State v. GuerraState v. Guerra
DANIELS, Justice.
{1} A jury found Defendant Graciela Guerra guilty of first-degree murder for the stabbing death of her daughter-in-law, Brenda Guerra, in an Alamogordo motel room. The district court sentenced Defendant to a mandatory term of life imprisonment, giving this Court exclusive jurisdiction to hear her direct appeal. See
I. BACKGROUND
{3} Defendant‘s son Christian and Christian‘s wife, the victim, were going through a divorce at the time of the killing. Throughout the divorce proceeding, Christian and the victim vacillated about whether to reconcile. On May 13, 2008, Christian and the victim attended a divorce hearing in Alamogordo. Christian had expected the victim‘s attorney to withdraw from the case at that hearing to allow both parties to proceed in the divorce without representation, but the victim changed her mind about giving up her lawyer. The couple argued for much of the afternoon following the hearing.
{4} After the hearing, Christian dropped off the victim at her motel, went to his house, and told Defendant, who was living with Christian and the children, about what happened at the hearing. Later in the day, after Christian had dropped off the children at the victim‘s motel, he told Defendant that he and the victim had agreed to reconcile and that Defendant could either stay and help them with the children or move out. Defendant replied to Christian that she would “fix it for [him].” Christian indicated that he did not want Defendant talking to the victim; he wanted Defendant to stay home and “cool down.” After this exchange, Christian drove to the victim‘s motel.
{5} Defendant followed Christian to the motel. Christian saw Defendant in her car behind him and called her cellular phone to tell her not to follow him. Christian eventually lost sight of Defendant‘s car and continued driving to the motel. After Christian entered the room and while he was seated on the bed, Defendant knocked on the door. The victim opened the door and asked, in Spanish, “what is that doing here?” A hair-pulling fight then broke out between the two women.
{6} Christian rose from the bed to break up the fight but stopped when he saw that Defendant was armed with a large knife and that the victim was falling to the floor, bleeding. Christian grabbed his older son, covered the boy‘s eyes, and ran to put the child in his car. When he returned to the room to get his younger son, the door was locked. Christian could hear Defendant saying “bad” things in Spanish and could hear the victim screaming “God, God, God!” Eventually Defendant, covered in blood and holding a knife, opened the door and told Christian “take [your] kids, [you‘re] free.” Christian took his younger son, drove hоme with the children, and called 911.
{8} When the police arrived, they found Defendant standing in the open doorway of the victim‘s room, covered in blood. The police took Defendant into custody. They found the victim lying on the floor and exhibiting no signs of life. While they investigated the scene, Defendant repeatedly said in Spanish, “I killed her!” On the way to the police station, Defendant made a number of additional volunteered admissions. She said that she told Christian she intended to kill the victim, but Christian did not believe her. She claimed that she and the victim “had some words,” that she told Christian to take the children and leave, that a scuffle ensued, and that she stabbed the victim several times. She told the police that she was tired of the way the victim treated Christian and the children.
{9} In the motel room, investigators found two knives covered with blood, a kitchen knife with a bent four-inch blade аnd a butcher‘s knife with a bent seven-inch blade. DNA analyses confirmed that the blood came from the victim. In the kitchen of Christian‘s residence, where Defendant had been living, investigators found a knife block with one of the matching steak-knives missing.
{10} An autopsy of the victim revealed forty-one injuries, thirty-one of which were stab wounds. The knives found at the scene were consistent with these wounds. One of the stab wounds in the back of the victim‘s neck cut her jugular vein. The victim had four stab wounds in her right back, two of which punctured her right lung. She also had many stab wounds in her chest, five of which punctured her left lung. The forensic pathologist who conducted the autopsy testified that the cause of death was multiple stаb wounds and the manner of death was homicide.
{11} The State introduced three letters Defendant wrote while in custody awaiting trial. In one, Defendant acknowledged attacking the victim. In another, she admitted killing the victim, whom she described as sick and obsessed, and wrote that on the day of the killing, she entered the motel room, told Christian to take the children and leave, and “pulled [out] the knife and . . . did what [she] did.” In a third letter, Defendant indicated she felt no remorse for what she did, describing the victim as “trash.”
