State v. DickersonState v. Dickerson
Sean D. Reyes and David A. Simpson, Attorneys for Appellant
Douglas J. Thompson, Attorney for Appellee
JUDGE DIANA HAGEN authored this Opinion, in which JUDGES GREGORY K. ORME and RYAN M. HARRIS concurred.
HAGEN,
¶1 After being charged with enticement of a minor, attempted sodomy on a child, and various drug-related offenses, Timothy Lavell Dickerson moved to dismiss the charges, claiming that a law enforcement officer had entrapped him into committing the offenses. The district court denied his motion as to the drug charges but granted it as to the enticement and sodomy charges. The State now appeals. We reverse and remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
¶2 The Utah Attorney General‘s Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) task force “fight[s] the sexual exploitation of children online.” In May 2019, an ICAC special agent was using an online persona he had created to pose as a thirteen-year-old girl on various platforms. The agent explained that, because on “a lot of these platforms you have to put your age as eighteen,” he would do so and then, “once a conversation engages or starts,” he would “reveal [the girl‘s] real age” as thirteen.
¶3 When he encountered Dickerson, the special agent was using the alias “Kailey” on a dating app. The agent created a profile for
¶4 Dickerson contacted Kailey using the profile name “Lavell.” Users of the dating app could contact each other by “clicking on a person‘s page and then initiating” a “direct chat” from there. After the initial contact, the following exchange occurred:
Dickerson: O ok then wat u did today
Kailey: I went to school and moved stuff in my room
Dickerson: o ok then wat u go to school for
Kailey: I‘m in middle school
Dickerson: Girl stop
Dickerson: Stop play
Kailey: No for real
Dickerson: So is that really a pic of u
Kailey: Yeah
Dickerson: So how old r u baby
Dickerson: Hello
Dickerson: I didn‘t scare you off did it
Kailey: I‘m here
Kailey: I‘m 13
Dickerson: Forreal stop playin
Dickerson: So y it say 18 baby
Kailey: I‘m serious
Kailey: I‘m 13
Dickerson: O ok so wyd on here baby
Kailey: Looking for whatevs
Kailey: Idk really
Kailey: U?
Dickerson: O ok u smoke or drink
Dickerson: The same as u love
Dickerson: I‘m not from here and I need a friend
Kailey: I‘ve smoked before
Kailey: Oh cool
Kailey: Where u fro
Dickerson: Who u stay wit
Dickerson: Atlanta
Dickerson: Wat part u stay in
Dickerson: How long u been here
Dickerson: Hello u there
Kailey: I live in Provo with my dad
Dickerson: O ok then can u get of the house
Kailey: Yeah
Dickerson: I‘m forreal boo
Kailey: Me to
Kailey: What u wanna do
Dickerson: U ever been with a black dude
Kailey: Lol
Kailey: Never
Dickerson: U want to smoke or what boo
Dickerson: Forreal
Kailey: I‘ll smoke
The agent testified that Dickerson then “asked for my number, and I gave it to him, and it led on to text messaging.”1
¶5 Over text messages, Dickerson suggested that they meet up and smoke some marijuana and asked Kailey, “wat else can we do baby“? Kailey‘s responses were hesitant, claiming that she had “never really snuckout” before. Kailey told Dickerson she was “kinda scared” because “i dont know what u wanna do” and “ive never been with a oldr guy.” Dickerson asked, “Wats the oldest baby and I promise u on my granny I won‘t hurt or nun. . Send me the address baby.” After Kailey replied that the oldest “was 13 in my grade,” Dickerson again asked for the address.
¶6 Kailey told Dickerson that her “bff has a older boyfriend and she likes it.” Dickerson replied, “O she do huh and you will like it too baby.” He continued to press Kailey for the address. When Kailey asked, “r u gonna try stuff with me after we smoke? lol,” Dickerson asked, “Do u want me to baby“? He assured her that they could do “Wateva u want baby” and “you will like it too baby.”
Dickerson: Nervous about wat baby
Kailey: if u kiss me and do more
Dickerson: About wat
Kailey: ive only kissed like a couple boys
Dickerson: Ok u never had nobody play wit it or lick it
Kailey: never
Dickerson: Has ur friend
Dickerson: U want to try
Kailey: what?
Dickerson: Do ur friend and her boyfriend do that
Kailey: yeah
Dickerson: So wats up u want to
Kailey: what?
