Thе STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v. Esgardo Javier NEVAREZ, Appellant.
No. 2 CA-CR 2013-0065.
Court of Appeals of Arizona, Division 2.
May 30, 2014.
329 P.3d 233
Disposition
¶ 15 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court‘s award of attorney fees to Munger Chadwick but otherwise affirm the judgment. Both parties’ requests for attorney fees on appeal are denied.
Isаbel G. Garcia, Pima County Legal Defender by Alex Heveri, Assistant Legal Defender, Tucson, Counsel for Appellant.
Judge ESPINOSA authored the opinion of the Court, in which Presiding Judge KELLY and Judge ECKERSTROM concurred.
OPINION
ESPINOSA, Judge.
¶ 1 In early 2011, Esgardo Nevarez was charged with two counts of aggravated driving under the influence of an intoxicant (DUI). Prior to trial, he moved to suppress the evidence against him, arguing it was obtained as the result of an unlawful stop. He also moved to dismiss the charges or suppress evidence on grounds that police officers had interfered with his right to counsel and to gather exculpatory evidence. Both motions were denied and, following a bench trial at which he stipulated to the facts underlying both charges, Nevarez was convicted and sentenced to concurrent, mitigated prison terms, the longest of which was 2.5
Factual and Procedural Background
¶ 2 We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the challenged conviction. See, e.g., State v. Sarullo, 219 Ariz. 431, ¶ 2, 199 P.3d 686, 688 (App.2008). In January 2011, around 1:00 a.m., Tucson Police Department Officer K. Wilson pulled over a vehicle driven by Nevarez after being unable to see a license plate on the car. As Wilson walked up to the vehicle, he saw a temporary registration tag on the back window. After transmitting the information on the tag over the radio he approached the vehicle‘s occupants. While doing so, Wilson observed beer containers in the front and backseat. When he asked Nevarez for identification, he noticed that Nevarez‘s speech was “very incoherent” and he appeared to have difficulty understanding the officer‘s request. Wilson then performed a records check, which revealed Nevarez‘s license had been suspended and revoked.
¶ 3 Nevarez was arrested for DUI and taken to the police station, where a telephonic search warrant to perform a blood draw was obtained. When advised of the blood draw, Nevarez stated he wanted an attorney to “read [him] the warrant.” An officer told him “it was not going to happen” but said he would be given an opportunity to speak with an attorney later. Police drew a blood sample, and subsequent testing revealed a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) greater than .08. After initially invoking his right to an independent blood draw, Nevarez “more or less . . . said ‘I‘ll take care of it later; let‘s just get this done.‘”
¶ 4 As noted above, Nevarez filed an unsuccessful motion to suppress “any evidence acquired as a result of the illegal seizure” and dismiss the case based on his claim that the investigatory stop of his vehicle was without reasonablе suspicion. The trial court also denied a second motion to dismiss or suppress, premised on alleged violations of the right to counsel and right to exculpatory evidence in the form of an independent blood draw. After Nevarez unsuccessfully petitioned this court for special action relief, he moved the trial court to reconsider its ruling on the investigatory stop. That motion was denied, and Nevarez was convicted аnd sentenced as outlined above. We have jurisdiction over his appeal pursuant to
Discussion
Investigatory Stop
¶ 5 Nevarez first argues the trial court erred in failing to suppress all evidence gathered as a result of the traffic stop, which included the results of the BAC test and Officer Wilson‘s observations regarding his impairment. He claims the stop was invalid because Wilson “failed to look at the back window of the vehicle for a temporary registration onсe he saw there was no plate where a plate should be displayed.” See
¶ 6 The state does not disputе that a temporary registration was properly affixed to the rear window of Nevarez‘s vehicle, but argues Officer Wilson‘s initial conclusion concerning the absence of a visible license was a “good faith mistake of fact” that supports a finding of reasonable suspicion. Citing Wilson‘s testimony that he did not see the temporary registration tag until he approached Nevarez‘s vehicle on foot, the state contends that continued investigation of the vehicle was authorized because “[a] stop does not end . . . until an officer hands back documentation and/or issues a warning or citation.” We review the trial court‘s ruling on this issue for an abuse of discretion, deferring to factual findings but reviewing de novo the ultimate legal question—whether police had a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. See State v. Rogers, 186 Ariz. 508, 510, 924 P.2d 1027, 1029 (1996).
