was not intended ... to have created out of whole cloth a universal defense available to a commercial establishment ... against any and all liability for personal injury” and that the general rule regarding landowner liability to non-recreational entrants remained intact:
“a possessor of land, who knows or should have known of an unreasonable risk of harm posed to persons using the land, by a condition on the land, owes a duty to persons using the land to take reasonable steps to eliminate the unreasonable risk, or warn the users against it.”
93 Hawai‘i at 489, 6 P.3d at 361 (quoting Richardson v. Sport Shinko (Waikiki Corp.), 76 Hawai‘i 494, 503, 880 P.2d 169, 178 (1994)).
This court should, therefore, approach the analysis of whether a HRUS defense is available to the Sheraton in the present matter by seeking an outcome that “encourage[s] the recreational use of our state‘s resources by limiting landowners’ liability to recreational users and, thereby, promot[es] the use and enjoyment of Hawaii‘s resources” by “encourag[ing] wider access to lands and waters for ... fishing and other activities,” while
B. Inasmuch As Thompson‘s Presence On The Land Was “An Action In Pursuit Of The Use Of The Property For Recreation,” The Circuit Court Correctly Entered Summary Judgment For The Sheraton.
Thompson‘s position would encourage land closures9 and fails to address the inequities that would result. By her own argument, Thompson directly benefitted economically from the availability of the path, which enabled her to use the Black Rock beach to guide recreational diving groups.10 Thompson‘s use of the path that evening as a paid scuba diver would not have occurred were it not for the recreational use of the ocean and the beach by her clients. Yet Thompson would bite the hand that feeds her by stripping the protections of the HRUS from the landowner, contrary to the legislature‘s intent to encourage landowners to allow entry to individuals wishing to “use ... the owner‘s land for recreational purposes—i.e., the recreational enjoyment of the natural resources that are an inextricable part of Hawaii‘s land and waters.” Crichfield, 93 Hawai‘i at 489, 6 P.3d at 361.
Our research reveals only one case nationally that considers an argument similar to Thompson‘s, and the court reached a result antithetical to Thompson‘s position. In Hafford v. Great N. Nekoosa Corp., 687 A.2d 967 (Me.1996), the plaintiff, a recreational outfitter supplying canoeing and camping enthusiasts on the Allagash Waterway in Maine, was injured in an auto accident on a private road owned by Great Northern while transporting his staff to pick up his clients’ vehicles. Id. at 968. Hafford asserted that the recreational use statute11 did not apply to him because
[the trial court correctly concluded that Hafford‘s travel over Great Northern‘s land was an action in pursuit of the use of the property for recreation even though Hafford was paid by his customers to provide transportation. Hafford was passing over Great Northern‘s land to facilitate his customer‘s recreational pursuits; his status as a commercial outfitter does not change the fact that he was using the land for recreational purposes.
Id. As the Hafford court reasoned, an individual whose purpose for being on the land is unrelated to the owner and is predicated upon the land being available to the public for recreational use at no charge by the landowner due to a recreational use statute is a “recreational user” for the purposes of the statute. The reasoning is sound: without such a rule, entrants who took advantage of open lands to participate in nature walks, scuba dives, or archaeological studies free of charge or benefit to the landowner would be divided into two classes of plaintiffs—the bulk of the entrants would be barred from pursuing negligence claims against the landowner, while a member of the group paid to guide or instruct the others would not—despite the fact that, from the viewpoint of the landowner, the two classes were indistinguishable. Such disparate treatment would be inequitable, particularly inasmuch as the favored individual benefits economically from the opening of the land, and such a policy would, no doubt, discourage landowners from
Rather, a more just result is reached under the reasoning in Hafford, concluding that where the plaintiff‘s presence on the land is closely associated with the presence of individuals whose purpose on the land is purely recreational, the recreational purpose attaches to the plaintiff. We find the reasoning in Hafford persuasive.
In the present case, in which Thompson‘s presence on the land would not have occurred but for the recreational activity undertaken by her students and in which she derived a direct financial benefit from the policies underlying
We, therefore, hold that the circuit court correctly concluded that Thompson‘s status on the Sheraton‘s property fell as a matter of law within the ambit of
Our holding accords with legislative intent and with this court‘s holding in Crichfield.12 Moreover, unlike Crichfield, there is no dan-
IV. CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing, this court affirms the circuit court‘s August 18, 2003 judgment in favor of the Sheraton and against Thompson.