Dickerson: Do u want to try
Dickerson: Do u want to try
Kailey: lol. im so lost. try what
Dickerson: Lick it and play wit it
Kailey: i hpe it doesnt hurt
Dickerson: It won‘t baby I‘ll be gentle
Kailey: promise
Dickerson: I PROMISE BABY AND Do u play wit ur self some times
Kailey: tried but dont know if im doing it right
Dickerson: Well I‘ll show u Tonite baby
Dickerson: U Gon send the address baby
Kailey: youll teach me
Dickerson: Yes
Dickerson: U Gon like the way I do it and daddy going to teach u a lot
Dickerson: Baby
Dickerson: U playing
Kailey: im here babe sorry
Dickerson: So wats up baby
Kailey: so if u lick it and playwith it. will i get pregnant?
Dickerson: Hellllllllll nawwwwwwwww baby
Dickerson: Nooooooooooooooo
Dickerson: NOOOOOOOOOOOOOO u won‘t
Kailey: u sure
Dickerson: I promise
Dickerson: I promise on my dead grandmother
Kailey: so youll were a condom?
Dickerson: Do u want me to
Kailey: i dont want to get pregnant
Dickerson: And ur asking all these questions like u couldn‘t also [ask] me this face to face
Dickerson: Baby I promise u can‘t
Dickerson: I promise on my dead grand mother
Dickerson: U CAN‘T GET PREGNANT
Dickerson: I wish u would believe and give me a chance
Kailey: can you bring a condom
Kailey: i know sorry
Kailey: dont be mad please
Dickerson: Yes baby I can if u stop playin
Dickerson: I‘m not baby but I‘m tryin to show u that u can trust me
Kailey: It‘s better with a condom
Dickerson: Oooooookkkkkk
Dickerson: So wats up wasting time baby
Dickerson: I‘ll stop and get one
Kailey: Ok I‘ll sneak out
Dickerson: Ok
Dickerson: I hope u forreal and not playing
Kailey: How long will u be
Dickerson: I don‘t wanna to wait forever
Dickerson: I‘m waiting on u to send the address
Dickerson: U never sent the address
Dickerson: I been waiting on u
Dickerson: Awwwwwww u playing Kailey
Dickerson: Helllllllo
Dickerson: Hello
Kailey: Sorry babe
Kailey: I‘m getting ready
Kailey: I‘m not playing u promise
Kailey: There‘s a gas station by my house
Dickerson: U haven‘t sent no address
Dickerson: We‘re the address
Dickerson: U got me feeling like u playing
Dickerson: Ok baby
Dickerson: Y u didn‘t put on tights or a dress something easy
Kailey: It‘s cold outside babe. Lol
Dickerson: Lol not really but ok and do u kiss baby
Kailey: Yeah
Dickerson: Can I kiss u
Kailey: I hope so
Dickerson: Ok I am baby
Dickerson: Have u ever suck on it before
Kailey: Suck on what
Dickerson: Dick baby
Kailey: Oh never lol
Dickerson: O ok u watch porn
Kailey: I‘ve seen it but don‘t really watch it
Dickerson: O ok
Kailey: U still coming?
Dickerson: U want to learn
Dickerson: Hell yes I‘m close
Kailey: Yes
Dickerson: U want to learn baby
Kailey: I do
Dickerson: Ok u mine right
Kailey: Yeah I‘m yours
Dickerson: 9 mins away baby
¶9 When Dickerson arrived at the designated meeting place, the agent was “able to confirm [Dickerson‘s] identity when [he] saw him as the person that [he] had been chatting with.” Authorities arrested Dickerson. A search of his car uncovered drug paraphernalia and a “new pack of condoms.”
¶10 Dickerson was charged with three sexual offenses—one count of enticing a minor to engage in illegal sexual activity and two counts of attempted sodomy upon a child—and two drug offenses—possession of drug paraphernalia and possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. Dickerson subsequently filed a motion to dismiss under
¶11 After a hearing, the district court granted Dickerson‘s motion as to the sex offenses but denied it as to the drug counts. In its written ruling, the district court explained that although Utah had abandoned a subjective standard of entrapment and adopted an objective standard, “over time subjective reasoning crept back into” Utah‘s appellate decisions. In particular, the district court believed that it violated the objective test “to consider the impact of police inducement on the particular defendant.” Instead, the court believed it was limited to assessing “the impact of the inducement on a reasonable person under the circumstances of the particular case.”