II. DISCUSSION
A. The District Court Properly Refused a Self-Defense Instruction.
{12} Defendant argues that the district court erred in denying her requested self-defense instruction. Although there appears to have been no evidence that the victim had previously
{13} “The propriety of denying a jury instruction is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo.” State v. Gaines, 2001-NMSC-036, ¶ 4, 131 N.M. 347, 36 P.2d 438. The applicable standards have been addressed thoroughly in our case law.
A defendant is not entitled to a self-defense instruction unless it is justified by sufficient evidence on every element of self-defеnse. Those elements are that (1) the defendant was put in fear by an apparent danger of immediate death or great bodily harm, (2) the killing resulted from that fear, and (3) the defendant acted reasonably when he or she killed. The first two requirements, the appearance of immediate danger and actual fear, are subjective in that they focus on the perception of the defendant at the time of the incident. By contrast, the third requirement is objective in that it focuses on the hypothetical behavior of a reasonable person acting under the same circumstances as the defendant.
State v. Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 17, 144 N.M. 305, 187 P.3d 170 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). A self-defеnse instruction is warranted only when the evidence is “sufficient to allow reasonable minds to differ as to all [three] elements of the defense.” State v. Lopez, 2000-NMSC-003, ¶ 23, 128 N.M. 410, 993 P.2d 727 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
{14} In determining whether a jury should be permitted to consider the issue of self-defense, it is essential for both trial and appellate courts to honor the constitutional rights of the accused to have the jury decide whether the prosecution has proven legal guilt in accordance with the reasonable doubt and unanimity requirements that are fundamental to our system of justice. See Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 22. The test is not how the judge would weigh the self-defense evidence as a factfinder; the true test is whether any juror could be justified in having a reasonable doubt about whether the accused acted in self-defense. See id. ¶ 27. “For a court to issue a self-defense instruction, there need be only enough evidence to raise a reasonable doubt in the mind of a juror about whether the
{15} In Rudolfo, the defendant shot and killed an occupant of a vehicle driving away from a house where there had been a violent struggle over a gun. 2008-NMSC-036, ¶¶ 5-6. We upheld the district court‘s rejection of a self-defense instruction because “[n]one of the three required components of self-defense [were] present.” Id. ¶¶ 18, 26. We reach the same conclusion in this case. As in Rudolfo, there was no appearance in this case that Defendant was threatened with death or great bodily harm at the time of the killing. Necessarily, if the first element is not present, Defendant could not have killed as a result of that threat. And finally, as in Rudolfo, even viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, the circumstances of this case presented “no basis for the jury to have any doubt that a reasonable person would have found the [killing] to be unnecessary.” Id. ¶ 26.
{16} The facts of this case are similar to those in Lopez, in which we rejected a defendant‘s claim to a self-defense instruction because the defendant‘s act of killing was not objectively reasonable. 2000-NMSC-003, ¶ 26. In that case, the victim pulled a knife on the defendant after the defendant told the victim to leave the premises. See id. ¶ 3. In response, the defendаnt grabbed a knife from the kitchen and inflicted twenty-one stab wounds on the victim‘s neck and head, seventeen stab wounds on the victim‘s hands and arms, and sixteen stab wounds on his torso. Id. The defendant then crushed the victim‘s skull with a rock. Id. This Court held that the number of stab wounds and the crushing of the victim‘s skull exhibited, as in this case, “conduct fueled by hatred or by rage or other strong emotion, but not by fear,” and that there was no jury issue as to whether the defendant killed in fear or acted reasonably in killing. Id. ¶ 26.