Concurring Opinion by ACOBA, J., with whom DUFFY, J. joins.
I concur in the result only on the grounds that (1) Crichfield v. Grand Wailea, 93 Hawai‘i 477, 6 P.3d 349 (2000), relied on by the parties on appeal, is inapposite where the liability of an access owner such as Defendant-Appellee Kyo-Ya Company, Ltd. dba Sheraton-Maui Hotel (Sheraton) under
I.
The parties contend that Crichfield applies directly to this case and that the question for this court is whether Plaintiff had a “commercial purpose” or an “exclusively recreational purpose” when she was injured. The positions of the parties are not surprising inasmuch as this court had held in Crichfield that if land is being used for a “commercial purpose” at the time of a plaintiff‘s injury, the HRUS would not afford a defense. 93 Hawai‘i at 489, 6 P.3d at 361. Alternatively, according to Crichfield, if a plaintiff is present on the land with an “exclusively recreational purpose,” HRUS would be available as a defense to the claim. Id.
Here, applying the Crichfield analysis, there plainly was not an “exclusively recreational purpose” in Plaintiff‘s subjective intent. 93 Hawai‘i at 489, 6 P.3d at 361 (emphasis added). As the majority states, the incident occurred when Plaintiff, “a certified scuba instructor working as an independent contractor for Pacific Dive, a business located in Lahaina, led three students on a nighttime dive near the Sheraton at a location known as Black Rock.” Majority opinion at 473, 146 P.3d at 1050. It appears fairly clear that Plaintiff was a part of a commercial enterprise, was paid for her instruction, and was engaged in an activity that contributed to her livelihood. Thus, under the Crichfield test her subjective intent was not to engage in an “exclusively recreational purpose” and her claim would not be precluded under the HRUS.
As mentioned above, Crichfield also states that “the subjective intent of an ‘owner’ of ‘land’ is obviously relevant to whether he or she has directly or indirectly invited or permitted an injured party to ‘use’ the ‘land’ ... for a ‘recreational purpose.’ ” 93 Hawai‘i at 487, 6 P.3d at 359. However, Crichfield is not relevant in this case insofar as it focuses on the intent of the landowner. For the landowner‘s intent is irrelevant where the landowner is “required or compelled” to provide access in order to allow ingress and egress to recreational land. See
II.
The parties rely on Crichfield as this court‘s last pronouncement on
However, as noted supra, Sheraton did not provide public access to the ocean because of the perceived benefits of HRUS. It “was required to [do so] ... as part of the requirements for obtaining its state and county building and use permits.” Majority opinion at 475, 146 P.3d at 1052 n. 3. Thus, the majority‘s stated purpose of “encourag[ing] wider access to land and waters,” majority opinion at 479, 146 P.3d at 1056, is not germane. An owner that is required or compelled to provide access cannot be said to be susceptible to entreaties to do an act it is already legally compelled to perform.
Furthermore, Hafford, which the majority finds “persuasive,” majority opinion at 481,
First, it should be noted that
But most significantly, none of the analysis as to recreational use engaged in by the majority is relevant, for the Maine statute itself equates “passage over premises,” i.e., access, in order to pursue “recreational or harvesting activities” as a recreational activity itself. See supra note 3 (stating that “[r]ecreational or harvesting activities’ means recreational activities conducted out-of-doors, [and] ... includes entry of ... premises” (quoting
Second, Maine courts have held that their recreational use statute is to be liberally construed in favor of landowners. The Maine Supreme Court broadly construes the statutory provision granting property owner‘s immunity from liability for failing to keep premises safe for use for recreational activities. See Hafford, 687 A.2d at 969 (stating that “[w]e construe the immunity provision of section 159-A broadly“). In view of the fact that the immunity provision of the statute limiting liability for recreational or harvesting activities was to be construed broadly, an exception to the provision would be construed narrowly. See Robbins v. Great Northern Paper Co., 557 A.2d 614, 616 (Me. 1989) (stating that, “[b]ecause we construe the immunity provision of section 159-A broadly, we interpret the ... exception narrowly” (citations omitted)).
