Stapley v. State of California Through Its Franchise Tax BoarStapley v. State of California Through Its Franchise Tax Boar
MEMORANDUM DECISION ON FRANCHISE TAX BOARD‘S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
The following constitutes the Memorandum Decision of the Court. Signed: October 29, 2019
Roger L. Efremsky
U.S. Bankruptcy Judge
I. Introduction
Plaintiffs’ complaint in this adversary proceeding states two claims for relief against the Franchise Tax Board (the “FTB“). The first claim is based on
Before the court is the FTB‘s motion for summary judgment. The motion has been fully briefed and argued. Below are the court‘s reasons for granting it. The court finds that plaintiffs — not S&N — owe the tax debt to the FTB and the penalties plaintiffs owe on that tax debt were not discharged.
II. Legal Standard
A. Jurisdiction
The court has jurisdiction here pursuant to
B. Summary Judgment Standard
Under
A genuine issue of material fact is one that could reasonably be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party, and which could affect the outcome of the suit. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all justifiable inferences in its favor. Id. at 255.
If the nonmoving party‘s version of the facts, as a matter of law, does not entitle it to relief, that is, “[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
III. Factual Background
Unless otherwise noted in the following discussion, the facts are undisputed.
A. The SC2 Transaction
In 2001, plaintiffs retained the public accounting firm KPMG, LLP for tax planning
The SC2 transaction involved the following steps: Plaintiffs formed S&N as a Subchapter S corporation. S&N issued 36,240 voting shares and 326,160 nonvoting shares to plaintiff Stephen Stapley. S&N also issued a warrant to Stephen Stapley giving him the right to purchase 3,261,600 shares of nonvoting stock (the “Warrant“). The Warrant recites that its exercise price is $0.80 per share which had been determined by an independent appraisal to represent 92.036% of the fair market value of each share of nonvoting common stock on June 4, 2001. Stapley Dec., Ex. 2, ¶(c). Plaintiffs then “donated” the nonvoting shares to a tax-exempt entity known as the City of Los Angeles Safety Members Pension Plan (“LAPF“). S&N and LAPF also entered into a Redemption Agreement pursuant to which, inter alia, S&N agreed to remain an S corporation and LAPF agreed to sell back to S&N the 326,160 donated shares at an agreed time and S&N agreed to pay the fair market value on the date the stock was presented for redemption.2
Through this structure, plaintiffs ostensibly owned ten percent of S&N and were allocated ten percent of its pass-through income. LAPF owned ninety percent of S&N, but because it was a tax-exempt entity, it paid no tax on the ninety percent of the income allocated to it. The Warrant served to ensure that LAPF would cooperate with S&N when it sought to redeem the shares LAPF held.
As part of the transaction, plaintiffs obtained a valuation of S&N in order to take a charitable contribution deduction of $283,000 in tax years 2001 and 2002 for the donation of the 326,160 shares to LAPF. Porter Dec. Ex. B, p. 16. The valuation obtained by plaintiffs set the S&N share value at $0.87 and the exercise price of the Warrant at $0.80. Porter Dec. Ex. B, p. 37-38.
Plaintiffs also took deductions for the costs of setting up the SC2 transaction. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 37.
At all relevant times, S&N filed its federal and state tax returns as an S corporation and plaintiffs’ tax returns for tax years 2001-2004 relied on the positions taken in their SC2 transaction. This is the basis for the FTB‘s position that plaintiffs underpaid income tax for the four tax years in issue.
B. The IRS Examines Plaintiffs SC2 Transaction
In 2002, the IRS offered taxpayers who had participated in an SC2 transaction a chance to obtain a waiver of certain federal penalties if the taxpayer voluntarily disclosed the taxpayer‘s participation in the SC2 transaction. See Announcement 2002-2, I.R.B. 304. Plaintiffs apparently took advantage of this. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 24.