¶12 Applying that standard, the court concluded “that the methods used by the [a]gent in this case created a substantial risk that the charged sex offenses would be committed by someone not otherwise ready to commit them.” In reaching that conclusion, the court relied “on the compounding impact of three decisions by the [a]gent—the decision to adult-certify Kailey on [the dating app], the decision to post a picture of an adult woman on Kailey‘s [dating app] profile, and the decision to first direct the text messaging toward overtly sexual topics.” Because the court concluded that Dickerson was entrapped, it dismissed the enticement and sodomy counts. The State appeals the dismissal.
ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶13 We address two issues on appeal. First, we consider Dickerson‘s contention that we lack jurisdiction over this appeal. Whether we have appellate jurisdiction “presents a question of law.” Trapnell & Assocs., LLC v. Legacy Resorts, LLC, 2020 UT 44, ¶ 29, 469 P.3d 989.
¶14 Because we conclude that we have jurisdiction, we next address the State‘s argument that the district court erred in concluding, as a matter of law, that Dickerson
ANALYSIS
I. Jurisdiction
¶15 As an initial matter, we must address whether we have jurisdiction over the State‘s appeal. After the district court dismissed the enticement and sodomy counts, the State filed both a notice of direct appeal and a petition for interlocutory appeal out of “an abundance of caution.” This court issued a sua sponte motion for summary disposition asking the parties to address whether the direct appeal should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. In response, the State initially argued that we had jurisdiction over a direct appeal under subsection (5) of the entrapment statute, see
¶16 We ultimately withdrew the motion for summary disposition, ordering that a ruling on the jurisdictional issue would be deferred pending plenary presentation and consideration of the appeal. We also directed the parties to address in their briefs whether the district court‘s order was final and appealable. That same day, we consolidated the two appeals and granted the State‘s petition to file an interlocutory appeal. We did so without first allowing Dickerson to file a response to the State‘s petition as required by rule 5(f) of the Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure.
¶17 Upon submission of its opening brief, the State conceded that this court lacked jurisdiction over its direct appeal. Dickerson then filed a motion to dismiss the appeal in its entirety, based on the State‘s concession that we lacked jurisdiction over the direct appeal and based on this court‘s failure to meet its own procedural requirements before granting the interlocutory appeal. The State responded by arguing that the procedural error in granting the interlocutory appeal without a response did not raise a jurisdictional defect but merely required the court to hold the appeal in abeyance while Dickerson was given time to respond. We denied Dickerson‘s motion to dismiss and reiterated that Dickerson could raise these issues in his initial brief and that a ruling would be “deferred pending plenary presentation and consideration of the appeal.”
¶18 In briefing and at oral argument, Dickerson again argued that the interlocutory appeal had been improperly granted. After oral argument, we issued an order acknowledging “that granting the petition for interlocutory appeal without calling for a response ran afoul of rule 5(f)” of our appellate rules, and we invited Dickerson to file a response to the State‘s petition for interlocutory appeal within fourteen days. Dickerson filed a timely response.
¶19 Having now carefully reviewed Dickerson‘s opposition to the petition for interlocutory review, we reaffirm our decision to grant the State‘s interlocutory appeal. Even if we had timely requested and considered Dickerson‘s response to the petition, we would have exercised our discretion to grant the interlocutory appeal notwithstanding his arguments in opposition. As a result, our failure to follow the procedure in rule 5(f) did not impact Dickerson‘s substantial rights. See
II. Entrapment
A. Utah‘s Entrapment Standard
¶20 We begin by addressing the legal standard for entrapment in Utah. When our legislature enacted the Utah criminal code in 1973, it adopted a statutory framework governing the assertion of an entrapment defense. See State v. Torres, 2000 UT 100, ¶ 7 n.1, 16 P.3d 1242 (noting that the statute “has not been substantially altered since its enactment in 1973“). A defendant may assert the defense by filing a written motion before trial, identifying the evidentiary foundation for the claim. See
¶21 “Only when reasonable minds could not differ can [the court] find entrapment as a matter of law.” State v. Hatchett, 2020 UT App 61, ¶ 10, 462 P.3d 1288 (cleaned up). If the court concludes, as a matter of law, “that the defendant was entrapped, it shall dismiss the case with prejudice.”
¶22 The statute also codifies the meaning of entrapment under Utah law:
Entrapment occurs when a peace officer or a person directed by or acting in cooperation with the officer induces the commission of an offense in order to obtain evidence of the commission for prosecution by methods creating a substantial risk that the offense would be committed by one not otherwise ready to commit it. Conduct merely affording a person an opportunity to commit an offense does not constitute entrapment.