The opposite is true, however, under HRUS. By the express terms of the statute, “encouragement,” as wrought by the legislature is in the form of the limited liability afforded landowners who chose to invite or permit users onto its land. See
III.
A different and more straightforward analysis is suited to
(a) Except as specifically recognized by or provided in section 520-6, an owner of land who either directly or indirectly invites or permits without charge any person to use the property for recreational purposes does not:
(1) Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for any purpose;
(2) Confer upon the person the legal status of an invitee or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed;
(3) Assume responsibility for, or incur liability for, any injury to person or property caused by an act of omission or commission of such persons; and
(4) Assume responsibility for, or incur liability for, any injury to person or persons who enter the premises in response to an injured recreational user.
(Emphases added.)
On the other hand,
(b) An owner of land who is required or compelled to provide access or parking for such access through or across the owner‘s property because of state or county land use, zoning, or planning law, ordinance, rule, ruling, or order, to reach property used for recreation purposes, or as part of a habitat conservation plan, or safe harbor agreement, shall be afforded the same protection as to such access, including parking for such access, as an owner of land who invites or permits any person to use that owner‘s property for recreational purposes under subsection (a).
(Emphases added.) Therefore,
The legislative history of
IV.
Within the framework of
Unlike the owner of recreational land, the access owner does not choose to “invite[] or permit[] any person,”
V.
In that regard and contrary to the majority‘s assertion that resorting to the plain language of
Given its ordinary meaning, “scuba diving” is “the activity or recreation of diving or exploring underwater through use of a scuba device.” Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1), based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. “Scuba” is “an apparatus used for breathing while swimming under water[.]” Webster‘s Third New Int‘l Dictionary 2043 (1961). Scuba diving, then, involves swim-
With all due respect the majority‘s view that “where the plaintiff‘s presence on the land is closely associated with the presence of individuals whose purpose on the land is purely recreational, the recreational purpose attaches to the plaintiff[,]” majority opinion at 481, 146 P.3d at 1058 (emphasis added), is not helpful. “Closely associated” is an ambiguous criterion that will engender disparate and conflicting results rather than establish a clear and uniform rule and seems fashioned to fit the result obtained in this case. Rather, based on the defined terms in the HRUS itself, the disposition of a plaintiff‘s claim for injury suffered on the access should depend on whether the plaintiff was “on or about the premises” of the recreational landowner “for recreational purposes.” Inasmuch as recreational purpose is defined in the statute itself, “recreational user” needs no further explication: if Plaintiff was engaged in an activity encompassed within the term recreational purpose, she was a recreational user. In this case, then, it is irrelevant that Plaintiff was an instructor, inasmuch as at the least she engaged in an activity, i.e., scuba diving, encompassed within the “recreational purpose6” definition. The same would apply to the majority‘s reference to “a member of the group paid to guide or instruct others,” majority opinion at 1058, assumably a “member” of the group that was engaged in scuba diving—whether instructor or student—would still be partaking in the scuba-diving activity.
Based on
In sum, Plaintiff used Sheraton‘s beach-access path to reach the ocean where she led three students on a nighttime scuba dive. Scuba diving is a “recreational purpose” under
Notes
Liability of owner limited. (a) Except as specifically recognized by or provided in section 520-6, an owner of land who either directly or indirectly invites or permits without charge any person to use the property for recreational purposes does not:
(1) Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for any purpose;
(2) Confer upon the person the legal status of an invitee or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed;
(3) Assume responsibility for, or incur liability for, any injury to person or property caused by an act of omission or commission of such persons; and
(4) Assume responsibility for, or incur liability for, any injury to person or persons who enter the premises in response to an injured recreational user.
(b) An owner of land who is required or compelled to provide access or parking for such access through or across the owner‘s property because of state or county land use, zoning, or planning law, ordinance, rule, ruling, or order, to reach property used for recreation purposes, or as part of a habitat conservation plan, or safe harbor agreement, shall be afforded the same protection as to such access, including parking for such access, as an owner of land who invites or permits any person to use that owner‘s property for recreational purposes under subsection (a).