{17} Defendant‘s act of repeatedly stabbing an unarmed woman who was lying on the ground and pleading for an opportunity to talk is the kind of attack that no reasoning juror could doubt was objectively unreasonable. “The law simply does not recognize any right to аn acquittal based on a wholly unreasonable claim of a self-defense justification for taking the life of another.” Rudolfo, 2008-NMSC-036, ¶ 20; see also State v. Sutphin, 2007-NMSC-045, ¶ 24, 142 N.M. 191, 164 P.3d 72 (concluding that the defendant‘s actions were not reasonable and did not support a self-defense instruction when he beat an initial attacker to death after rendering him unconscious). “If at any point Defendant was put in fear by an
{18} In this case, as in Lopez, Rudolfo, and Jacob Gonzales, the response of the accused to any potential threat was indisputably unreasonable. Accordingly, we hold that Defendant was not entitled to a self-dеfense instruction.
B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Admission of Untimely-Noticed Psychologist‘s Testimony.
{19} Defendant was indicted on an open count of murder on May 28, 2008, and arraigned two weeks later. On May 8, 2009, just one month before trial, Defendant filed and gave the court and the prosecution notice of a trial witness list that included a previously undisclosed forensic psychologist. At the same time, the defense disclosed the expert‘s written report, dated March 2009 but based on a November 2008 evaluation of Defendant, concluding that Defendant had the capacity to form specific intent to kill. But when the State was finally able to interview the expert on June 2, 2009, nine days before trial, the expert told the prosecutor that he had changed his opinion from what was in the written report and would testify at trial that because of cultural issues and a diminished capacity to form intent to kill, Defendant was not able to commit deliberate first-degree murder. When the prosecutor asked why the expert had not disclosed this opinion in his report, the expert explained that at the time of the 2008 evaluation and report, the Defendant was claiming her son did the stabbing, so the expert did not consider Defendant‘s ability to form a specific intent to kill to be important.
{20} The day after interviewing the expert, the State moved to exclude the testimony, arguing that the defense had not filed a notice in June 2008 that it was raising the defense of incapacity to form specific intent, as would have been required by
{21} Defendant now argues that the expert was to testify about Defendant‘s ability to form deliberate intent instead of specific intent and that the fair and timely notice provisions of
{22} Accordingly, we address only Defendant‘s arguments thаt constructive notice to the prosecution constituted good cause under the rule for dispensing with the formal notice requirement, because intent is always an element of first-degree murder and because enlisting “a well-known forensic psychologist gave the State notice that Defendant‘s exact mental state would be in issue at trial.”
{23} A trial court‘s decision to admit or exclude evidence for failure to comply with notice and disclosure requirements is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Harper, 2011-NMSC-044, ¶¶ 9, 15-16, 150 N.M. 745, 266 P.3d 25 (reviewing for an abuse of discretion the district court‘s exclusion of prosecution witnesses for failure to comply with witness interview deadlinеs); McCarty v. State, 107 N.M. 651, 655, 763 P.2d 360, 364 (1988) (reviewing for an abuse of discretion the district court‘s exclusion of defense witnesses for failure to comply with alibi notice deadlines).
{24}
If the defense intends to call an expert witness on the issue of whether the defendant was incapable of forming the specific intent required as an element of the crime charged, notice of such intention shall be given at the time of arraignment or within twenty (20) days thereafter, unless upon good cause shown, the court waives the time requirement of this rule.