¶23 The district court‘s ruling in this case appears to have been animated by its concern that “over time subjective reasoning crept back into the analysis.” As examples, the court cited cases examining whether “the crime was a result of defendant‘s own voluntary desire and intent to commit the crime,” see State v. Moore, 782 P.2d 497, 501 (Utah 1989), or whether the defendant “freely and voluntarily committed the offense,” see State v. Udell, 728 P.2d 131, 132 (Utah 1986). Under the district court‘s interpretation, courts improperly “drift into subjective reasoning” when they “begin to consider the impact of police inducement on the particular defendant, rather than the impact on a reasonable person under the defendant‘s circumstances.”
¶24 But neither the entrapment statute nor our case law uses a “reasonable person” standard. We find no support for the proposition that the applicable entrapment standard requires the court to ignore a defendant‘s demonstrated willingness to commit the crime or to limit its inquiry solely to the impact of the government‘s conduct on a hypothetical reasonable person in the defendant‘s circumstances.
Under the [subjective theory], if A, an informer makes overreaching appeals to compassion and friendship and thus moves D to sell narcotics, D has no defense if he is predisposed to narcotics peddling. Under the [objective theory,] a defense would be established because the police conduct, not D‘s predisposition, determines the issue. Under the [subjective theory], A‘s mere offer to purchase narcotics from D may give rise to the defense, provided D is not predisposed to sell. A contrary result is reached under the [objective theory]. A mere offer to buy hardly creates a serious risk of offending by the innocent.
Taylor, 599 P.2d at 503 (quoting Model Penal Code § 2.10 (Am. L. Inst., Tentative Draft No. 9, 1959)).
¶26 The subjective test consisted of “two inquiries: (1) whether there was an inducement on the part of the government; and (2) if so, whether the defendant showed any predisposition to commit the offense.” Id. at 499-500. Because the subjective test turned on the defendant‘s “general intention or predisposition to commit, whenever the opportunity should arise, crimes of the kind solicited,” it allowed the prosecution to admit evidence “to show the defendant‘s reputation, criminal activities, and prior disposition.” Id. at 501-02 (cleaned up). That evidence could be properly considered to determine whether the defendant was predisposed to commit the charged crime. If the defendant was so predisposed, entrapment was no defense, regardless of the nature of the inducement.
¶27 The entrapment statute rejects this subjective approach. Indeed, the statute expressly provides, “In any hearing before a judge or jury where the defense of entrapment is an issue, past offenses of the defendant shall not be admitted ....”
¶29 When we refer to the “subjective” or “objective” standards of entrapment in the abstract, we sometimes overlook the key difference between the two approaches—whether the defense is available to one with a criminal history demonstrating a predisposition to commit the crime. Over time, instead of articulating the standard as one focusing primarily on police conduct, the standard began to be framed as focusing solely on police conduct. Compare Salmon, 612 P.2d at 368 n.5 (“The basic difference is that the subjective test looks primarily to a defendant‘s predisposition to commit the crime, whereas the objective test looks primarily to police conduct.“), with Torres, 2000 UT 100, ¶ 8 (describing the “objective standard for entrapment cases, which focuses solely on police conduct, rather than on the defendant‘s predisposition to commit a crime“). And this court once suggested that the objective standard made irrelevant not only the “character of the suspect” and “his predisposition to commit the offense,” but also “his subjective intent.” State v. Wright, 744 P.2d 315, 318 (Utah Ct. App. 1987).
¶30 But as our supreme court has explained, entrapment operates as a defense precisely because the nature of the police conduct gives rise to “a reasonable doubt that the defendant freely and voluntarily committed the offense.” See Torres, 2000 UT 100, ¶ 8 (cleaned up). If there is “a reasonable basis in the evidence upon which jurors could find beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime was a result of [the] defendant‘s own voluntary desire and intent to commit the crime,” the defendant has not established entrapment as a matter of law. Moore, 782 P.2d at 501.
¶31 These seemingly contradictory statements have understandably led to some confusion. See, e.g., Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 7 n.2 (noting the apparent contradiction between an objective standard that “focus[es] solely on police conduct” and “the proximate instruction” that entrapment is a defense because it raises a reasonable doubt as to whether “the defendant freely and voluntarily committed the offense” (cleaned up)); Hatchett,
State v. Dickerson
2020 UT App 61, ¶ 14 n.7 (same). Here, the district court concluded that “to consider the impact of police inducement on the particular defendant” would violate the objective test. The court believed it was limited to assessing “the impact of the inducement on a reasonable person under the circumstances of the particular case.”