An owner of land who is required or compelled to provide access or parking for such access through or across the owner‘s property because of state or county land use, zoning, or planning law to reach property used for recreation purposes ... shall be afforded the same protection as to such access, including parking for such access, as an owner of land who permits any person to use that owner‘s property for recreational purposes under subsection (a)[, see infra section III.A.1.a, setting forth the general immunities granted under the HRUS]. “Land,” as defined in
1. Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context indicates otherwise, the following terms have the following meanings:
A. “Premises” means improved and unimproved lands, private ways, roads, any buildings or structures on those lands and waters standing on, flowing through or adjacent to those lands. “Premises” includes railroad property, railroad rights-of-way and utility corridors to which public access is permitted.
B. “Recreational or harvesting activities” means recreational activities conducted out-of-doors, including, but not limited to, hunting, fishing, trapping, camping, environmental education and research, hiking, recreational caving, sight-seeing, operating snow-traveling and all-terrain vehicles, skiing, hang-gliding, dog sledding, equine activities, boating, sailing, canoeing, rafting, biking, picnicking, swimming or activities involving the harvesting or gathering of forest, field or marine products. It includes entry of, volunteer maintenance and improvement of, use of and passage over premises in order to pursue these activities. “Recreational or harvesting activities” does not include commercial agricultural or timber harvesting.
C. “Occupant” includes, but is not limited to, an individual, corporation, partnership, association or other legal entity that constructs or maintains trails or other improvements for public recreational use.
2. Limited duty. An owner, lessee, manager, holder of an easement or occupant of premises does not have a duty of care to keep the premises safe for entry or use by others for recreational or harvesting activities or to give warning of any hazardous condition, use, structure or activity on these premises to persons entering for those purposes. This subsection applies regardless of whether the owner, lessee, manager, holder of an easement or occupant has given permission to another to pursue recreational or harvesting activities on the premises.
(Emphases added.)
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to:
(1) Create a duty of care or ground of liability for injury to persons or property.
(2) Relieve any person using the land of another for recreational purposes from any obligation which the person may have in the absence of this chapter to exercise care in the person‘s use of such land and in the person‘s activities thereon, or from the legal consequences of failure to employ such care. Even if
1. Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context indicates otherwise, the following terms have the following meanings.
...
B. “Recreational ... activities” means recreational activities conducted out-of-doors, including, but not limited to, hunting, fishing, ... camping, environmental education and research, hiking, sight-seeing, ... hang-gliding, ... equine activities, boating, sailing, canoeing, rafting, biking, picnicking, swimming or activities involving the harvesting or gathering of forest, field or marine products. It includes entry of, volunteer maintenance and improvement of, use of and passage over premises in order to pursue these activities....
2. Limited duty. An owner ... or occupant of premises does not have a duty of care to keep the premises safe for entry or use by others for recreational ... activities or to give warning of any hazardous condition, use, structure or activity on these premises to persons entering for those purposes....
...
3. Permissive use. An owner ... or occupant who gives permission to another to pursue recreational ... activities on the premises does not thereby:
A. Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for those purposes;
B. Make the person to whom permission is granted an invitee or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed; or
C. Assume responsibility for or incur liability for any injury to person or property caused by any act of persons to whom the permission is granted.
4. Limitations on section. This section does not limit the liability that would otherwise exist:
A. For a willful or malicious failure to guard or to warn against a dangerous condition, use, structure or activity;
B. For an injury suffered in any case where permission to pursue any recreational ... activities was granted for a consideration other than the consideration, if any, paid to the following:
(1) The landowner or the landowner‘s agent by the State; or
(2) The landowner or the landowner‘s agent for use of the premises on which the injury was suffered, as long as the premises are not used primarily for commercial recreational purposes and as long as the user has not been granted the exclusive right to make use of the premises for recreational activities; or
C. For an injury caused, by acts of persons to whom permission to pursue any recreational ... activities was granted, to other persons to whom the person granting permission, or the owner ... or occupant of the premises, owed a duty to keep the premises safe or to warn of danger.
5. No duty created. Nothing in this section creates a duty of care or ground of liability for injury to a person or property.
The Maine statute does not contain an equivalent to