In April 2004, the IRS issued Notice 2004-30 in which it formally took the position that the SC2 transaction was a “listed
C. The IRS Examination Report
At some point after April 2004, the IRS examined plaintiffs’ and S&N‘s tax returns for tax years 2001-2004. In November 2006, the IRS sent plaintiffs its Examination Report for the tax years in question. Porter Dec., Ex B. The IRS identified five issues it had examined. The first issue was whether plaintiffs’ transfer of the S&N stock to LAPF in the SC2 transaction would be disregarded for federal tax purposes such that plaintiffs would be treated as if there had been no transfer to the tax-exempt party. The second issue was whether the capital structure created in plaintiffs’ SC2 transaction violated the single class of stock requirement for S corporations. The remaining issues were whether the fees and costs plaintiffs had paid were deductible, whether the charitable contribution deduction was proper, and whether plaintiffs were liable for an accuracy-related penalty due to engaging in the SC2 transaction.
As to the first issue, the IRS concluded that plaintiffs’ transfer of the S&N stock to LAPF in their SC2 transaction should be disregarded under various judicial doctrines including the Substance Over Form Doctrine, the Economic Substance Doctrine, the Business Purpose Doctrine, and the Step Transaction Doctrine.
In its discussion of the Substance Over Form Doctrine, the IRS stated that it was axiomatic that the substance of a transaction, rather than its form, governed for federal tax treatment, citing Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465 (1935); Frank Lyon Co. U.S., 435 U.S. 561 (1978); Rice‘s Toyota World, Inc. v. Comm‘r, 752 F.2d 89 (4th Cir. 1985). To determine whether the true substance of a transaction differs from its form entails an analysis of the facts. Here, the IRS stated that even though the individual pieces of the SC2 transaction literally complied with the Tax Code, it was an “abusive transaction” that produced results other than what the Tax Code and regulations intended. It was a “sham” transaction undertaken solely for the purpose of tax reduction and had no economic or commercial objective. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 25-27. Accordingly, the transaction was without effect for federal income tax purposes.
In its discussion of the Economic Substance Doctrine, the IRS stated that a transaction must have economic substance separate and distinct from the economic benefit achieved solely from tax reduction, citing U.S. v. Wexler, 31 F.3d 117, 122 (3rd Cir. 1994); Yosha v. Comm‘r, 861 F.2d 494 (7th Cir. 1988); Goldstein v. Comm‘r, 364 F.2d 734 (2d Cir. 1966). Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 29-30.
Here, the IRS concluded that plaintiffs were the true owners of all of S&N and LAPF merely appeared to be a shareholder during the time the S&N shares were “parked” with it. The facts relied on by the IRS included the following: (1) S&N was not going to make any distribution to LAPF other than under the Redemption Agreement, i.e., LAPF would only receive the amounts it was paid to extend the time period for redemption which was ultimately $151,300; (2) LAPF did not possess any meaningful benefits or burdens of stock ownership because it was not impacted by
In addition, plaintiff Mr. Stapley had admitted to the IRS that his goal in entering into the SC2 transaction was to “defer taxes” and to “retain earnings” and the donation to LAPF was a “by-product” of these goals. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 30. The IRS also pointed out that plaintiffs had paid $550,000 to KPMG to set up the SC2 transaction and these costs far outweighed any “possible nontax purpose.” Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 30.
Under its analysis of the Business Purpose Doctrine, the IRS said Mr. Stapley claimed the nontax business purpose of the transaction was to provide a way to build up the internal working capital needs of S&N. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 32. The IRS concluded that this stated nontax business purpose and the means chosen to accomplish it failed the business purpose test. It stated the “restructuring of the S corporation and the issuance and purported transfer of the nonvoting stock has no nontax purpose.” The IRS here cited Cherin v. Comm‘r, 89 T.C. 986 (1987); ACM Partnership v. Comm‘r, 157 F.3d 231 (3rd Cir. 1998); Yosha v. Comm‘r, 861 F.2d 494 (7th Cir. 1988). Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 32.