¶32 The standard articulated by the district court—that of “a reasonable person under the circumstances of the particular case“—is not based on the statutory language. It is similar to the “individualized objective standard” used when applying the stalking statute. See Baird v. Baird, 2014 UT 08, ¶ 26, 322 P.3d 728. But unlike the stalking statute, the entrapment statute does not direct us to assess the effect of the conduct on “a reasonable person in the [person‘s] circumstances.” Compare
¶33 But ever since Taylor, our supreme court has consistently instructed courts to look to all the circumstances surrounding the police conduct, including “‘the response to the inducements of the agent,‘” in assessing “‘what the effect of the governmental agent‘s conduct would be on a normal person.‘” Id. at 519 (quoting Taylor, 599 P.2d at 503). And both this court and our supreme court have regularly considered the impact of police inducement
¶34 Evidence of the defendant‘s demonstrated willingness or eagerness to commit the crime in question is distinguishable from the type of predisposition evidence that the entrapment statute prohibits. Under the statute‘s objective standard, the entrapment defense is available to any defendant who can show that the government‘s methods created a substantial risk of ensnaring one not otherwise ready to commit the offense, regardless of whether the defendant has a history of prior actions indicating a predisposition to commit the crime. Looking at the “impact of police inducement on the particular defendant” is not incompatible with that standard. The defendant‘s reactions to the government inducement—for example, whether the defendant hesitates when presented with an illegal opportunity and succumbs only to persistent pressure or, conversely, whether the defendant actively pursues the commission of the crime despite opportunities to withdraw—are highly relevant to the statutory question of whether the police methods created “a substantial risk that the offense would be committed by one not otherwise ready to commit it,” or whether those methods “merely afford[ed] a person an opportunity to commit an offense” that the person was “otherwise ready to commit.”
B. Application of the Objective Standard
¶35 “In assessing police conduct under the objective standard, the test to determine an unlawful entrapment is whether a law enforcement official or an agent, in order to obtain evidence of the commission of an offense, induced the defendant to commit such an offense by persuasion or inducement which would be effective to persuade an average person, other than one who was merely given the opportunity to commit the offense.” State v. Taylor, 599 P.2d 496, 503 (Utah 1979). In other words, we ask “whether the government‘s methods create a substantial risk of inducing the commission of a crime despite a person‘s lack of initiative or desire to commit it.” State v. Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 13, 462 P.3d 1283. “Only when reasonable minds could not differ can we find entrapment as a matter of law.” State v. Haltom, 2005 UT App 348, ¶ 7, 121 P.3d 42. Otherwise, it is “a question properly reserved for the jury.” State v. Gallegos, 849 P.2d 586, 588 (Utah Ct. App. 1993); see also id. at 590.
¶36 Entrapment “is a highly fact-intensive” inquiry. State v. Torres, 2000 UT 100, ¶ 8, 16 P.3d 1242. The surrounding circumstances, including “the transactions leading up to the offense, the interaction between the agent and the defendant, and the response to the inducements of the agent, are all to be considered in judging what the effect of the governmental agent‘s conduct would be on a normal person.” See Taylor, 599 P.2d at 503. Unlike the district court, we do not view this language as “a judge-made multi-factored test.”4 Rather, it merely illustrates that the entire course of conduct must be considered in assessing the effect that the government‘s methods would have on a person not otherwise ready to commit the crime. “Evidence of the setting in which the inducement took place is of course highly relevant in judging its likely effect.” State v. Cripps, 692 P.2d 747, 750 (Utah 1984) (cleaned up) (quoting Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 384-85 (1958) (Frankfurter, J., concurring)).
¶37 In the fifty years since the entrapment statute was enacted, our supreme court has held that a defendant was entrapped as a matter of law in only two types of cases. The first type of case involves “improper police conduct” in which the government agent applied “persistent pressure” or “persistently pursued” the defendant to commit the crime. Torres, 2000 UT 100, ¶ 9 (citing State v. Sprague, 680 P.2d 404, 406 (Utah 1984), and State v. Kourbelas, 621 P.2d 1238, 1240 (Utah 1980)). The second type of case involves “appeals based on sympathy, pity, or close personal friendships, or offers of inordinate sums of money.” Id. (cleaned up) (citing Taylor, 599 P.2d at 503, and State v. Kaufman, 734 P.2d 465, 468 (Utah 1987)). Neither of those impermissible methods is implicated in this case.