¶ 7 Under the
¶ 8 Uncontroverted testimony at the suppression hearing established that the temporary registration posted on Nevarez‘s car was not initially visible to Officer Wilson. As the trial court noted, “it was not until after he had exited his vehicle, walked closer to [Nevarez‘s] vehicle, and had lights shining towards the rear of the vehicle” that he saw the temporary registration. The court also reviewed photographs of Nevarez‘s vehicle showing the position and size of the temporary registration. Based on this evidence, we find no error in the court‘s determination that Wilson had a reasonable basis for suspecting Nevarez had violated the license plate statutes.1 See
¶ 9 We next consider whether, as Nevarez claims, “[t]he trial court erred in failing to suppress all evidence” based on a finding that “the basis for the stop . . . dissipated” when the arresting officer observed the temporary registration. An investigatory stop cannot last “longer than is necessary to effectuate the purрose of the stop.” State v. Sweeney, 224 Ariz. 107, ¶ 17, 227 P.3d 868, 873 (App.2010), quoting Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500, 103 S.Ct. 1319, 75 L.Ed.2d 229 (1983). Once the purpose of the stop has been accomplished, the officer must let the driver continue on his way “unless (1) the encounter between the driver and the officer becomes consensual, or (2) during the encounter, the officer develops a reasonable and articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.” Id. In determining whether the scope of an investigatory stop is reasonаble, we give “‘careful consideration [to] the totality of the circumstances.‘” State v. Boteo-Flores, 230 Ariz. 105, ¶ 14, 280 P.3d 1239, 1242 (2012), quoting Royer, 460 U.S. at 500.
¶ 10 Officer Wilson testified he did not see Nevarez‘s temporary registration until he was at a point “[c]lose to the back of [the] trunk.” While still in the vicinity of the trunk, Wilson transmitted the temporary registration number over the radio “[t]o identify the driver of the vehicle and identify that the registration is, in fact, valid.” As the officer approached the car window, he observed “a number of beer . . . bottles or cans scattered throughout the backseat,” an “unopened beer in the center console,” and “some additional empty beer cans or bottles up front.” Upon speaking with Nevarez, Wilson noticed several physical signs of intoxication, including “red, watery eyes” and “incoherent” speech. Based on this evidence, the trial court determined the brief detention of Nevarez did not violate his rights under the
¶ 11 Although it appears there are no reported Arizona decisions featuring analogous facts,2 we find United States v. Jen-kins, 452 F.3d 207 (2d Cir.2006), instructive here. In Jenkins, police stopped a car that appeared to lack a rear license plate. Id. at 209. Upon approaching the car, one of the officers noticed a temporary plate “but did not focus on it because he was concentrating his attention on the occupants of the [vehicle].” Id. As the officers approached the driver‘s and passenger‘s side windows, they detected the odor of marijuana. Id. They proceeded to investigate the occupants, two of whom eventually were charged with unlawful possession of firearms. Id. at 209-10. In upholding the search of the vehicle, the court stated, “when police officers stop a vehicle on a reasonable, albeit erroneous, basis and then realize their mistake, they do not violate the
¶ 12 Here, as in Jenkins, 452 F.3d at 209, Officer Wilson‘s basis for the stop dissipated when, upon drawing closer to the vehicle‘s rear window, he observed a temporary registration from a location where he was lawfully entitled to be. However, the investigation was not concluded, for purposes of the
Right to Counsel
¶ 13 Nevarez also contests the denial of his motion to dismiss based on alleged interference with his right to counsel, challenging the trial court‘s findings that his request for counsel was either ambiguous or, in the alternative, an attempt to interfere with the police officers’ criminal investigation. Citing the standard enunciatеd by our supreme court in Kunzler v. Pima Cnty. Superior Court, 154 Ariz. 568, 569, 744 P.2d 669, 670 (1987), he argues the state failed to establish that his request for counsel would have hindered the ongoing investigation of his crimes.3 The state, in turn, cites evidence presented at the hearing and argues the court‘s findings were legally correct. We defer to the trial court‘s factual findings but review legal questions de novo. See State v. May, 210 Ariz. 452, ¶ 4, 112 P.3d 39, 41 (App.2005).
¶ 14
¶ 15 Nevarez did not request counsel after being placed under arrest and read his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), nor did he ask for an attorney upon arrival at the police station. However, after the arresting officer read the search warrant for the blood draw aloud to him in response to Nevarez‘s statement that he was “both illiterate and dyslexic,” Nevarez stated, “I want my attorney to read me the warrant.” One of the officers told him “he was being provided a copy and he could [have it read to him by counsel] at a later time.” Nevаrez did not claim to have made any subsequent requests for an attorney, and, as noted, the trial court found his statement constituted an ambiguous request for counsel.
¶ 16 On this record, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in so ruling. Nevarez‘s request was similar to the one analyzed in State v. Uraine, where the defendant had unsuccessfully moved to suppress statements made after he told officers he wanted to see his attorney before taking a breath test. 157 Ariz. at 21, 754 P.2d at 350. We upheld the admission of the evidence, finding that “appellant‘s limited invocation of the right to counsel did not operate as a request for counsel for all purposes.” Id. at 22, 754 P.2d at 351, citing Connecticut v. Barrett, 479 U.S. 523, 107 S.Ct. 828, 93 L.Ed.2d 920 (1987) (oral statements improperly suppressed where defendant asked to consult counsel before making written statement); see also Bruni v. Lewis, 847 F.2d 561, 564 (9th Cir.1988) (finding partial waiver where defendant stated he would not answer questions “without my attorney” but would “answer those I see fit“); Stumes v. Solem, 752 F.2d 317, 320-21 (8th Cir.1985) (no general invocation of right to counsel where defendant refused to agree to polygraph test without talking to counsel).
¶ 17 Here, Nevarez‘s request for assistance was expressly confined to a reading of the warrant. Cf. State v. Keyonnie, 181 Ariz. 485, 485-87, 892 P.2d 205, 205-07 (App.1995) (right to counsel violated where defendant stated, “Lawyer present today, right now“); Kunzler, 154 Ariz. at 569, 744 P.2d at 670 (where defendant initially requested that he be allowed to call an attorney, violation to deny consultation if no interfеrence with ongoing investigation). After officers explained that Nevarez would be provided a copy of the warrant that his attorney could read to him at another time, he made no further requests for attorney assistance.
¶ 18 The trial court was not required to “disregard . . . the ordinary meaning” of Nevarez‘s statement in order to conclude he had “invoked his right to counsel for all purposes.” Barrett, 479 U.S. at 529-30. And any violation of his claimed right to have a search warrant read aloud by counsel—a right for which he cites no authority—would not warrant suppression here because Nevarez has never disputed the validity of the warrant and therefore cannot demonstrate the requisite nexus between the violation of the right and the evidence obtained. See State v. Rumsey, 225 Ariz. 374, ¶ 16, 238 P.3d 642, 647-48 (App.2010) (violation of right to counsel does not automatically warrant suppression in DUI case). Accordingly, we find no error in the denial of Nevarez‘s motion to dismiss or suppress based on a violation of his right to counsel.5
¶ 19 In a related claim, Nevarez contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss or suppress based on a claim that police interfered with his right to gather exculpatory evidence in the form of an independent blood draw. He relies on a blood draw report, introduced at the suppression hearing, that states, “Yes[,] please” in the area of the form where responses to the independent test notification are recorded. Nevarez also challenges the reliability of testimony concerning his subsequent withdrawal of that request, citing a decision in which the supreme court discussed the prudence of tape-recorded interrogations. See State v. Jones, 203 Ariz. 1, ¶ 18, 49 P.3d 273, 279 (2002). The state argues the court‘s finding was correct because the evidence that Nevarez withdrew his request for an indеpendent blood draw was undisputed. As with the other claims raised by Nevarez on appeal, we defer to factual findings but review de novo any legal determinations. See State v. May, 210 Ariz. 452, ¶ 4, 112 P.3d 39, 41 (App.2005).
