STATE OF OHIO, Plaintiff-Appellee, vs. BRYAN L. BRADFORD, Defendant-Appellant.
Case No. 20CA1109
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT ADAMS COUNTY
9-14-20
[Cite as State v. Bradford, 2020-Ohio-4563.]
ABELE, J.
DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
Brian T. Goldberg, Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellant.1
David Kelley, Adams County Prosecuting Attorney, and Kris D. Blanton, Adams Assistant County Prosecuting Attorney, West Union, Ohio, for appellee.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from an Adams County Common Pleas Court judgment of conviction and sentence. Bryan L. Bradford, defendant below and appellant herein, assigns the following errors for review:
FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT’S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS BY ENTERING JUDGEMENT [SIC] OF CONVICTION AFTER A TRIAL AT WHICH APPELLANT RECEIVED INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL FOR HIS DEFENSE.”
SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF LAW AND/OR AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE TO SUSTAIN MR. BRADFORD’S CONVICTION.”
{¶ 2} On November 25, 2019, Adams County Sheriff’s Office deputies visited Arlene Abbott’s home after they received information that John Johnson, an individual with a felony-arrest warrant, was at the residence. After entering the residence, the officers encountered appellant. The officers then searched the residence and found, not only Johnson, but also a weapon inside a closet in one of the rooms. Inside the same room as the weapon, officers found various items that contained appellant’s name: two prescription pill bottles, legal documents, and a state identification card.
{¶ 3} An Adams County Grand Jury returned an indictment that charged appellant with one count of possessing a weapon while under a disability, in violation of
{¶ 4} On February 13 and 14, 2020, the trial court held a jury trial. Before the trial began, appellant’s counsel stipulated to appellant’s prior conviction and that the court could disclose to the jury the allegations contained in the indictment. The court noted on the record that appellant signed a stipulation that he has “a prior conviction in this court for felonious assault.” Furthermore, appellant stated on the record that he entered into the stipulation “knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily.”
{¶ 5} At trial, Adams County Sheriff’s Detective Sam Purdin testified that on November 25, 2019, he encountered Arlene Abbott and appellant’s sister, Buffy, in a grocery store parking lot. Purdin explained that he discussed John Johnson’s whereabouts with Abbott and Buffy, and
{¶ 6} Detective Purdin also related that Buffy advised the officers that appellant was at Abbott’s house. Buffy cautioned the officers that appellant had been using “meth” and “was very paranoid.” Purdin also testified that Buffy informed the officers that appellant would think that the officers were at the house to arrest him. Purdin asked Buffy whether appellant had any weapons, and she responded that appellant had “several weapons.”
{¶ 7} Detective Purdin testified that when officers arrived at Abbott’s house, they used a loudspeaker to announce their presence. When no one responded, Purdin walked toward the residence. As Purdin did so, appellant yelled from a window and asked why the officers were on the premises. Purdin informed appellant that Abbott had given the officers permission to enter the residence and appellant appeared to be “very agitated.”
{¶ 8} Detective Purdin related that, once the officers entered Abbott’s home, they secured appellant and began to search the residence for Johnson. During the search, officers discovered a semi-automatic rifle in a closet in one of the bedrooms. Purdin explained that appellant was in this particular bedroom when Purdin started to walk toward the front door.
{¶ 9} Detective Purdin further testified that officers discovered additional items in the bedroom: (1) two prescription pill bottles that contained appellant’s name; (2) appellant’s South Carolina identification card; (3) a briefcase with legal documents that contained appellant’s name; (4) “a lot of men’s clothing”; and (5) a “guitar.”
{¶ 11} Sergeant Newland also related that Abbott gave the officers permission to enter the home to arrest Johnson, so long as the officers did not damage the home. Newland stated that Abbott also advised the officers to knock first to see if Johnson would answer the door. According to Newland, Abbott stated that if Johnson did not answer the door, then officers could enter and arrest Johnson. Newland testified that after officers entered Abbott’s residence and searched for Johnson, Newland did not believe that appellant had personal belongings in any room except the room where the officers discovered the weapon.
{¶ 12} Sergeant Newland also explained that the day after the officers searched Abbott’s residence, he attempted to obtain a statement from Abbott but she refused to provide a recorded statement. Newland testified that Abbott did, however, inform him that the room that contained the weapon belonged to appellant. Abbott further claimed, however, that she owned the weapon. Newland later learned that Abbott had also purchased the weapon.