¶38 First, Dickerson was not subjected to persistent requests to engage in criminal conduct. We have previously recognized that “excessive pressure or goading by an undercover officer might constitute entrapment.” State v. J.D.W., 910 P.2d 1242, 1244 (Utah Ct. App. 1995). In Kourbelas, for example, the undercover agent “first suggested the purchase of marijuana from the defendant,” “renewed the contact and the request” two weeks later, and then “followed up by calling the defendant at least five times in attempting to purchase the marijuana.” 621 P.2d at 1240. Under those circumstances, our supreme court held that “there necessarily exists a reasonable doubt as to whether the offense committed was the product of the defendant‘s initiative and desire, or was induced by the persistent requests of [the undercover agent].” Id. On the other hand, in J.D.W., this court could not say that a defendant was entrapped as a matter of law where the undercover officer merely offered to sell the defendant marijuana but “did not make repeated requests or badger” the defendant to buy it. See J.D.W., 910 P.2d at 1244.
¶39 Here, the undercover agent did not harass Dickerson into committing the crime. It was Dickerson who asked for Kailey‘s phone number “so I can text u” after learning she was only thirteen years old. It was Dickerson who sent the first text saying, “Hey baby its me.” And whenever Kailey did not immediately respond to a text, Dickerson sent multiple follow-up messages, asking for reassurance that Kailey was “forreal” and not “playing” him. It was Dickerson who proposed that they meet in person—“to smoke and what else can we do baby“—and asked Kailey to send him her address. In fact, Dickerson asked Kailey for her address no less than ten times beginning at 11:51 p.m., until he finally received the address at 12:47 a.m.
¶40 A defendant is not entitled to acquittal as a matter of law under an entrapment theory where he has actively pursued the commission of the crime despite opportunities to withdraw. For example, in Torres, despite “several opportunities to back out of [a] drug deal,” the defendant‘s “willingness to commit the crime [was] illustrated by his
¶41 Over the course of the three-and-a-half-hour conversation, the agent gave Dickerson multiple opportunities to back out. When Kailey expressed reluctance, Dickerson assured her that he would be gentle, that she would like it, and that she would not get pregnant. He expressed frustration that “ur asking all these questions like u couldn‘t also [ask] me this face to face.” When she continued to hesitate, he begged her to stop “playin” and “wasting time” and to send him her address. Kailey even suggested that they meet up the next day, but Dickerson pleaded, “Awwwww baby y . . . I wanted to Tonite please.” Numerous times, the agent “offered [Dickerson] an opportunity to desist,” yet Dickerson persisted in soliciting sex from a thirteen-year-old girl “when provided with the mere opportunity to do so.” See Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶¶ 11-12.
¶42 In fact, Dickerson‘s response to the police inducement was remarkably like that of the defendant in State v. Hatchett, 2020 UT App 61, 462 P.3d 1288, a case in which this court affirmed the district court‘s denial of a pre-trial motion to dismiss based on entrapment. In Hatchett, the defendant placed an ad looking for an “18-25 year old guy to party and play with“—a reference to drug-enhanced sexual activity. Id. ¶ 2. An undercover agent, posing as “Cade,” responded with the message, “saw ur post how yung is 2 yung.” Id. ¶ 3. When Hatchett asked his age, Cade responded, “old enuff 2 no what I want, middle school but lik coke.” Id. Hatchett then asked if Cade had “a connect” (presumably to obtain cocaine), what his “stats” were, and what he was “into.” Id. Cade responded, “almost 14 m whatever.” Id. Nonetheless, Hatchett continued to communicate with Cade for several weeks, making plans to meet up when Hatchett was in town. Id. “Whenever Hatchett asked Cade what he wanted to do when they met up, Cade would respond evasively by stating that he did not know” and “never proposed specific sex acts.” Id. ¶ 4. But “it became readily apparent that Hatchett was undeterred by the fact that Cade was ‘almost 14’ years old,” and “repeatedly steered their conversation in a sexual direction.” Id. Under these facts, the district court denied the motion to dismiss, concluding that “at most, [the agent] afforded the mere opportunity to commit the offense.” Id. ¶ 8.
¶43 In affirming that ruling on appeal, this court emphasized that the agent posing as Cade “did not persistently request that Hatchett commit an illegal offense.” Id. ¶ 16. Unlike in Kourbelas, where the agent reinitiated contact with the defendant several times, see 621 P.2d at 1240, “Hatchett was subjected to no such persistent effort,” Hatchett, 2020 UT App 61, ¶ 16. “To the contrary, Hatchett aggressively pursued Cade after he was made aware of Cade‘s young age.” Id. This court concluded that “this case does not present a set of circumstances under which we can hold that reasonable minds cannot differ as to whether entrapment occurred.” Id. ¶ 19 (cleaned up).
