Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin.Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin.
Pursuant to
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., Defenders of Wildlife, and Friends of PFN petition for review of an order of the Federal Aviation Administration approving the relocation of the Panama City-Bay County International Airport to a new site in Bay County, Florida.
DENIED.
ELLEN J. DURKEE, Attorney, Environment & Natural Resources Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. (Todd Aagaard, Attorney, Matthew McKeown, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Environment & Natural Resources Division, United States Department of Justice; Derek L. Stotts, Office of the Regional Counsel, Federal Aviation Administration, Southern Region, Columbia Park, Georgia; Gail C. Orendorff, Office of the Chief Counsel, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., on the brief), for Respondents.
DONALD A. CARR, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, Washington, D.C. (David J. Cynamon, Kenneth P. Quinn, Jennifer E. Trock, Renee Stone, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, Washington, D.C.; Joseph K. Tannehill, Chairman, Panama City-Bay County Airport and Industrial District, Panama City, Florida, on the brief), for Intervenor.
Christine E. Lamia, Counsel, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, Amicus Curiae.
REENA RAGGI, Circuit Judge:
The Panama City-Bay County Airport and Industrial District (the “Sponsor“), a state-chartered entity that owns and operates Panama City-Bay County International Airport (the “Panama City Airport“), proposes to close the existing airport at Panama City, Florida, and to construct a new airport in western Bay County (the “West Bay Site“). Pursuant to the Airport and Airway Improvement Act (AAIA),
I. Background
A. Factual Background
1. The Existing Panama City Airport
The existing Panama City Airport occupies 713 acres on the Florida panhandle. The northwest end of the primary runway abuts the open waters of Goose Bayou, which is part of a system of bays extending inland into Bay County. The remainder of the airport is surrounded by roads and commercial and residential development. Any expansion of the existing airport, therefore, would entail re-routing highways, displacing homes, filling in the bay waters of Goose Bayou, or some combination thereof.
Expansion of the existing airport is necessary to comply with the FAA‘s revised Runway Safety Area standards. The runway safety area serves to reduce the risk of injury to passengers and damage to property “in the event an aircraft undershoots, overshoots, or deviates from a taxiway or runway.” 65 Fed. Reg. 38,636, 38,649 (June 21, 2000). By December 31, 2015, all airports receiving federal funding must conform to revised Runway Safety Area standards, see 2006 Transportation Appropriations Act, Pub. L. No. 109-115, tit. I, 119 Stat. 2396, 2401 (2005);
The primary runway at the Panama City Airport is 6,304 feet long, and the secondary crosswind runway is 4,888 feet long. Neither runway complies with the FAA‘s revised Runway Safety Area standards. To be in compliance, the airport would need to extend the safety area an additional 941 feet beyond the Goose Bayou end of the primary runway. The runway safety area at the southeast end of the primary runway meets an antenna at 445 feet, an airport perimeter road at 678 feet, and State Road 390 at 847 feet. Each of these barriers prevents extension of the safety area to an uninterrupted 1,000 feet beyond the runway‘s end.
2. The Proposed West Bay Site
The St. Joe Company (“St. Joe“), the largest private landowner in Florida, has agreed to donate approximately 4,000 acres in West Bay County for construction of a new airport, contingent on the Sponsor‘s agreement to locate the airport within certain boundaries and the FAA‘s “commitment of funds for the airport‘s construction.” Letter from Peter S. Rummell, CEO, St. Joe, to Donald Crisp, Chairman, Panama City-Bay County Airport and Industrial District, at 1 (Nov. 17, 1999). St. Joe owns most of the land surrounding the proposed site and, thus, would likely benefit from the new airport. See generally Sierra Club v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng‘rs, 464 F. Supp. 2d 1171, 1177-78 (M.D. Fla. 2006) (noting St. Joe‘s regional land holdings and construction plans). To mitigate environmental damage that would be caused by the construction of a new airport, St. Joe has committed to set aside 9,609 of its acres as conservation easements.
3. Anticipated Effects of the Proposed Airport on Natural Resources
About half of the 4,037-acre site (approximately 1,929 acres) consists of “jurisdictional wetlands.”2 These wetlands are a potential habitat for several species protected by the Endangered Species Act, including the American alligator, the woodstork, the eastern indigo snake, and the flatwoods salamander. The first phase of the new airport construction would fill 596 acres of the wetlands. The FAA estimates that airport development over the next 50 years would have a direct impact on a total of 1,513 acres of the wetlands, with other development potentially affecting all wetlands within the site. These construction impacts and resulting loss of wetlands may adversely affect the eastern indigo snake and flatwoods salamander.
In addition, the proposed airport would be situated in a watershed between two tributaries, Crooked Creek and Burnt Mill Creek, that empty into the West Bay, a body of water containing potential “Essential Fish Habitat.” The project would fill in 7,279 feet of streams that eventually join the two larger tributaries. Airport construction would also create nearly 800 acres of impervious surfaces, such as runways and parking lots, that would channel
B. Procedural Background
1. Project History
As with many complex construction projects, plans for the West Bay airport have evolved over a number of years. The Sponsor completed an “Airport Master Plan Update” in 1996, which identified a future need for longer runways and larger runway safety areas to service the Bay County area. The Sponsor initially proposed to extend the existing Panama City Airport‘s primary runway into Goose Bayou, but it abandoned that proposal when the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (“Florida DEP“)3 expressed concern that such a runway extension would (1) adversely affect Class II Surface Water suitable for shellfish propagation or harvesting, (2) fill sovereign submerged lands in violation of Florida law, and (3) destroy protected seagrasses. See Letter from Virginia B. Wetherell, Fla. DEP, to Cherie Trainor, Fla. Dep‘t of Cmty. Affairs (July 15, 1998); see also Letter from David B. