STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DASHUN SHACKLEFORD
No. E2020-01712-SC-R11-CD
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE AT NASHVILLE
July 14, 2023
December 6, 2022 Session Heard at Johnson City1; Aрpeal by Permission from the Court of Criminal Appeals; Criminal Court for Knox County; No. 109937 Steven Wayne Sword, Judge
Tenn. R. App. P. 11 Appeal by Permission; Judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeals Reversed. Judgments of the Trial Court Affirmed.
ROGER A. PAGE, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which SHARON G. LEE, JEFFREY S. BIVINS, HOLLY KIRBY, and SARAH K. CAMPBELL, JJ., joined.
Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Andree Sophia Blumstein, Solicitor General; Andrew C. Coulam, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Edwin Alan Groves, Jr., Assistant Attorney General; Charme P. Allen, District Attorney General; and Ta Kisha Fitzgerald and Philip H. Morton, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellant, State of Tennessee.
Clinton E. Frazier, Maryville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Dashun Shackleford.
OPINION
I. Facts & Procedural Background
This case arises from the aggravated robbery of four individuals that took place in the Mechanicsville neighborhood of Knoxville, which was known to be controlled by the Crips street gang. Dashun Shackleford (“Defendant“) and Jalon Copeland robbed four teenagers at gunpoint while they were playing basketball at a neighborhood court. That night, the police were notified of the offenses. The following day, one of the teenagers saw the same car driven by the perpetrators parked in front of a house on his street. He notified police, and Defendant and Mr. Copeland were arrested. Defendant‘s subsequent indictment contained twenty counts: four alternative counts each of aggravated robbery against four victims and four corresponding counts of criminal gang offense enhancement.
Defendant‘s trial began in June 2018. The first phase of the trial focused on Defendant‘s guilt. The jury found Defendant guilty on all counts.2 The second phase of the trial, which concerned the gang-enhancement counts, is the focus of the present appeal. The following facts are a summary of the testimony presentеd by three members of the Knoxville Police Department (“KPD“) during the gang-enhancement phase.
Detective Thomas Walker testified as an expert in the field of criminal gang identification. He works for the Knox County Sheriff‘s Office gang intelligence unit and has been a member of the Tennessee Gang Investigators Association (“TGIA“) since 1999. Detective Walker testified that Defendant and Mr. Copeland admitted to being members of the Crips, specifically the Rollin’ 90s subset in Chattanooga. Detective Walker explained that Defendant listed himself on social media as a “Neighborhood Crip,” a term that encompasses all Crip subsets. Detective Walker described the history of the Crips. The Crips are a criminal gang that originated in Los Angeles in the 1970s. Over the years, individual neighborhoods divided into hundreds of subsets that control specific territories. These subsets migrated across the United States, but they “still fall under the Crip umbrella” and cooperate with one another to varying degrees. The Rollin’ 90s Crips originated in and are still active in Los Angeles.
Police also identified Defendant as a Crip based on a two-prong assessment developed by statute and the TGIA to determine whether a person is a member of a gang.3 Points are assigned based on criteria associated with gang involvement, and individuals are considered gang members if they accumulate ten or more points. Defendant accumulated more than the requisite number of points by admitting to being a gang member, posing for pictures on social media, “throwing gang-specific hand signs and wearing gang-specific colors,” associating and posing with known gang members in Chattanooga,4 and having a felony criminal history. The second prong of the assessment was fulfilled because he was confirmed as a member of the Crips by the Chattanooga Police Department‘s (“CPD“) gang unit.
Defendant and Mr. Copeland were both confirmed members of the Crips. Thus, the State sought to enhance Defendant‘s alleged crimes under Tennessee‘s gang-enhancement
Dashun Shackleford . . . was a criminal gang member pursuant to T.C.A. 40-35-121(a)(2) at the time of the commission of the criminal gang offense . . . and is therefore subject to enhanced punishment pursuant to T.C.A. 40-35-121(b). The State does hereby speсify, charge and give notice to Dashun Shackleford . . . [of] its intent to seek enhanced punishment pursuant to T.C.A. 40-35-121(b) and T.C.A. 40-35-121(g) and 40-35-121(h)(1)(A). At the time of the . . . underlying criminal gang offense Dashun Shackleford . . . knowingly was a criminal gang member of the Crips, pursuant to T.C.A. 40-35-121(a)(2). The members of the criminal gang, Crips, have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity in that the Crips have prior convictions for the commission of at least two or more criminal gang offenses classified as felonies which occurred on separate occasions and within five (5) years of each other, as follows: 1. On November 3rd, 2011 . . . Adrian H. Thomas, a member of the Crips, was convicted of possession with intent to sell cocaine more than .5 grams in the criminal court for Knox County, Tennessee . . .
The indictment continues on to list the convictions of fifteen other “member[s] of the Crips”6 for crimes committed in Knox County and one committed in neighboring Union County. The fifteen other Crips members listed in the indictment belonged to the 52 Hoover
Over the years, the various subsets have had conflict with each other, but despite questioning during cross-examination, Detective Walker never mentioned an existing rivalry between the Rollin’ 90s Crips and the Hoover Crips in East Tennessee. He believed the two subsets actually “got along pretty well.” Detective Walker agreed that “even if they are different Crip sets, they‘re still Crips.” He also noted that there are “eight different Crip sets in Knoxville” that “cooperate when . . . it benefits them and their gang.” In Chattanooga, there are also multiple Crip sets. When asked if the Hoovers get along with the Rollin’ 90s, Detective Walker specified that Defendant “obviously . . . got along with [the 52 Hoovers] pretty well up here, or he wouldn‘t be ablе to stay in the area.”
KPD narcotics investigator Jacob Wilson, who patrolled the Mechanicsville neighborhood for a large part of his career, testified that he was familiar with the house where Defendant was arrested. He stated that he had seen a rise in activity at the house “particularly since the . . . incident.” Since the incident, police had been “dispatched either to that residence or in the immediate area” several times. He also stated that the house was known to temporarily house gang members, “particularly Crips, from the Chattanooga arеa.” Investigator Wilson testified that he “noticed an uptick in known Crip gang members . . . from the Chattanooga area in the Mechanicsville area and in particular [the house where Defendant was arrested].” CPD Sergeant Josh May testified that they “are seeing a proliferation of [their] gang members coming up [to Knoxville], . . . a lot of different sets.”
Notably, Detective Walker first testified that each of the individuals listed in the indictment were members of the Crips. In Defendant‘s cross-examination of Detective Walker, Defendant inquired about the subsets of the individuals listed in the indictment, and then confirmed that Defendant was from a different subset. Detective Walker noted that all of the Crips listed in the indictment associate in Mechanicsville, where the crime took place. Defendant did not further develop this testimony and did not further raise the subset issue before the trial court.
Defendant conceded that aggravated robbery was an enumerated criminal gang offense and that he was a criminal gang member at the time of the offenses. The jury found that Defendant was a criminal gang member at the time of the offense, that he committed a criminal gang offense, and that he committed the offense at the direction of, in association with, or for the benefit of his criminal gang or a member of the gang. Accordingly, the trial court applied the gang enhancement, elevating the Class B aggravated robberies to Class A felonies, merged the sixteen convictions into four, and ordered Defendant to serve concurrent twenty-year sentences for each count at eighty-five percent.
The trial court denied Defendant‘s motion for new trial. On appeal, he argued that the trial court erred by failing to dismiss the gang-enhancement counts because the statute violаtes the constitutional rights of due process and expressive association. He also argued that the trial court erred by affirming the convictions for gang enhancement because the proof was insufficient to support those verdicts. The Court of Criminal Appeals agreed, albeit for different reasons. State v. Shackleford, No. E2020-01712-CCA-R3-CD, 2022 WL 818833, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. March 18, 2022). The intermediate court concluded that there was a fatal variance between the indictment and the proof at trial, preventing the State from sufficiently proving the gang-enhancement counts. Shackleford, 2022 WL 818833, at *11.
This Court granted the State‘s ensuing appliсation for permission to appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
As explained above, this appeal reaches us in the context of a review for sufficiency of the evidence. To determine whether the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction, an appellate court asks “whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (first citing Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); and then citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “In making this determination, we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the evidenсe as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom.” State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997)). We do not reweigh the evidence, State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000), because questions regarding witness credibility, the weight to be given the evidence, and factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the jury, as the trier of fact, Majors, 318 S.W.3d at 857. This Court applies the same standard of review “whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.” Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). “The jury decides the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence, and ‘[t]he inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and incоnsistent with innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.‘” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457 (1958)), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Miller, 638 S.W.3d 136 (Tenn. 2021). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial court, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the prosecution‘s theory.” Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659 (citing State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973)). “Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the criminal defendant bears the burden on appeal of showing that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict.” Hanson, 279 S.W.3d at 275 (citing State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992)).
Our review of this case also requires this Court to engage in statutory construction—namely, what must the State allege in an indictment when seeking a criminal gang enhancement under
A. Gang-Enhancement Statute
The crux of the criminal gang-enhancement statute is contained in
(b) A criminal gang offense committed by a defendant shall be punished one (1) classification higher than the classification established by the specific statute creating the offense committed if:
(1) The defendant was a criminal gang member at the timе of the offense; and
(2) The criminal gang offense was committed at the direction of, in association with, or for the benefit of the defendant‘s criminal gang or a member of the defendant‘s criminal gang.
Subsection (g) of the statute further provides a notice requirement for the benefit of a criminal defendant when the State seeks to enhance his or her sentence. It provides:
(g) If the defendant is charged with a criminal gang offense and the district attorney general intends to seek enhancement of the punishment . . ., the indictment, in a separate count, shall specify, charge and givе notice of the subsection under which enhancement is alleged applicable and of the required prior convictions constituting the gang‘s pattern of criminal gang activity.
Id.
Also relevant to this appeal, subsection (a) of the statute provides definitions to the important terms used above:
(a) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) “Criminal gang” means a formal or informal ongoing organization, association or group consisting of three (3) or more persons that has:
(A) As one (1) of its primary activities, the commission of criminal gang offenses;
(B) Two (2) or more members who, individually or collectively, engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity;
(2) “Criminal gang member” is a person who is a member of a criminal gang, as defined in subdivision (a)(1), who meets two (2) or more of the following criteria:
(A) Admits to criminal gang involvement;
. . .
(D) Resides in or frequents a particular criminal gang‘s area, adopts their style or dress, their use of hand signs or their tattoos and associates with known criminal gang members;
. . . or
(G) Is identified as a criminal gang member by physical evidence such as photographs or other documentation;
. . .
(4)(A) “Pattern of criminal gang activity” means prior convictions for the cоmmission or attempted commission of, facilitation of, solicitation of, or conspiracy to commit:
(i) Two (2) or more criminal gang offenses that are classified as felonies; or
(ii) Three (3) or more criminal gang offenses that are classified as misdemeanors; or
(iii) One (1) or more criminal gang offenses that are classified as felonies and two (2) or more criminal gang offenses that are classified as misdemeanors; and
(iv) The criminal gang offenses are committed on separate occasions; and
(v) The criminal gang offenses are committed within a five-year pеriod[.]
Id. at
Aggravated robbery is an enumerated criminal gang offense. Id. at
Before the Court of Criminal Appeals, Defendant argued the State had not shown sufficient proof to support his gang-enhancement charges. State v. Shackleford, No. E2020-01712-CCA-R3-CD, 2022 WL 818833, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 18, 2022). The Court
On appeal before this Court, the State argues that the statute does not require the indictment to specify the gang subset to establish a pattern of criminal gang activity. It argues that the sеttled case law already gives defendants the opportunity to seek a bill of particulars if they want more information about the indictment. Thus, the indictment is not required to allege granular details. See State v. Smith, 492 S.W.3d 224, 239–40 (Tenn. 2016) (“Indictments are reviewed from an ‘enlightened standpoint of common sense and right reason rather than from the narrow standpoint of petty preciosity, pettifogging, technicality or hairsplitting fault finding.‘“). Defendant, on the other hand, agrees with the Court of Criminal Appeals that the State did not provide adequate notice of the enhancement.
Thus, we are left to answer the questiоn: Under the statute, is the State required to specify in the indictment a criminal defendant‘s gang subset or that the defendant is in the same gang subset as the individuals whose criminal activity establishes the gang‘s “pattern of criminal gang activity“?
When engaging in statutory interpretation, “well-defined precepts” apply. State v. Frazier, 558 S.W.3d 145, 152 (Tenn. 2018) (quoting Tenn. Dep‘t of Corr. v. Pressley, 528 S.W.3d 506, 512 (Tenn. 2017)); State v. Howard, 504 S.W.3d 260, 269 (Tenn. 2016) (quoting State v. McNack, 356 S.W.3d 906, 908 (Tenn. 2011)). “The most basic principle of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the legislative intent without unduly restricting or expanding a statute‘s coverage beyond its intended scope.” Howard, 504 S.W.3d at 269 (quoting Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995)); see Carter v. Bell, 279 S.W.3d 560, 564 (Tenn. 2009) (citing State v. Sherman, 266 S.W.3d 395, 401 (Tenn. 2008)). In construing statutes, Tennessee law provides that courts are to avoid a
We look to “the language of the statute, its subject matter, the object and reach of the statute, the wrong or evil which it seeks to remedy or prevent, and the purpose sought to be accomplished in its enactment.” Spires v. Simpson, 539 S.W.3d 134, 143 (Tenn. 2017) (quoting State v. Collins, 166 S.W.3d 721, 726 (Tenn. 2005)). Courts seek a reasonable interpretation “in light of the purposes, objectives, and spirit of the statute based on good sound reasoning.” Beard v. Branson, 528 S.W.3d 487, 496 (Tenn. 2017) (quoting Scott v. Ashland Healthcare Ctr., Inc., 49 S.W.3d 281, 286 (Tenn. 2001)). The words in a statute “must be given their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in which they appear аnd in light of the statute‘s general purpose.” Coffee Cnty. Bd. of Educ. v. City of Tullahoma, 574 S.W.3d 832, 839 (Tenn. 2019) (quoting Mills v. Fulmarque, Inc., 360 S.W.3d 362, 368 (Tenn. 2012)).
The purpose of subsection (g) is to put the criminal defendant on notice that the State is seeking to enhance his sentence based on membership in the listed gang. See
When we look to the defined terms “criminal gang member” and “criminal gang” in subsection (a) of the statute, the definitions are admittedly rather circular. Even so, the fact remains that the legislature defined “criminal gang,” in particular, quite broadly. The language requires that “[t]wo (2) or more members . . . have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity.” Id.
The State complied with subsection (g)‘s requirement that the indictment include “the required prior convictions constituting the gang‘s pattern of criminal gang activity” by alleging prior convictions from fifteen differеnt gang members identified therein as Crips. Defendant was free to argue and present proof to the jury that he and the criminals listed in the indictment are in unrelated gangs that happen to share a name. Whether Defendant meets the criteria of a gang member and is in a criminal gang are questions for a properly-instructed jury.
We therefore conclude that the State met the statutory requirements of section 40-35-121. The Court of Criminal Appeals erred in concluding otherwise.
B. Variance
We next consider the State‘s second issue—whether Defendant forfeited plenary review of the variance issue when he did not raise it at trial or on appeal.
A variance involves a “variation[] between an indictment and the evidence presented at trial.” State v. Mayes, 854 S.W.2d 638, 640 (Tenn. 1993). For a variance to be held fatal, “it must be deemed to be material and prejudicial.” State v. Moss, 662 S.W.2d 590, 592 (Tenn. 1984). A variance “is not material where the allegations and proof substantially correspond.” Id. A variance is not prejudicial:
(1) if the indictment sufficiently informs the defendant of the charges against him so that he may prepare his defense and not be misled or surprised at trial, and (2) if the variance is not such that it will present a danger that the defendant may be prosecuted a second time for the same offense; all other variances must be considered to be harmless error.
Id.
The Court of Criminal Appeals determined that the State failed to “sufficiently prove[] the gang enhancement counts based on the fatal variance between the indictment and the proof presented during the gang enhancement phase of trial.” Shackleford, 2022 WL 818833, at *10. But see State v. Weilacker, No. M2016-00546-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 6210857, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 8, 2017), perm. app. granted (Tenn. May 21, 2018).7 Both the State and Defendant agree that the variance issue was not properly preserved in the trial court or the Court of Criminal Appeals. So the parties agree that thе Court of Criminal Appeals should have reviewed the issue, if at all, under the plain error standard. Indeed, the State argued in its brief to this Court that the “Court of Criminal Appeals . . . erred by deciding the issue sua sponte under plenary review.”
Moreover, in our view, the indictment and evidence substantially corresponded to one another, and there is no proof in the record indicating that Defendant was misled or surprised at trial. Consequently, even assuming there was some form of variance, it cannot be said that any perceived variance in this case was material or prejudicial. Therefore, we conclude that the intermediate court erred in holding that a “fatal variance [existed] between the indictment and the proof presented during the gang enhancement phase of trial,” Shackleford, 2022 WL 818833, at *10, and we need not address whether such an issue may be waived by a criminal defendant.
Having addressed the issues raised in the parties’ briefs, a remand to the Court of Criminal Appeals is not warranted and the trial court‘s judgments are reinstated. See Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 333–35 (Tenn. 2012) (“Subject to the exceptions in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b), issues are properly raised on appeal to this Court when they have been . . . presented in the manner prescribed by Tenn. R. App. P. 27. . . . [Appellees] may present additional issues of their own seeking relief on grounds different than the grounds relied on by the appellant.“); Tenn. R. App. P. 27(b).
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the State met its statutory burden under
ROGER A. PAGE, CHIEF JUSTICE
Notes
(2) The defendant was a leader in the commission of an offense involving two [] or more criminal actors; . . . (13) At the time the felony was committed, . . . the defendant [was] . . . (C) Released on probation; . . . (16) The defendant was adjudicated to have committed a delinquent act or acts as a juvenile that would constitute a felony if committed by an adult.