Ricky Outlaw, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Herb Newkirk and Cameron Mable, in his individual capacity, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 98-4252
United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit
Argued February 22, 2001--Decided August 3, 2001
Bauer, Coffey, and Manion, Circuit Judges.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Indiana, South Bend Division. No. 97 C 396--Robert L. Miller, Jr., Judge.
Bauer, Circuit Judge. Ricky Outlaw, an aptly named prison inmate, appeals the district court‘s grant of summary judgment against him on his pro se claim of excessive force which he had brought under
BACKGROUND
Outlaw is currently an inmate at the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana. However, the incidents giving rise to this suit occurred on January 29, 1997, when Outlaw was incarcerated at the Maximum Control Facility at Westville, Indiana. On that date, correctional officer Cameron Mable entered the section of the prison where Outlaw was housed in order to deliver to each prisoner a pair of gray gym shorts. These shorts were routinely distributed to prisoners through the cuffport door, which is a small hatch within the cell door. After Mable gave the shorts to Outlaw through the cuffport, Outlaw placed his hand in the cuffport while holding some garbage, and Mable closed the cuffport door on Outlaw‘s hand. Outlaw filed suit under
Because Outlaw moved to proceed in forma pauperis, the district court screened the complaint pursuant to
The defendants then moved for summary judgment. In support of their motion, they submitted the affidavits of Mable and of Anita Miller, a fellow correctional officer who claimed to have been present during the incident. In his affidavit, Mable stated that he delivered the shorts to Outlaw through the cuffport door and that “[a]s the cuffport door was being closed, Offender Outlaw attempted to throw trash through the opening.” He stated that he heard Outlaw say, “Take this garbage, you bitch,” and that Outlaw‘s hand was caught in the cuffport door as he attempted to throw his trash through it. Mable‘s affidavit also asserted that he closed the cuffport door because it is “necessary for the security
In a maximum security prison such as the Maximum Control Facility, offenders often throw garbage, feces, urine and other injurious matter through the cuffport openings at the correctional officers. Offenders have even on occasion tried to attack or grab an officer through the cuffport opening. These are considered acts of rebellion and aggression, and employees and inmates can be injured as a result. Based on the routine and custom of the Maximum Control Facility, it is my understanding that closing the cuffport door is considered a reasonable response to this threat. Therefore, even if it were not purely accidental, I believe it would have been a reasonable response to close the cuffport door to prevent Offender Outlaw from injuring myself or anyone else.
Officer Miller‘s affidavit related an account of the incident which echoed Mable‘s in several respects. Miller stated that she heard Outlaw say, “Take this garbage, you bitch” as the cuffport door was being closed, that inmates at the facility frequently attempt to throw harmful matter and occasionally try to grab the correctional officers through the cuffport, and that “based upon the routine and custom of the Maximum Control Facility, closing the cuffport door is considered a reasonable response to this threat.” Miller also stated: “based on my personal observations and the information given to me at the time, I have no reason to believe that [Mable‘s] decision to close the cuffport door stemmed from anything other than a good faith effort to maintain the security of the prison.” However, she did not explicitly claim to have personally observed Outlaw attempting to throw trash through the cuffport, stating merely that “it is my understanding that as the cuffport door was being closed, Offender Outlaw attempted to throw trash through the opening,” and that his hand was caught in the cuffport door as he attempted to throw trash through it. (Emphasis added).
In opposition to defendants’ motion, Outlaw filed a memorandum to which he attached various supporting materials as exhibits. Between the memorandum and the exhibits, Outlaw included a notarized document with the heading “Affidavit,” which reads: “I, Ricky Outlaw, hereby state and affirm under the penalties for perjury that the following exhibits attached herewith, are true and correct in their stated and represented form.”1 In his memorandum, Outlaw claimed that prior to the cuffport incident, he and Mable had a disagreement over the exchanging of linens, and as support for this claim he included as an exhibit the grievance that he had filed with the prison authorities recounting this incident. He also produced his grievance with respect to the January 29, 1997 incident, which stated that while Mable was delivering linens, he (Outlaw) had “attempt[ed] to place 2-[S]tyrofoam drinking cups and an ice-cream cup
Moreover, Outlaw denied that he was attempting to throw trash through the cuffport when Mable shut the door on his hand. In support of this assertion, Outlaw submitted as an exhibit Mable‘s incident report, which had been prepared immediately after the event, noting that the report did not state that Outlaw had attempted to throw trash. The report stated that: “As I was closing the cuffport, Offender Outlaw shoved his hand through the cuffport (with some garbage in his hand) stopping me from the continued closing of the cuffport and said, ‘Take this garbage you Bitch.‘” In his memorandum, Outlaw contended that no facts would support the claim that he attempted to throw trash through the cuffport, and he further stated that he had never thrown anything through the cuffport and that Mable‘s alleged fear of an imminent attack was unwarranted.