The IRS also discussed the Step Transaction Doctrine, characterizing it as an application of the Substance Over Form Doctrine. This test allows the IRS to treat formally separate steps as one transaction for tax purposes if the steps are part of a single scheme or plan intended at the outset to achieve a specific result, citing King Enterprises, Inc. v. U.S., 418 F.2d 511 (Ct. Cl. 1969); Andantech v. Comm‘r, T.C. Memo 2002-97. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 34. Applying this test, the IRS concluded that the transfer of nonvoting shares to LAPF would be disregarded. At the end of the transaction, LAPF was to be paid cash and so had acted as an accommodation party in an abusive tax shelter. As such, plaintiffs’ charitable deduction would not be allowed, plaintiffs would be treated as the owner of the nonvoting stock and their
deductions for the legal fees, professional expenses, and payments to LAPF would be disallowed. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 34.
As to the second issue, the IRS analyzed whether S&N‘s capital structure created a second class of stock in violation of
The IRS concluded that the Warrant would be treated as substantially certain to
Warrant. The IRS asserted that the strike price was not at least 90 percent of the fair market value of the underlying stock (i.e., the Warrant stock) because the appraisal done for plaintiffs by KPMG in 2001 had valued only the 362,400 outstanding shares of voting and nonvoting stock rather than these outstanding shares plus the 3,261,600 shares that would be issued if the Warrant were exercised. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 36-39.
Under
As to the remaining issues, the IRS concluded that there was no charitable intent in the transfer of stock to LAPF so the charitable deduction should be disallowed. It also concluded that
the promoter‘s fees, accounting fees, legal fees, and redemption payments were not deductible under
D. The IRS Issues its Notices of Deficiency
In April 2008, the IRS issued Notices of Deficiency for tax years 2001-2004. The Notices stated plaintiffs owed approximately $4 million for these four tax years based on the conclusions reached in its Examination Report. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 22-37.3
E. Plaintiffs File Bankruptcy
In August 2009, plaintiffs filed their Chapter 7 case. The court takes judicial notice of the following from the docket and the claims register: (1) the IRS filed a proof of claim stating it had a $394,547 secured claim for tax years 2001 and 2002 and a $5,422,764 unsecured claim of for tax years 2002-2004 all of which had been assessed on September 15, 2008; (2) LAPF also filed a proof of claim for $472,072 based on the failure to fully pay the $840,000 agreed upon redemption price for the S&N stock; and (3) plaintiffs received their discharge in December 2009 and the case was closed. According to plaintiffs, their debt to the IRS was discharged in their Chapter 7 case.
The IRS reported its audit conclusions to the FTB as required by
The FTB followed the IRS‘s reassessment of plaintiffs’ tax liabilities to the extent the federal determinations matched California tax law. Allair Dec., Ex. C, p. 2. The FTB assessed a noneconomic substance transaction penalty (the “NEST Penalty“) under
The FTB also assessed an interest-based penalty under
shelter.5 Allair Dec., Ex. C, p. 16-18. The FTB advised plaintiffs that it planned to issue Notices of Proposed Assessment for tax years 2001-2004.
G. The FTB Issues Notices of Proposed Assessments
As it had indicated at the conclusion of its audit in September 2010, in October 2010, the FTB issued a Notice of Proposed Assessment for each tax year. Allair Dec., Ex. D.
H. Plaintiffs’ Protest with the FTB
Plaintiffs timely filed their protest with the FTB (the “Protest Letter“). Allair Dec., Ex. E. Plaintiffs acknowledged that they had participated in the SC2 transaction and acknowledged that the IRS had sent Notices of Deficiency in April 2008. Allair Dec., Ex. E, p. 3.
In response to the argument that the transfer of nonvoting shares to LAPF was a sham, plaintiffs asserted that the transfer to LAPF was a legitimate transaction with economic substance and the judicial doctrines of relied on by the IRS were not applicable. As such, they claimed their allocation of income to LAPF was
correct. Allair Dec., Ex. E, p. 7-8. In response to the IRS‘s alternative position that the Warrant created a second class of stock, plaintiffs argued that the Warrant did not create a second class of stock because the Warrant was not substantially certain to be exercised. Allair Dec., Ex. E, p. 5.