{25} This rule is clear. Defendant was required to notify the State of her intention to call an expert on the issue of specific intent either at the time of her arraignment or within twenty days after her arraignment. Defendant did not provide such notice until a year after her arraignment and approximately a week before trial, and then only after the State discovered a planned specific intent defense that was disclosed neither by a
{26} Defendant‘s novel contention that she should be excused from the
{27} Defendant‘s second argument of good cause for late disclosure is also an argument of constructive notice. She suggests that because she listed a forensic psychologist as a possible witness one month before trial, the State should have figured out that Defendant‘s ability to form specific intent would be the subject of the witness‘s testimony, excusing Dеfendant from filing the specific notice required by
{28} Although there is no New Mexico case addressing a constructive notice excuse for failing to comply with
{29} In Silva, the defendant argued explicit notice was not necessary under former Rule 35(a)(1)—the predecessor to
{30} Young rejected another attempt to substitute constructive notice for the requirements of the rule. 91 N.M. at 650, 579 P.2d at 182. Defense counsel argued that the state was on notice a month before trial because a report filed after a court-ordered mental examination “suggested a possible insanity defense,” and that he had good cause for the late notice because he could not contact the psychologist who issued the report until the day before trial, when he first learned of the psychologist‘s intended testimony. Id. Defense counsel did not notify the prosecution, even at that late datе, and withheld the information until after the prosecution rested its case-in-chief. Id. The court held that “[n]otice of the [insanity] defense came too late for the prosecution to prepare to meet it” and that in those circumstances “[t]here was no abuse of discretion in excluding the tendered testimony” of
{31} The record in this case indicates that two months after her June 9, 2008, arraignment, Defendant filed a motion related to her scheduled psychological examination by the forensic psychologist who later appeared on the pretrial witness list. Like the defendant in Silva, Defendant gave no explicit timely notice of her intention to raise any issuе of her capacity to form intent. As in Young, notice of the psychological defense came too late for the prosecution to prepare to meet it, despite the fact Defendant knew about the possible psychological defense well before trial but did not provide the timely notice required by
{32} “A defendant‘s right to present evidence on [her] own behalf is subject to [her] compliance with established rules of procedure and evidence designed to assure both fairness and reliability in the ascertainment of guilt and innocence.” State v. Sanders, 117 N.M. 452, 459-60, 872 P.2d 870, 877-78 (1994) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
{33} Courts should apply the extreme sanction of exclusion of a party‘s evidence sparingly. The dеcision to exclude evidence calls on judicial discretion to weigh all the circumstances, including willfulness in violating the discovery rule, the resulting prejudice to the opposing party, and the materiality of the precluded testimony. See McCarty, 107 N.M. at 655, 763 P.2d at 364. “Before resorting to preclusion, a trial judge should weigh not only the prejudicial effect of noncompliance on the immediate case, but also the necessity to enforce the rule to preserve the integrity of the trial process.” Id. McCarty found an abuse of discretion in a trial court‘s exclusion of alibi witnesses where (1) the rule violation was not willful, (2) the state was able to interview and prepare for the testimony and was nоt prejudiced by the late notice, and (3) the precluded testimony was critical to the defense‘s ability to confront and cross-examine the state‘s key witness. Id. Accordingly, this Court held that “[n]o harm is done to the integrity of the notice-of-alibi rule by prohibiting the preclusion of witness testimony as a sanction under such circumstances.” Id.; see also Harper, 2011-NMSC-044, ¶¶ 22, 25, 27-28 (reversing exclusion of the state‘s witnesses where failure to comply with discovery requirements was not willful or in bad faith and where the defendant was not prejudiced).
{34} In this case, the district court held a hearing on the State‘s motion to exclude and entered an order granting the motion. The order recited that Defendant made no attempt to comply with
C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Excluding Expert Testimony That the Victim‘s Wounds Were Not Immediately Fatal.
{35} Defendant also argues that the court abused its discretion in refusing admission of medical testimony that the victim‘s “wounds were not inevitably fatal and that no vital organ was irreparably injured” as evidence that Defendant lacked the deliberate intent to kill the viсtim. The district court granted the State‘s pretrial motion to exclude on the grounds that the medical testimony was not relevant under
{36} We review the district court‘s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. See State v. Downey, 2008-NMSC-061, ¶ 24, 145 N.M. 232, 195 P.3d 1244 (“An abuse of discretion arises when the evidentiary ruling is clearly contrary to logic and the facts and circumstances of the case.” (quoting State v. Armendariz, 2006-NMSC-036, ¶ 6, 140 N.M. 182, 141 P.3d 526)). In particular, rulings on matters of doubtful relevance under
{37} The excluded evidence had very little, if any, probative value. The victim died quickly, before police or paramedics arrived, as a result of the thirty-one stab wounds Defendant inflicted on her, piercing her lungs repeatedly from the front and the back and severing her jugular vein. The wounds were inflicted with such force that both knives were bent. The fact that the victim may have survived for a short time after Defendant‘s deadly attack sheds little, if any, light on Defendant‘s state of mind. See State v. Garcia, 114 N.M. 269, 275, 837 P.2d 862, 868 (1992) (explaining that evidence of what happened after the defendant stabbed the victim did nоt give rise to an inference as to the defendant‘s state of mind before the stabbing). Because the testimony lacked significant probative value, it was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to exclude it. See State v. Blea, 101 N.M. 323, 326, 681 P.2d 1100, 1103 (1984) (“No error occurs when the judge excludes expert testimony where the probative value of that testimony is slight.“).