In granting the defendants’ summary judgment motion, the court noted that because the defendants had supported their motion with sworn affidavits, and because the motion concerned as issue on which Outlaw would bear the burden of proof at trial, in order to survive summary judgment Outlaw was obligated to go beyond the pleadings and allege specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue for trial through his own affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, or admissions on file. The court found that neither of the “affidavits” submitted by Outlaw accomplished this. It noted that one affidavit merely addressed a procedural legal issue (by swearing that Outlaw submitted a Notice of Tort claim “to counselo[r] Wilson . . . for mailing to the Indiana Attorney General Office“), while the other affidavit (in which Outlaw “affirms under the penalties for perjury that the following exhibits attached herewith are true and correct in their stated and represented form“), merely certified the exhibits rather than swearing to the truth of their content. The court also ruled that none of Outlaw‘s supporting materials “cast any light on whether Mr. Outlaw threw trash at Officer Mable or handed it to him, or whether Officer Mable was justified in slamming the cuffport door on Mr. Outlaw‘s hand.” The court reviewed Outlaw‘s exhibits and found that the only one which addressed these central issues of the case was Mable‘s response to Outlaw‘s grievance regarding the January 29, 1997 incident. However, while it noted in passing that Mable‘s response to Outlaw‘s grievance was “not necessarily consistent” with his affidavit (since it did not state that Outlaw had attempted to “throw” trash through the cuffport), the court found that this “apparent inconsistency” did not constitute probative evidence that Mable intentionally slammed the cuffport door on Outlaw‘s hand without justification, and therefore was not sufficient to forestall summary judgment. Having dismissed Outlaw‘s only federal claim, the court refused to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over his remaining state law claim. Outlaw appealed.
DISCUSSION
We review a district court‘s grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the record and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the nonmovant. Summary judgment is warranted only if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and [ ] the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
The party moving for summary judgment carries the initial burden of production to identify “those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Logan v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 96 F.3d 971, 978 (7th Cir. 1996) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (citation and internal quotation omitted)). The moving party may discharge this burden by “‘showing‘--that is, pointing out to the district court--that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party‘s case.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325. Once the moving party satisfies this burden, the nonmovant must “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”
The substantive law that guides our review in this case is that governing claims of excessive force under the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment‘s Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause prohibits the “unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain” on prisoners. See Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 5 (1992); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102-03 (1976). In cases involving the claimed use of excessive force, “the core judicial inquiry” is “whether force was applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7 (citation omitted). In conducting this inquiry, a court must examine a variety of factors, including “the need for an application of force, the relationship between that need and the force applied, the threat reasonably perceived by the responsible officers, the efforts made to temper the severity of the force employed, and the extent of the injury suffered by the prisoner.” DeWalt v. Carter, 224 F.3d 607, 619 (7th Cir. 2000) (citing Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7). With regard to the last of these factors, while a plaintiff need not demonstrate a significant injury to state a claim for excessive
Outlaw argues that the defendants failed to meet their initial burden of production, and therefore that the burden of setting forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact never shifted to him. Outlaw notes that the defendants moved for summary judgment on the theory that Outlaw could not establish that Mable slammed the cuffport door on Outlaw‘s hand with the malicious intent to harm him. While the defendants did not dispute that Mable closed the cuffport door on Outlaw‘s hand, they claimed that the action was either accidental or justifiable. Outlaw asserts that the only competent evidence that the defendants offered in support of this theory was Mable‘s affidavit because Miller‘s affidavit was not based on personal observation of the incident. Moreover, Outlaw maintains that he produced admissible documentary evidence which presented specific reasons to challenge Mable‘s credibility, thereby creating a genuine issue of material fact. In his affidavit, Mable stated that Outlaw was attempting to throw trash through the cuffport just as Mable was closing the cuffport door. However, Outlaw produced Mable‘s contemporaneously-prepared incident report, which did not reference Outlaw‘s attempting to throw trash. Outlaw contends that it would be reasonable to expect that this important fact would have been included in the incident report, especially considering Mable‘s subsequent claim that such behavior by prisoners represents a security concern. Relying on Cameron v. Frances Slocum Bank & Trust Co., Outlaw asserts that the contradiction between the incident report and the affidavit raised an issue as to Mable‘s credibility sufficient to require a trial: (“. . . if the credibility of movant‘s witnesses is challenged by the opposing party and specific bases for possible impeachment are shown, summary judgment should be denied and the case allowed to proceed to trial, inasmuch as this situation presents the type of dispute over a genuine issue of material fact that should be left to the trier of fact.” 824 F.2d 570, 575 (7th Cir. 1987) (quotation and citation omitted)).
We disagree. As the Advisory Committee Notes to
Slight swelling noted to outer aspect of offender‘s hand. A small area of decoloration noted to outer part ofoffender‘s right hand. Area tender when touched by writer. Offender also complained of not being able to move his last two finders on his right hand. Capillary refill brisk, [s]kin warm to dry. No deformities noted to right hand or fingers. Offender voiced no complaints of pain when writer moved fingers on [o]ffender‘s right hand. Ace wrap applied. OTC Motrin given for pain. Ice pack given. Offender instructed to elevate right hand.