{¶ 13} Appellant called Abbott in his defense and Abbott denied that she gave the officers permission to search her residence. Although Abbott agreed that appellant had been staying at her house, she did not agree that appellant had been staying in the room where the officers located the weapon. Instead, Abbott explained that the room with the weapon is her office. Abbott also testified that she owned the weapon, that she placed the weapon in the closet, that no one else touched the weapon, and no one else had permission to touch the weapon.
I
{¶ 15} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that trial counsel did not provide effective assistance of counsel. In particular, appellant contends that trial counsel performed ineffectively (1) by failing to file a motion to suppress, and (2) by failing to object to statements that appellant had a prior felonious assault conviction.
A
{¶ 16} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution provide that defendants in all criminal proceedings shall have the assistance of counsel for their defense. The United States Supreme Court has generally interpreted this provision to mean a criminal defendant is entitled to the “reasonably effective assistance” of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); accord Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 272, 134 S.Ct. 1081, 188 L.Ed.2d 1 (2014) (explaining that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel means “that defendants are entitled to be represented by an attorney who meets at least a minimal standard of competence”).
{¶ 17} To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show (1) that his counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense and deprived the defendant of a fair trial. E.g., Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; State v. Myers, 154 Ohio St.3d 405, 2018-Ohio-1903, 114 N.E.3d 1138, ¶ 183; State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865, ¶ 85. “Failure to establish either element is fatal to the claim.” State v. Jones, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 06CA3116, 2008-Ohio-968, ¶ 14.
1
{¶ 18} The deficient performance part of an ineffectiveness claim “is necessarily linked to the practice and expectations of the legal community: ‘The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 366, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 (2010), quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; accord Hinton, 571 U.S. at 273. Prevailing professional norms dictate that “a lawyer must have ‘full authority to manage the conduct of the trial.’” State v. Pasqualone, 121 Ohio St.3d 186, 2009-Ohio-315, 903 N.E.2d 270, ¶ 24, quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 418, 108 S.Ct. 646, 98 L.Ed.2d 798 (1988).
{¶ 19} Furthermore, “‘[i]n any case presenting an ineffectiveness claim, “the performance inquiry must be whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.’” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 273, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. Accordingly, “[i]n order to show deficient performance, the defendant must prove that counsel’s performance fell below an objective level of reasonable representation.” State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St.3d 412, 2006-Ohio-2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 95 (citations omitted).
{¶ 20} Moreover, when considering whether trial counsel’s representation amounts to deficient performance, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Thus, “the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
2
{¶ 21} To establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that a reasonable probability exists that “‘but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine the outcome.’” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 275, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; e.g., State v. Short, 129 Ohio St.3d 360, 2011-Ohio-3641, 952 N.E.2d 1121, ¶ 113; State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraph three of the syllabus; accord State v. Spaulding, 151 Ohio St.3d 378, 2016-Ohio-8126, 89 N.E.3d 554, ¶ 91 (indicating that prejudice component requires a “but for” analysis). “‘[T]he question is whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.’” Hinton, 571 U.S. at 275, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Furthermore, courts ordinarily may not simply presume the existence of prejudice but, instead, must require the defendant to affirmatively establish prejudice. State v. Clark, 4th Dist. Pike No. 02CA684, 2003-Ohio-1707, ¶ 22; State v. Tucker, 4th Dist. Ross No. 01CA2592 (Apr. 2, 2002); see generally Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 483, 120 S.Ct. 1029,
{¶ 22} In the case at bar, we do not believe that appellant satisfied his burden to show that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence uncovered after the search of Abbott’s home, or by failing to object to statements that appellant has a prior felonious assault conviction.
B
{¶ 23} Appellant first contends that trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress the evidence uncovered at Abbott’s residence constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. Appellant argues that officers lacked a constitutionally justified reason to enter the residence without a warrant. Appellant further asserts that whether Abbott gave officers permission to enter her house to search for Johnson is disputed, and if counsel had filed a motion to suppress, the trial court would have held a hearing to resolve disputed factual issues and “could have found that Mr. Johnson did not reside at the subject residence,” or that “Ms. Abbot did not consent to the entry into her residence.”