Plaintiffs also argued that they were entitled to a charitable contribution deduction and a business expense deduction for the SC2 transaction and the penalties were not appropriate or should be abated. Allair Dec., Ex. E, p. 8-20.
The Protest Letter concluded by requesting a hearing a stay of collection
I. The FTB‘s Protest Determination
In May 2017, the FTB held a hearing on plaintiffs’ protest. In November 2017, the FTB issued its Protest Determination Letter. Allair Dec., Ex. F. The FTB repeated its conclusion that the SC2 transaction was unequivocally identified as an abusive tax avoidance transaction in IRS Notice 2004-30 and it lacked economic substance and a business purpose. As such, S&N‘s income was properly allocated to plaintiffs, not LAPF. Allair Dec., Ex. F, p.
3. The FTB agreed with the IRS‘s use of judicial doctrines to reallocate income from LAPF to plaintiffs. This meant the second class of stock issue was irrelevant. In short, the FTB concluded that plaintiffs had failed to carry their burden of proof to show that the SC2 transaction had economic substance, that the IRS was wrong, and the FTB should not follow the IRS. Allair Dec., Ex. F, p. 11.
Between the time of their 2010 Protest Letter and their 2017 hearing before the FTB, plaintiffs apparently changed their position on whether the Warrant created a second class of stock. In their 2010 Protest Letter, they strenuously argued that it did not. In 2017, they argued that the Warrant did create a second class of stock such that S&N‘s status as an S corporation terminated in 2001 and therefore S&N was the taxpayer that FTB should be looking to for payment. Allair Dec., Ex. F, p. 9.
The FTB rejected this argument for several reasons. First, there had been no final determination on this issue in the District Court case plaintiffs referred to in their Protest Letter. Second, pursuant to
the Warrant issue after the statute of limitations had run. Herrington v. Comm‘r, 854 F.2d 755, 757 (5th Cir. 1988) (describing a form of estoppel, listing elements as a representation by the taxpayer, on which taxing authority has relied, and an attempt by the taxpayer after the statute of limitations has run to change the previous representation or to recharacterize it in such a way as to harm the government). Allair Dec., Ex. F, p. 10.7
The FTB also determined that the NEST penalty was discharged in plaintiffs’ chapter 7 case, but the IB Penalty was not discharged.
J. The FTB Issues Notices of Action
On February 20, 2018, the FTB issued a Notice of Action for each tax year in issue. Allair Dec., Ex. G. These Notices provided
IV. Discussion
A. The FTB‘s Summary Judgment Argument
The FTB asserts that there are no triable issues of fact as to two issues. First, the FTB asks the court to determine that the amounts it assessed for tax, penalties, and interest for tax years 2001-2004 is correct. The FTB points out that plaintiffs have not challenged these calculations. Second, the FTB asks the court to determine that plaintiffs owe this tax debt and the discharge entered in plaintiffs’ 2009 Chapter 7 case did not discharge these tax liabilities, the accrued interest, or the IB Penalties.
B. Plaintiffs’ Summary Judgment Argument
Plaintiffs contend there are triable issues of fact concerning whether they had a nontax business purpose for entering into the SC2 transaction. For this, they offer the declaration of plaintiff Stephen Stapley regarding his ostensible motive for engaging in the SC2 transaction.
Plaintiffs also contend that there are triable issues of fact concerning whether the Warrant constituted a second class of stock. For this, they offer the declaration of an expert opining that the Warrant was “deep in the money” and “substantially certain to be exercised” when it was issued despite KPMG‘s contrary assurances and plaintiffs’ own previous arguments to the IRS and the FTB. Finally, plaintiffs contend the IB Penalty sought by the FTB was discharged in their 2009 Chapter 7 case.