This was the only account of the injury that Outlaw presented in his evidentiary materials.
Given all of this evidence, Outlaw cannot escape summary judgment even if his own account of the incident is accepted as true (that is, even if he was merely attempting to “place” rather than to “throw” the garbage through the cuffport when Mable closed the door on his hand). As we have noted, Eighth Amendment claims based on de minimis uses of physical force by prison guards are not cognizable unless they involve “force that is repugnant to the conscience of mankind.” Hudson, 503 U.S. at 9-10. All of the evidence adduced in this case suggests that Mable had a legitimate security reason to close the cuffport door, whether Outlaw was actually attempting to throw the garbage or merely holding it through the cuffport while uttering hostile words, and that in closing the door Mable applied only enough force to cause superficial injuries to Outlaw‘s hand. Even viewing the facts in a light most favorable to Outlaw, a rational jury could draw one of only two possible conclusions: that the incident was an accident, or that Mable deliberately and perhaps unnecessarily applied a relatively minor amount of force to achieve a legitimate securityobjective. Neither scenario would involve a use of force that was “repugnant to the conscience of mankind.”
Moreover, the minor nature of Outlaw‘s injuries strongly suggests that the force applied by Mable was de minimis. See DeWalt, 224 F.3d at 620 (upholding the dismissal of plaintiff-inmate‘s claim that a correctional officer used excessive force when he shoved the plaintiff into a door frame, where the shove was “a single and isolated act, unaccompanied by further uses of force,” and where the bruising suffered by the plaintiff did “not appear to have been particularly serious“); Lunsford v. Bennett, 17 F.3d 1574, 1582 (7th Cir. 1994) (upholding grant of summary judgment against a plaintiff-inmate on his
Therefore, it is not the case that the resolution of any material fact issue hinges on an assessment of Mable‘s credibility. The question of whether Outlaw was actually attempting to throw garbage (which is the only point on which Mable‘s statements could possibly be seen as being inconsistent) is not a material dispute for summary judgment purposes, since the resolution of this dispute is not outcome-determinative under the governing Eighth Amendment substantive law. See generally Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. Hence, even if Mable‘s affidavit‘s claim that Outlaw attempted to throw trash is assumed to be an equivocation or a change of his story rather than merely a clarifying explanation or elaboration, it would not bear on a material issue in dispute and therefore would not defeat the defendants’ summary judgment motion. See Capital Options Investments, Inc. v. Goldberg Bros. Commodities, Inc., 958 F.2d 186, 191 (7th Cir. 1992). This distinguishes
Therefore, we find that the defendants met their initial burden of production in moving for summary judgment. They submitted affidavits which represented that prisoners throwing matter or grabbing guards through the cuffports is a security threat and that the cuffport doors need to be closed to minimize these hazards. The affidavits also stated that Outlaw said “Take this garbage, you bitch” while holding garbage through the cuffport. Finally, in their memorandum in support of their summary judgment motion, the defendants pointed to the minor nature of Outlaw‘s injuries and argued that such an injury could not support an inference of malice. The burden then shifted to Outlaw to present specific evidence that would demonstrate a genuine and material issue for trial. To do this, Outlaw need to present evidence suggesting that the incident was neither accidental nor justified, and that Mable applied more than de minimis physical force. Outlaw has failed to carry his burden. He has not presented any direct evidence that would support a jury finding that Mable acted maliciously with the intent to cause harm, nor does the record support any reasonable inference to that effect, whether through circumstantial evidence or otherwise. Moreover, one of his own evidentiary submissions suggests that Mable applied only de minimis force. Under these circumstances, Outlaw‘s bald credibility questions are not enough to prevent the entry of summary judgment against him. As we have said, “[s]ummary judgment is intended to avoid a useless trial and is appropriate . . . where it is quite clear what the truth is.” Babrocky v. Jewel Food Co. & Retail Meatcutters Union, Local 320, 773 F.2d 857, 861 (7th Cir. 1985).
One final matter bears mentioning. Outlaw brought his complaint pro se, and he argues that neither the defendants nor the district court adequately warned him concerning the need to respond to a summary judgment motion by affidavits, as required by Lewis v. Faulkner, 689 F.2d 100 (7th Cir. 1982). Because we have held that the evidentiary materials that Outlaw submitted were insufficient toprevent summary judgment as a matter of law, (and have not excluded any of Outlaw‘s materials from consideration on the ground that they did not qualify as affidavits or were improperly verified or authenticated), and because Outlaw does not identify any other evidence that he would have presented had he received proper Lewis warnings, any deficiency in the Lewis warnings that he received would be
CONCLUSION
We have considered Outlaw‘s other arguments, and find them meritless. We AFFIRM the district court‘s grant of summary judgment to the defendants.