{¶ 25} In the case sub judice, after our review we do not believe that appellant has met his burden to show that trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress evidence constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. Appellant does not point to any specific rationale to show that
{¶ 26} Therefore, we reject appellant’s argument that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence discovered during the search of Abbott’s residence.
C
{¶ 27} Appellant next asserts that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to object to statements that he has a prior felonious assault conviction. Appellant recognizes that counsel stipulated that appellant has a prior felonious assault conviction, but contends that counsel should have stipulated only that appellant was under a disability, or that appellant has a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction. Appellant further asserts that (1) counsel should have objected when the prosecutor mentioned, during opening statement and closing argument, that appellant has a prior felonious assault conviction, (2) counsel should have objected when the trial court instructed the jury that one of the elements of an
{¶ 28} We first point out that appellant’s argument fails under the invited-error doctrine. The invited-error doctrine precludes a litigant from “‘tak[ing] advantage of an error which [the litigant] invited or induced.’” State v. Ford, 158 Ohio St.3d 139, 2019-Ohio-4539, 140 N.E.3d 616, ¶ 279, quoting Hal Artz Lincoln-Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., Lincoln-Mercury Div., 28 Ohio St.3d 20, 502 N.E.2d 590 (1986), paragraph one of the syllabus. The doctrine generally applies “‘when a party has asked the court to take some action later claimed to be erroneous, or affirmatively consented to a procedure the trial judge proposed.’” Id., quoting State v. Campbell, 90 Ohio St.3d 320, 324, 738 N.E.2d 1178 (2000). In the criminal context, the doctrine prevents a defendant from making “‘an affirmative, apparently strategic decision at trial and then complain[ing] on appeal that the result of that decision constitutes reversible error.’” State v. Doss, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 84433, 2005-Ohio-775, 2005 WL 433531, ¶ 7, quoting United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1290 (11th Cir.2003); accord State v. Brunner, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 18CA3848, 2019-Ohio-3410, 2019 WL 4010289, ¶ 15.
{¶ 29} In the case at bar, before the trial began appellant affirmatively stated on the record that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily agreed that he had a prior felonious assault conviction. Indeed, appellant explicitly agreed that the court could read the language contained in the indictment that referred to his prior felonious assault conviction. Under these
{¶ 30} Assuming, arguendo, that appellant did not invite any error, we do not believe that appellant has shown that trial counsel performed ineffectively by failing to object to evidence regarding appellant’s prior felonious assault conviction. We fully recognize that “[t]he existence of a prior offense is such an inflammatory fact that ordinarily it should not be revealed to the jury unless specifically permitted under statute or rule.” State v. Allen, 29 Ohio St.3d 53, 55, 506 N.E.2d 199 (1987). Nevertheless, “[w]hen a prior conviction is an element of the charged offense, it may be admitted into evidence for the purpose of proving that element.” State v. Halsell, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24464, 2009-Ohio-4166, 2009 WL 2517137, ¶ 13.
{¶ 31}
{¶ 32} A stipulation that a defendant has a prior felony-offense-of-violence conviction “relieve[s] the state of its burden of proving the prior conviction element of the weapons-under-disability charge.” State v. McLaughlin, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2019-02-002, 2020-Ohio-969, 2020 WL 1244797, ¶ 56. It does not, however, mean “that the jury must remain ignorant of that prior conviction.” State v. Varner, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-0089, 2020-Ohio-1329, 2020 WL 1685338, ¶ 44, citing State v. Nadock, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2009-L-042, 2010-Ohio-1161, 2010 WL 1058356, ¶ 30. The effect of a prior-conviction stipulation is not to remove the prior
{¶ 33} In the case sub judice, even if we assume for purposes of argument that trial counsel’s failure to object to statements that appellant had a prior felonious assault conviction was arguably professionally unreasonable, appellant cannot show a reasonable likelihood exists that the result of his trial would have been different had counsel lodged an objection. If trial counsel had successfully objected or prevented any mention of appellant’s prior felonious assault conviction,
{¶ 34} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s first assignment of error.