C. Burden of Proof for Tax Proceedings
Plaintiffs had the burden of proof in their response to the IRS‘s audit and in their protest with the FTB. In the context of litigation with the IRS, the IRS‘s determination that a transaction is a sham is presumptively correct, and taxpayers have the burden of producing evidence to rebut a deficiency determination and the burden of persuasion to substantiate their deductions. Casebeer v. C.I.R., 909 F.2d 1360, 1362, n. 7 (9th Cir. 1990); Valley Title Co. v. C.I.R., 559 F.2d 1139, 1141 (9th Cir. 1977). The court recognizes that plaintiffs did not pursue litigation with the IRS and that the initial presumption in favor of the IRS is a procedural device. Nonetheless, in 2004, the IRS notified all taxpayers that all SC2 transactions were shams. The record in this case, including the IRS proof of claim itself, shows that plaintiffs failed to convince the IRS otherwise as to their income tax returns by which they avoided responsibility for ninety percent of S&N‘s income in reliance on their SC2 transaction.
The FTB‘s determinations are also presumed to be correct and a taxpayer has the burden of proving such determinations are erroneous.
the absence of credible, uncontradicted, competent, and relevant evidence showing that the determinations are incorrect, such determinations must be upheld). Plaintiffs had every opportunity to convince the FTB that its conclusions, based on in large part on the federal determinations, were erroneous.
D. The Economic Substance Doctrine
As a general matter, transactions that are shams, or without economic substance, will not be recognized under the Internal Revenue Code or the
In Frank Lyon Co. v. U.S., 435 U.S. 561 (1978) the Supreme Court explained the factors that guide the court‘s analysis regarding when it is appropriate to disregard the form of a transaction. The question is whether “there is a genuine multiple-party transaction with economic substance which is compelled or encouraged by business or regulatory realities, is imbued with tax-independent considerations, and is not shaped solely by tax-avoidance features that have meaningless labels attached.” Id. at 583-84.
The Ninth Circuit has interpreted Frank Lyon as requiring courts to consider both subjective and objective factors in characterizing a transaction for tax purposes. Casebeer v. Comm‘r, 909 F.2d 1360, 1362-63 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing Bail Bonds by Marvin Nelson, Inc. v. Comm‘r, 820 F.2d 1543, 1549 (9th Cir. 1987)). This has been phrased as a two-part test for determining whether a transaction is a sham: (1) has the taxpayer shown that it had a business purpose other than tax avoidance (a subjective analysis); and (2) has the taxpayer shown that the transaction had economic substance beyond the creation of tax benefits (an objective analysis). Casebeer, 909 F.2d at 1363; Slone v. Comm‘r, 810 F.3d 599, 606 (9th Cir. 2015) (use a common sense review to determine the underlying economic substance for tax purposes); Reddam v. Comm‘r, 755 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2014) (economic substance doctrine does not employ a rigid two-step analysis, subjective aspect considers whether taxpayer intended to do anything other than acquire tax deductions, objective aspect considers whether transaction had any economic substance other than creation of tax benefits).
The FTB is not required to prove that the transaction lacked both objective economic substance and a subjective business purpose; a lack of economic substance is sufficient to disqualify the transaction without proof that the taxpayer‘s sole motive is tax avoidance. Shasta Strategic Investment Fund, LLC v. U.S., 2014 WL 3852416, *9 (N.D. Cal. July 31, 2014) (citing Coltec Indus., Inc. v. U.S., 454 F.3d 1340, 1355 n.14 (Fed. Cir. 2006)).
1. The Subjective Business Motivation Inquiry
Stephen Stapley explains that before forming S&N in 2001, he owned a
Plaintiffs also argue that there was a business purpose for the Warrant, claiming Mr. Stapley testified that the Warrant was a vehicle for additional capital investment by the Stapleys. See Plaintiffs’ Opposition, p. 1:23-24, p. 13:24-25, p. 17:10-11. However, his declaration is silent on this point and nothing in the current record shows when or where he so testified. Aside from that, it is a nonsensical argument as plaintiffs owned all the voting shares of S&N and could simply have invested in it as they saw fit without the Warrant.