¶44 Like the defendant in Hatchett, Dickerson aggressively pursued Kailey, not the other way around. And he did so despite knowing her age and having multiple opportunities to change course. Therefore, the facts do not present a case of “excessive pressure or goading” that would compel the conclusion that Dickerson was entrapped as a matter of law. See J.D.W., 910 P.2d at 1244.
¶45 Second, this case does not involve the kind of “personalized high-pressure tactics or appeals to extreme vulnerability” that might constitute entrapment as a matter of law. See State v. Martin, 713 P.2d 60, 62 (Utah 1986). “Extreme pleas of desperate illness or appeals
¶46 Here, the undercover agent did not develop a personal relationship with Dickerson that he then exploited. See State v. Martinez, 848 P.2d 702, 707 (Utah Ct. App. 1993) (concluding that entrapment “require[s] some exploitation of the personal relationship“). He made no appeals to Dickerson‘s sympathy or pity. Nor did he make any offer that a person not otherwise ready to commit the crime would be hard-pressed to refuse. Indeed, the agent did nothing to “induce” Dickerson‘s participation beyond posing as a thirteen-year-old girl who was willing to meet him. And instead of actively persuading or convincing Dickerson to commit the crime, Kailey was hesitant and noncommittal. It was Dickerson who pled with Kailey to meet him that night. He did so “without being badgered, pressured, coerced by pleas of sympathy or a personal relationship, or tempted with an inordinate monetary incentive.” See Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 12. “As stated in Taylor, the objective test does not prohibit the police from affording a person an opportunity to commit crime; it only prohibits active inducements on the part of the government for the purpose of luring an ‘average’ person into the commission of an offense.” State v. Salmon, 612 P.2d 366, 368 (Utah 1980).
¶47 The agent in this case did not “employ inducements that would have been, as a matter of law, sufficient to induce an ordinary person,” not otherwise inclined, to solicit sex from a thirteen-year-old. See State v. Gallegos, 849 P.2d 586, 590 (Utah Ct. App. 1993); see also Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 13 (“We do not think a person, not otherwise inclined, would be swayed to patronize a prostitute by the methods employed in this case.“). “When there is a reasonable basis in the evidence upon which jurors could believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the crime was a result of a defendant‘s own voluntary desire and intent to commit the crime, the fact that a police officer merely afforded him the opportunity to commit it, does not amount to entrapment.” Salmon, 612 P.2d at 369. Because the facts of this case are “not sure to leave all reasonable minds with a reasonable doubt as to whether [Dickerson] acted on his own inclination,” the motion to dismiss should have been denied and the entrapment defense presented to the jury. See Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 14.
C. The District Court‘s Ruling
¶48 The district court based its contrary ruling on two principal factors. It found (1) that “a reasonable person could conclude that he was chatting with an adult woman who was only pretending to be a child” because the undercover agent chose to “adult-certify Kailey” on the dating app and “post the picture of an adult woman” on Kailey‘s profile, and (2) that the agent “was the one who directed the conversation to overtly sexual topics.” Neither of these factors establishes entrapment as a matter of law.
¶49 First, the district court placed great weight on the techniques the agent used to gain access to the dating app. Specifically, the court found it significant that the agent “certified that his online persona was 18 years of age or older” and “posted the picture of an adult woman on the profile,” which the court found “appear[ed] to be at least 18 years of age, if not older.” The court found these actions to be significant because a reasonable person in Dickerson‘s circumstances “could justifiably conclude that he [was] chatting
¶50 We see multiple problems with this analysis. For starters, the entrapment defense presupposes that the defendant has committed the crime charged but was entrapped into doing so.5 If a jury finds that Dickerson believed that Kailey was “an adult woman who was pretending to be a minor and a sexual innocent,”
Dickerson would be entitled to acquittal, not because he was entrapped, but because he did not act with the requisite mental state and is therefore factually innocent of the charged crimes. See State v. Hatchett, 2020 UT App 61, ¶ 9, 462 P.3d 1288 (noting that, in returning a guilty verdict, the jury necessarily rejected both the defendant‘s entrapment defense and his claim that he believed the undercover persona “was an adult pretending to be a minor for ‘fantasy’ purposes“). And a reasonable jury could easily draw the opposite inference—that Dickerson believed Kailey was a minor who had falsely certified her age and posted an adult‘s photograph to circumvent the dating app‘s “adults only” policy. At best, this evidence “is subject to multiple interpretations.” See State v. Haltom, 2005 UT App 348, ¶ 12, 121 P.3d 42.