II
{¶ 35} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that the state did not present sufficient evidence to support his conviction and that his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant contends that the evidence fails to show that he possessed the weapon that the officers discovered in the closet. Although appellant recognizes that officers discovered the weapon in the closet of a room that contained appellant’s personal items and that the officers observed appellant standing inside this same room, appellant nevertheless claims that the state failed to produce any evidence to show that appellant touched the weapon, or that he knew of the weapon located inside the closet. Thus, appellant contends that the state did not present sufficient evidence that he possessed the weapon and his conviction is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶ 36} We initially observe that “sufficiency” and “manifest weight” present two distinct legal concepts. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012–Ohio–2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 23
{¶ 37} Thus, when reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, an appellate court must construe the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. E.g., State v. Hill, 75 Ohio St.3d 195, 205, 661 N.E.2d 1068 (1996); State v. Grant, 67 Ohio St.3d 465, 477, 620 N.E.2d 50 (1993). A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion that the trier of fact did. State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 162, 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001); State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 484, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001).
“‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. * * *
If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’”
Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978). Thus, an appellate court will leave the issues of weight and credibility of the evidence to the fact finder, as long as a rational basis exists in the record for its decision. State v. Picklesimer, 4th Dist. Pickaway No. 11CA9, 2012-Ohio-1282, ¶ 24; accord State v. Howard, 4th Dist. Ross No. 07CA2948, 2007-Ohio-6331, ¶ 6 (“We will not intercede as long as the trier of fact has some factual and rational basis for its determination of credibility and weight.”).
{¶ 39} Accordingly, if the prosecution presented substantial credible evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the offense had been established, the judgment of conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence. E.g., Eley. Accord Eastley at ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th ed.1990) (explaining that a judgment is not against the manifest weight of the evidence when “‘“the greater amount of credible evidence”’” supports it). A court may reverse a judgment of conviction only if it appears that the fact-finder, when it resolved the conflicts in evidence, “‘clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983); accord McKelton at ¶ 328. A reviewing court should find a conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d
{¶ 40} We also observe that when an appellate court concludes that the weight of the evidence supports a defendant’s conviction, this conclusion necessarily includes a finding that sufficient evidence supports the conviction. E.g., State v. Waller, 4th Dist. Adams No. 17CA1044, 2018-Ohio-2014, 2018 WL 2376483, ¶ 30. Thus, a determination that the weight of the evidence supports a conviction is also dispositive of the issue of sufficiency. Id.
{¶ 41} After, our review in the case sub judice, we believe that the prosecution presented substantial credible evidence upon which the trier of fact reasonably could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the essential elements of the weapons-under-disability offense had been established.
{¶ 42}
(A) Unless relieved from disability under operation of law or legal process, no person shall knowingly acquire, have, carry, or use any firearm or dangerous ordnance, if any of the following apply:
* * * *
(2) The person is under indictment for or has been convicted of any felony offense of violence or has been adjudicated a delinquent child for the commission of an offense that, if committed by an adult, would have been a felony offense of violence.
Here, appellant contends that the evidence fails to support a finding that he “had” a firearm. We do not agree. “In order to ‘have’ a firearm within the meaning of
{¶ 43} In the case sub judice, we do not believe that the jury created a manifest miscarriage of justice and clearly lost its way when it determined that appellant had a weapon. Although the state did not present direct evidence that appellant had the weapon in his actual possession when the officers discovered the weapon, the state relied upon circumstantial evidence to show that appellant constructively possessed the weapon by having dominion and control over it. Detective Purdin testified that he observed appellant in the same bedroom that contained the weapon immediately before the officers gained entry to the residence. Inside the room with the weapon, officers discovered several items that contained appellant’s name: (1) two prescription pill bottles; (2) documents; and (3) a state identification card. Additionally, officers noted that the room contained men’s clothing. These discoveries led officers to believe that appellant had been storing his belongings in the bedroom with the weapon. Furthermore, officers testified that Abbott told them that the bedroom belonged to appellant. Also, appellant’s sister informed the officers that appellant had “several” weapons. Although we recognize that Abbott testified for the defense at trial and conflicts in the evidence exist, the jury had the opportunity to hear all of
{¶ 44} Consequently, after we consider all of the circumstances, we cannot conclude that the jury clearly lost its way. See generally State v. Lam, 2nd Dist. No. 26428, 2015-Ohio-4293, 46 N.E.3d 138, 2015 WL 6110238, (concluding that evidence established possession element when state presented evidence that bedroom belonged to the defendant).
{¶ 45} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s second assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs herein taxed.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Adams County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the expiration of the sixty day period.
The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Smith, P.J. & Hess, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion
For the Court
BY: ____________________________
Peter B. Abele, Judge
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.