{38} Even if the evidence had any slight relevance, the danger that the jury might be confused by testimony related to whether the victim could have survived the wounds in different circumstances would have outweighed its limited probative value. “Although
D. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Admission of Letters Defendant Wrote While Incarcerated.
{39} The State introduced at trial three letters Defendant wrote from jail which tended to prove that Defendant killed the victim and had no remorse for doing so. The district court accepted the evidence as admissions of a party-opponent under
{40}
{41} “The primary purpose behind the rule of completeness is to eliminate misleading or deceptive impressions created by creative excerpting.” State v. Barr, 2009-NMSC-024, ¶ 34, 146 N.M. 301, 210 P.3d 198, overruled on other grounds by State v. Tollardo, 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 37, 275 P.3d 110. The principle behind the rule of completeness is that “the whole of a [communication] must be taken together.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The classic illustration of a violation of the rule of completeness is
{42} The rule of completeness did not apply to the letters Defendant tried to admit. This is not a case in which creative excerpting of a writing leads to deceptive or misleading impressions of the actual statement. The State admitted the entirety of three letters Defendant wrote. The fact that other letters Defendant wrote were not also admitted does not distort the context of the particular letters that were admitted. If the rule functioned the way Defendant suggests, then admission of any oral or written statement of a party-opponent would automatically require the admission of all self-serving hearsay statements of the party on the same topic. Defendant cites no authority which stands for that proposition, and we know of none. In Barr, we held that allowing the state to use the rule of completeness to introduce the entirety of a hearsay videotape was an abuse of discretion where the state failed to show any contents of the previously admitted portions that it alleged were taken out of context. 2009-NMSC-024, ¶¶ 29, 37, 45; see also State v. Sanders, 117 N.M. 452, 458, 872 P.2d 870, 876 (1994) (holding that the court did not err in denying admission of the remainder of a twenty-two-page statement of the defendant on which the prosecution had cross-examined the defendant about two particular passages).
{43} Accordingly, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the rule of completeness did not require the admission of Defendant‘s other letters.
E. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Denying Defendant‘s Motion for a New Trial.
{44} After she was convicted, Defendant unsuccessfully moved for a new trial under
{45}
{46} Because nothing Defendant complains about amounted to an error at trial, the interest of justice did not require a new trial. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Defendant‘s motion for a new trial.
F. There Is No Cumulative Error Because There Was No Error.
III. CONCLUSION
{48} Finding no error, we affirm Defendant‘s conviction.
{49} IT IS SO ORDERED.
CHARLES W. DANIELS, Justice
WE CONCUR:
PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Chief Justice
PATRICIO M. SERNA, Justice
RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice
EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice
Topic Index for State v. Guerra, Docket No. 31,973
AE APPEAL AND ERROR
AE-SR Standard of Review
CL CRIMINAL LAW
CL-CF Capital Felony
CL-MU Murder
CL-SI Specific Intent
CA CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
CA-CE Cumulative Error
CA-JI Jury Instructions
CA-NO Notice
CA-NT New Trial
EV EVIDENCE
EV-DO Documentary Evidence
EV-EW Expert Witness
JD JURISDICTION
JD-SM Subject Matter
JD-SC Supreme Court
MC MENTAL COMPETENCY
MC-MI Mental Illness and Competency Statutes