Viewed in isolation, there may have been a credible nontax business purpose for forming S&N as an S corporation and transferring the limited liability company interests to S&N. But the formation of the S corporation was only one part of the SC2 transaction. The crucial piece of the SC2 transaction was the donation of the nonvoting shares to LAPF. This had no nontax business purpose; there was in fact no “partnering” with LAPF for any legitimate business reason. There was in fact only a temporary arrangement by which LAPF took on the appearance of the owner of ninety percent of the nonvoting shares of S&N through what was a disguised charitable donation.
Under
Taking Mr. Stapley‘s statements as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs’ favor, his self-serving statements of a professed subjective intent to engage in a transaction with a legitimate business purpose is insufficient to overcome the FTB‘s evidence that no rational investor would pursue this SC2 strategy for any business reason other than tax avoidance. Plaintiffs fail to raise triable issues of fact as to a legitimate business purpose under the subjective prong of the economic substance analysis. If there are any questions regarding Mr. Stapley‘s subjective intent, they are insufficient “to affect the outcome of this suit” and they fail to defeat the FTB‘s motion for summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
2. The Objective Economic Substance Inquiry
From an objective standpoint, the SC2 transaction was entirely irrational. It was unnecessarily expensive in that plaintiffs paid KPMG $550,000 to set it up. If plaintiffs wanted an S corporation in order to have the pass-through income this provided, they could have formed one and stopped there. If plaintiffs wanted an entity to act as an “umbrella” for the ownership of their interests in the three limited liability companies’ transferred to S&N, they could have transferred them and
Plaintiffs went further which shows the transaction was irrational. On paper, they held ten percent of the stock of S&N which was one hundred percent of its voting stock. They thus maintained complete control over S&N and how its income was spent or not spent. But they allocated ninety percent of this income to LAPF where it was exempt from taxation. They also maintained control over LAPF‘s temporary ownership of the stock they had donated to LAPF through the Redemption Agreement and the Warrant. If LAPF did not cooperate in the redemption piece of the transaction, plaintiffs could exercise the Warrant which – like a poison pill – diluted the value of LAPF‘s shares and ensured its cooperation.
In addition, where a transaction involves multiple steps, as the SC2 transaction did, when evaluating economic substance, the focus is on the specific pieces whose tax consequences are in dispute. Black & Decker Corp. v. U.S., 436 F.3d 431, 441 (4th Cir. 2006). Here, that key piece was the transfer of the nonvoting shares to LAPF, and the main question is whether that transfer should be respected for tax purposes. Both the IRS and the FTB found it should not be. While the form of the transaction suggested that LAPF was a ninety percent shareholder, it did not bear a commensurate risk or benefit which is how the SC2 transaction was designed. Allair Dec., Ex. C, p. 12; Porter Dec. Ex. B, p. 28-29 (noting that S&N board minutes stated that the purpose was to park the shares at LAPF while S&N made no distributions and then reacquired them). The other key piece was the Warrant. It too lacked any economic substance and plaintiffs claim to the contrary lacks merit. It will not be respected for tax purposes in the way plaintiffs now argue.
Plaintiffs fail to raise a triable issue of fact regarding the economic substance of the SC2 transaction. It was a sham transaction. Accordingly, plaintiffs do not defeat summary judgment for the FTB.
E. The Step Transaction Doctrine and the Warrant
The SC2 transaction involved several related parts, each of which was integral to its success as a tax avoidance tool. One of these pieces was S&N‘s issuance of the Warrant to purchase 3,261,000 shares of S&N stock. The Warrant enabled plaintiffs to compel LAPF to cooperate in the redemption piece of the transaction, should that have been necessary. It also enabled plaintiffs to maintain control over the value of LAPF‘s nonvoting stock because they could dilute the value of what LAPF held if that had been necessary.