¶ 20 As the state acknowledges, a DUI suspect has a due process right to gather independent evidence of sobriety while it still exists. See State v. Rosengren, 199 Ariz. 112, ¶ 12, 14 P.3d 303, 308 (App.2000); see also McNutt v. Superior Court, 133 Ariz. 7, n. 2, 648 P.2d 122, 125 n. 2 (1982). Accordingly, the state “may not unreasonably interfere with an accused‘s reasonable attempts to secure, at his own expense, a blood or other scientific test fоr the purpose of attempting to establish evidence of his sobriety at or near the crucial time under consideration.” Smith v. Cada, 114 Ariz. 510, 514, 562 P.2d 390, 394 (App.1977). The arrangement of such a test is the defendant‘s responsibility, however, and any difficulties he encounters in attempting to obtain a blood test must have been created by the state in order to find unreasonable interference. Van Herreweghe v. Burke, 201 Ariz. 387, ¶ 10, 36 P.3d 65, 68 (App.2001).
¶ 21 The evidence at the suppression hearing established that Nevarez initially rеquested an independent blood draw when he was informed of his rights. But he subsequently declined, telling the arresting officer that he would “take care of it later.” Nevarez did not offer any testimony at the hearing, and on the basis of this “uncontroverted” evidence that he had “change[d] his mind,” the trial court found the right had been waived.
¶ 22 Contrary to Nevarez‘s argument on appeal, that he initially invoked his right to an independent blood draw does not undermine thе evidence that he ultimately waived that right. Although the blood draw report itself documents only his initial invocation, both the arresting officer and the officer who performed the blood draw testified they had recorded Nevarez‘s subsequent waiver in their narrative reports of the incident. The trial court was in the best position to evaluate these witnesses’ credibility, and we see no reason to disturb its determination. See, e.g., State v. Olquin, 216 Ariz. 250, ¶ 10, 165 P.3d 228, 230 (App.2007).
¶ 23 Nevarez also contеnds the arresting officer interfered with his right to an independent draw by failing to inform him “he would be booked into jail and held past the time that obtaining an independent draw would be meaningful.” But this argument mischaracterizes the law on unreasonable interference. In Van Herreweghe, we rejected a similar claim on grounds that a defendant‘s “lack of knowledge is not a barrier erected by the State in the defendant‘s path to independent testing.” 201 Ariz. 387, ¶ 10, 36 P.3d at 68.
¶ 24 Nevarez‘s claim that the state‘s evidence of waiver should have been rejected because “waivers that are not taped are inherently suspicious,” is similarly unavailing. Although our supreme court stated in Jones
Criminal Restitution Order
¶ 25 Finally, we address an issue that was neither raised below nor briefed on appeal. Specifically, at the time of sentencing, the trial court entered an order imposing multiple fees and assessments and reducing “all fines, fees, assessments and/or restitution” to a criminal restitution order (CRO). The imposition of such an order prior to the expiration of Nevarez‘s sentence “‘constitutes an illegal sentence, which is necessarily fundamental, reversible error.‘” State v. Lopez, 231 Ariz. 561, ¶ 2, 298 P.3d 909, 910 (App.2013), quoting State v. Lewandowski, 220 Ariz. 531, ¶ 15, 207 P.3d 784, 789 (App.2009).6 Accordingly, the CRO cannot stand.
Disposition
¶ 26 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Nevarez‘s convictions and sentences for aggravated DUI but vacate thе portion of the trial court‘s order containing an unauthorized CRO.