Lead Opinion
Two basic issues are presented to this Court on plaintiffs appeal. The first issue is whether it was erroneous for the trial judge, under the facts of this case, to conclude as a matter of law that a contract to which a corporate seal had been affixed is not a contract under seal, and thus not governed by the ten-year statute of limitations contained within G.S. 1-47(2). The second issue is whether G.S. 1-50(5) and G.S. l-15(c) are unconstitutional because they violate the open courts provision of our state constitution and also the equal protection clauses of the state and federal constitutions. Our answer to both issues is no.
On 16 March 1982, plaintiff filed a complaint against both defendants, alleging that defendant C. J. Kern Contractors, Inc., (Kern), had breached a contract to construct an addition to a building on land owned by plaintiff and located in Asheville, North Carolina; that Kern had negligently constructed an exterior masonry wall in the addition; and that defendant Six Associates, Inc. (Six Associates), the architects for the addition, had breached their contract with plaintiffs by deviating from contract specifications and had negligently designed and inspected the wall constructed by Kern.
Both defendants filed Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss pursuant to the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, stating that plaintiffs “action is barred by the applicable statute of limitations.” In response to certain requests for admissions filed by defendants, plaintiff stated that more than six years had passed since the work had been completed on or about 1 January 1974 and that the acts and omissions complained of by plaintiff had occurred more than six years prior to the institution of plaintiffs action. An affidavit was filed on behalf of defendant Kern stating that the corporate seal of Kern was attached to the contract entered into by defendant Kern and plaintiff for the purpose of indicating that the execution of the contract was duly authorized by the corporation and to confirm the fact that the corporation was the party to the contract.
The matter was heard before the Honorable Robert D. Lewis, Superior Court Judge presiding over the 13 December 1982 Civil Session of Superior Court, Buncombe County. During the hearing on the motions to dismiss, which were converted to motions for summary judgment upon stipulation of the parties, plaintiff filed a reply to defendant Six Associates’ motion to dismiss arguing that if the statute of limitations contained in G.S. l-15(c) did apply to plaintiffs claims and barred plaintiffs action against either of the defendants, such statute would be unconstitutional because it violates the open courts provision of the North Carolina constitution and the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution. On 7 January 1983, the court entered two orders allowing both defendants’ motions for summary judgment. Plaintiff excepted to entry of judgment in favor of defendants and gave timely notice of appeal. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of defendants. From that decision, plaintiff appeals as a matter of right to this Court. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-30(2).
I.
Plaintiffs only argument with regard to defendant Kern is that the Court of Appeals should not have affirmed the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of defendant Kern because the contract sued upon was a contract under seal governed by the ten-year statute of limitations contained within G.S. 1-47(2) (1969) and plaintiffs action had been commenced within this ten-year period. Plaintiffs stance is that the contract entered into with defendant Kern is a contract under seal because defendant Kern’s corporate seal is affixed to the contract. If the contract were determined to be a “sealed instrument,” it would
Within ten years
(2) Upon a sealed instrument against the principal thereto.
If G.S. 1-47(2) were applicable to plaintiffs action against defendant Kern, then plaintiffs action would not be barred until ten years after the cause of action had accrued. Coleman v. Fuller,
“The seal of a corporation is not in itself conclusive of an intent to make a specialty [sealed instrument].” 18 Am. Jur. 2d, Corporations § 158, at 693 (1965). Furthermore, the determination of whether an instrument is a sealed instrument, commonly referred to as a specialty, is a question for the court. Security National Bank v. Educator’s Mutual Life Insurance Company,
Although the corporate seal was impressed on the contract, we do not consider such a symbol, without more, sufficient to convert the contract into a specialty. In Mayor & Council of Federalsburg v. Allied Contractors, Inc.,
The law in Maryland . . . requires more than the mere affixing of the corporate seal to transform a would-be simple contract into one under seal. Indeed ... if a corporate seal is impressed on an agreement it will remain a simple contract unless either the body of the contract itself indicates that the parties intended to establish an agreement under seal, or sufficient extrinsic evidence, in the nature of ‘how and when and under what circumstances the corporate seal was affixed,’ General Petroleum Corp. v. Seaboard Terminals Corp., supra at 139, establishes that the parties desired to create a specialty. In Seaboard Judge Chesnut in discussing the Maryland law applicable to seals stated:
‘[W]ith respect to a contract executed by a corporation, the mere presence of its seal on the paper without any other reference therein to the seal, does not necessarily make the contract a specialty, because it is possible the corporate seal was impressed merely as prima facie evidence of corporate authority for the execution of the paper; and in that case extrinsic evidence is admissible to show whether the use of the seal was intended to make the paper a specialty or merely as evidence of its authorized execution, or that it was in fact used without authority.’