Because S corporations may only have one class of stock, the fact that the SC2 transaction involved issuance of a warrant apparently raised some initial concern. KPMG told plaintiffs there were certain risks involved in the SC2 transaction, including a finding that there was second class of stock if the IRS or other taxing authority attacked the transaction. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 4. However, KPMG advised plaintiffs that “the taxpayer would prevail (70% or greater probability of success) if the IRS should raise the second class of stock issue.” Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 5. The IRS‘s November 2006 Examination Report took the alternative position that the capital structure created in the SC2 transaction violated the single class of stock requirement of
Under applicable Treasury Regulations, a warrant is treated as a second class of stock if, taking all the facts and circumstances into account, it is substantially certain to be exercised, and has a strike price that is substantially below the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date a warrant is issued.
Under
When plaintiffs entered into the SC2 transaction, they obtained a valuation of S&N‘s shares in order to establish the amount of the charitable contribution deduction they took for the donation of 326,160 shares to LAPF. This established a value of .87 per share. Porter Dec., Ex. B, p. 36-38. Presumably, this valuation was aimed at keeping plaintiffs inside the safe harbor available under
Plaintiffs now argue that neither the IRS nor the FTB analyzed the Warrant, focusing instead on the donation of the nonvoting stock to LAPF and finding it was a sham. Plaintiffs contend that their expert‘s valuation of the S&N stock shows that the Warrant was substantially certain to be exercised because it had a strike price of .80/share and each S&N share had a fair market value of $1.26 instead of .87 as the initial KPMG valuation had determined. Luckenbach Dec., Ex. A.
Plaintiffs make this argument with an apparent straight face even though: (1) KPMG told them there was a low risk that the IRS would succeed if it claimed the Warrant created a second class of stock; (2) the IRS never finally acted upon this alternative theory as shown by the proof of claim it filed in plaintiffs’ Chapter 7 case and the IRS account transcript for S&N (Russ Dec., Ex. H); (3) S&N‘s Redemption Agreement with LAPF promises that S&N will remain an S corporation; (4) plaintiffs’ federal and state tax returns treated S&N as an S corporation for all relevant years; and (5) plaintiffs strenuously argued against any such finding in their 2010 Protest Letter to the FTB.
Plaintiffs’ belated reversal on this issue is troubling but it is ultimately irrelevant and any purported facts they try to raise now do not defeat summary judgment. The SC2 transaction itself was a sham and the discrete piece of it involving the issuance of the Warrant will be disregarded for tax purposes. It is immaterial that plaintiffs now claim the Warrant was “deep in the money” or “substantially certain” to be exercised.
Plaintiffs’ reliance on Rice‘s Toyota World, Inc. v. Comm‘r, 752 F.2d 89 (4th Cir. 1985) and Bail Bonds by Marvin Nelson, Inc. v. Comm‘r, 820 F.2d 1543 (9th Cir. 1987) is misplaced. These cases say a sham transaction may contain elements that have economic substance and these elements may be respected for tax purposes. These cases do not say the presence of such an element will inoculate the entire transaction nor do they say that all steps of a multi-step transaction must have economic substance to be respected for tax purposes. In fact, in their opposition to the FTB‘s motion, plaintiffs essentially concede that the donation to LAPF lacked economic substance. The issuance of the Warrant was integrally related to that donation as it was designed to ensure the donation was temporary. As such, it had no independent economic substance.
Application of the Step Transaction Doctrine here is entirely appropriate. As explained in King Enterprises, Inc. v. U.S., 418 F.2d 511, 516 (Ct. Cl. 1969), there is no universal test applicable to step transaction situations, but the essence of the Step Transaction Doctrine is that an integrated transaction must not be broken into independent steps or, conversely, that the separate steps must be taken together in attaching tax consequences. The purpose of the Step Transaction Doctrine is to assure that the tax consequences turn on the substance of a transaction rather than on its form. Id. at 517.