¶51 Additionally, the fact that the agent initially presented the undercover persona as an adult does not establish entrapment as a matter of law. The undercover agent revealed that Kailey was a minor at the outset of the conversation before any discussion of criminal activity occurred. When Kailey told Dickerson she “was in middle school,” Dickerson asked, “so how old r u baby.” Kailey said she was thirteen. When Dickerson questioned “y it say 18 baby,” Kailey replied, “I‘m serious. I‘m 13.” A jury could find that “a person not otherwise ready to commit the crime” would have immediately terminated the conversation. Instead, he asked her why she was on the dating app, if she smoked or drank, and whether she could “get out of the house.” And, after learning that he was chatting with a thirteen-year-old on a dating site, Dickerson asked Kailey for her phone number to continue the conversation by text. These facts are not “sure to leave all reasonable minds reasonably doubting whether the commission of the offense was the product of [Dickerson‘s] inclination.” See State v. Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 6, 462 P.3d 1283.
¶52 Second, the court also found it significant that the undercover agent first “directed the conversation to overtly sexual topics” when Kailey said she was “kinda scared” because she had “never been with a oldr guy.” As an initial matter, we agree with the State that this factual finding is not supported by the evidence. Dickerson was the first to use the phrase “been with” as sexual innuendo when he asked Kailey, “U ever been with a black dude.” The district court dismissed the significance of this statement in a footnote, reasoning that, “[t]aken in the context of the brief [dating app] messaging, this question was not overtly sexual.” We fail to see how Kailey‘s use of the phrase could be characterized as “direct[ing] the conversation to overtly sexual topics” while Dickerson‘s use of the same phrase was “not overtly sexual.” Moreover, the first explicit reference to a sexual act came from Dickerson when he asked Kailey, “Ok u never had nobody play wit it or lick it“? And he then promised that he would be gentle, that she would “like the way I do it and daddy going to teach you a lot.” Later, Dickerson was the first to explicitly reference a second sexual act when he asked Kailey, “Have u ever suck on it before . . . Dick baby“? Unquestionably, it was Dickerson who first explicitly proposed specific sexual acts. Cf. Hatchett, 2020 UT App 61, ¶ 8.
¶54 The district court granted Hernandez‘s motion to dismiss, “concluding as a matter of law that Hernandez was entrapped to commit the offense of patronizing a prostitute.” Id. ¶ 14. We reversed because a factfinder could have reasonably concluded, on the facts presented, that Hernandez was not entrapped. Id. ¶ 5. We compared the case to State v. J.D.W., 910 P.2d 1242 (Utah Ct. App. 1995), in which an undercover officer randomly approached two teens at a shopping mall and asked if they wanted to buy marijuana. Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 12. In both cases, “the officer merely provided the opportunity” to commit the crime. Id. ¶ 9; J.D.W., 910 P.2d at 1244. The fact that the officer “initiated contact and started the discussion about engaging in illegal activity” did not establish entrapment as a matter of law. Hernandez, 2020 UT App 58, ¶ 12.
¶55 Similarly, in this case, even accepting the district court‘s factual finding that it was the agent “who directed the conversation to overtly sexual topics,” Dickerson was not entitled to acquittal as a matter of law. “In every case of this type, the intention that the particular crime be committed originates with the police, and without their inducement, the crime would not have occurred. Yet it is perfectly clear that where the police merely furnish an opportunity for the commission of the crime, this is insufficient for the defendant to escape conviction.” State v. Taylor, 599 P.2d 496, 501 (Utah 1979).
¶56 The statutory question is whether the agent in this case used “methods creating a substantial risk that the offense would be committed by one not otherwise ready to commit it.”
State v. Dickerson
¶57 The factors identified by the district court—the initial use of an adult profile and photograph and “the decision to first direct the text messaging toward overtly sexual topics“—do not compel a conclusion that Dickerson was entrapped. “Rather than an issue that could be settled as a matter of law, [Dickerson] presented the trial court with evidence that could have supported [his] entrapment defense, but that also could have been interpreted as insignificant.” See Haltom, 2005 UT App 348, ¶ 12. “[B]ecause reasonable minds easily could differ on the question of entrapment as a matter of law in this case,” see id., Dickerson‘s motion should have been denied and his defense submitted to the jury.
CONCLUSION
¶58 We reverse the district court‘s dismissal of the enticement of a minor and attempted sodomy on a child charges and remand for trial or other proceedings consistent with this opinion.