The court then concluded:
In this case it is undisputed that the only seal attached to this document is Allied’s corporate seal; no reference to a seal is made in the body of the instrument; and no extrinsic evidence was presented to prove that the town, through adoption of the other party’s seal or otherwise, intended the contract, at least as to itself, to operate as a specialty. Thus, as the contract in this case is a simple one, for this suit to have been timely against the appellant, if not the appellee, it had to have been filed within the three-year period of limitations mandated by § 5-101 of the Courts Article.
Id. at 157,
We are persuaded by that court’s reasoning and are convinced that the law set forth in that case is correct and should be applied in the case sub judice. In applying the foregoing principles of law to the instant case, the question to be answered in order to determine whether the corporate seal transforms the party’s contract into a specialty is whether the body of the contract contains any language that indicates that the parties intended that the instrument be a specialty or whether extrinsic evidence would demonstrate such an intention. The evidence in this case does not establish an intention on the part of the parties to create a specialty. The contract contains no language in the body which would indicate that the parties intended the contract to be a specialty. There is no language such as “I have hereunto set my hand and seal,” “witness our hands and seals,” or other similar phrases contained within the contract that would explicitly support plaintiffs assertion that the instrument is a specialty under seal. See 68 Am. Jur. 2d, Seals § 3-4 (1973). Neither is there any extrinsic evidence that would indicate the parties intended the instrument to be a specialty. According to the uncontradicted affidavit of Mr. Kern, President of defendant corporation, the parties never discussed whether the contract was intended to be a sealed instrument. Plaintiff offered no forecast of evidence to dispute this affidavit.
Therefore, absent any evidence that would tend to indicate that the parties intended that the contract was to be a sealed instrument, we conclude, as did the court in Mayor & Council of Federalsburg, that the contract in this case was not a specialty and that the ten-year period of limitation contained within G.S. 1-47(2) would be inapplicable to plaintiffs action. Our conclusion is in accord with the reasoning of the majority of the panel of the Court of Appeals in the instant case, which relied on a recent decision of the Court of Appeals, Blue Cross and Blue Shield v. Odell Associates,
Defendant Kern also argues that counts one and two in plaintiffs complaint were properly dismissed because they were compulsory counterclaims in a previous action between plaintiff and defendant. As did the Court of Appeals, we choose not to discuss this issue since plaintiffs action against defendant is effectively barred by the statute of limitations.
II.
Next, plaintiff contends that the Court of Appeals erred in deciding that the
The Court of Appeals held that G.S. 1-50(5) is the applicable statute of limitations to be applied in this case, although defendant Six Associates contends that G.S. l-15(c) should be the appropriate period of limitation. Regardless of which statute is chosen, plaintiffs action against defendant Six Associates would be barred. However, we agree with the Court of Appeals for the reasons advanced by that court that the appropriate period of limitation is G.S. 1-50(5).
This Court in Lamb v. Wedgewood South Corp.,
Accordingly, the decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Notes
. In Black v. Littlejohn,
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting in part.
I concur in the majority opinion with respect to the defendant Six Associates, Inc. Because I firmly believe that there is a factual question as to whether the contract with the defendant C. J. Kern Contractors, Inc. was under seal, I dissent from the holding of the majority opinion in favor of that defendant.
This is an appeal from entry of summary judgment against plaintiff. If there is a genuine issue of material fact, summary judgment cannot be allowed. Moore v. Fieldcrest Mills, Inc.,
This contract would have been valid without the affixing of the corporate seal. A corporation is not required to use its corporate seal except in those instances when an individual is required to use his seal. Mortgage Corp. v. Morgan,
A seal appearing upon an instrument in the place where the seal belongs will, in the absence of proof otherwise, be valid as a seal. Bank v. Insurance Co.,
The construction of a contract cannot be controlled by the uncommunicated intent of one of the parties. Such undisclosed intent is immaterial in the absence of fraud or
The “after the fact” affidavit of C. J. Kern as to his intent is certainly irrelevant to the issue. The “intent” of his company was never communicated to plaintiff or agreed to by plaintiff. Therefore, it is irrelevant and immaterial on the question of the effect of the use of the corporate seal. Howell v. Smith,
The majority’s reliance upon Blue Cross and Blue Shield v. Odell Associates,
To follow Blue Cross would allow a corporation to pick and choose from the instruments it executes with its corporate seal those that it desires to treat as being under seal. Such rule places individuals at a decided disadvantage in dealing with corporations. Because corporations are only required to use their corporate seals to the same extent as individuals use their seals, the use of the seal by corporations and individuals should have the same legal effect.
The contract here was not required to be under seal; the seal was not required to show that the contract was the act of the corporation and not Kern individually. Nevertheless, the defendant saw fit to affix its corporate seal. Under the prior authorities of this Court, this constitutes presumptive evidence that the contract was under seal. This is sufficient to survive the motion for summary judgment.