King further explains that courts have developed two basic tests for applying the Step Transaction Doctrine. Id. at 516. The “interdependence test” asks whether a reasonable interpretation of objective facts shows that the steps were so interdependent that the legal relations created by one transaction would have been fruitless without a completion of the series. Id. The “end result test” looks at whether purportedly separate transactions will be amalgamated into a single transaction when it appears that they were in fact component parts of a single transaction intended from the outset to be taken to reach the ultimate result. Id.
Both tests apply here. The SC2 transaction was designed to allow plaintiffs to allocate ninety percent of S&N‘s income to LAPF and thus avoid paying tax on it. It was also designed to be temporary through the Redemption Agreement and the Warrant. A reasonable interpretation of the objective facts shows that the donation and the Warrant were interdependent steps. The court will not now entertain the notion that the Warrant should be analyzed as an independent economic feature of the SC2 transaction as employed by plaintiffs. It is also clear that these features were related component parts used to reach the ultimate result of allocating S&N‘s income to a tax-exempt entity for a set time with a built-in mechanism for recapturing the donated shares.
Under the Step Transaction Doctrine, plaintiffs’ argument that the Warrant deserves independent economic analysis fails. The Luckenbach report fails to raise triable issues of fact.
F. Dischargeability of the Tax Debt
Plaintiffs’ complaint does not seek a ruling from this court on the dischargeability of the underlying tax debt sought by the FTB. Their theory is that any tax debt is owed by S&N and the statute of limitations has run on the FTB‘s collection from S&N. In addition to arguing that plaintiffs are the correct taxpayers, the FTB‘s motion for summary judgment spends considerable time discussing why the tax debt is not dischargeable and was not discharged
The FTB‘s first nondischargeability theory relies on
The FTB contends that the report plaintiffs were required to make to the FTB is, for purposes of
In the alternative, the FTB also argues that the tax debt is not discharged under
Each of these elements is present here. The FTB is a governmental unit as defined in
Finally, the taxes were assessable after the August 2009 petition date.
Plaintiffs returns were filed on October 15 in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005. Allair Dec. Ex. F. The FTB served its Notices of
G. Dischargeability of the Tax Penalties
The FTB assessed $495,222.09 in IB Penalties under
The parties disagree on the relevant “transaction or event” date. The FTB contends it is the date it mailed the Notices of Proposed Assessment on October 8, 2010, which was not “before three years before” the August 2009 petition date. Allair Dec., Ex. D. The FTB relies on King v. Franchise Tax Board (In re King), 961 F.2d 1423 (9th Cir. 1992). In King, the Ninth Circuit held that “it is common sense that a tax assessment, as a formal act with significant consequences, cannot occur before it is final. In California, this final date is no less than 60 days after the issuance of the notice of proposed additional tax.” Id. at 1427. (Because of plaintiffs’ protest, the tax assessments were not final until at least 2018 when the FTB issued its Notices of Action.)
Plaintiffs contend that the relevant “transaction or event” date is the “existence of a deficiency attributable to an abusive tax avoidance transaction” because that is the language used in
McKay involved a taxpayer who had timely filed and paid his income taxes for 1971-1974 and then sued for a refund in 1976. The IRS issued a notice of deficiency in 1977 for tax years 1972 and 1973. The taxpayer was convicted of tax fraud in 1979. The IRS filed a counterclaim in the refund suit in 1981. At some point thereafter, the taxpayer filed bankruptcy and obtained a discharge in 1987. In 1990, the district court entered a judgment for the IRS in the refund suit and held that the tax debt, including penalties, was not discharged because taxpayer had filed fraudulent returns. On appeal, the taxpayer argued that the civil fraud penalties levied in 1977 were dischargeable and were discharged under
Based on the above, the IB Penalties do not come within the ambit of
V. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the court grants summary judgment for the FTB. Counsel for the FTB is requested to submit an order and a judgment conforming to the above.
***** End of Memorandum Decision *****
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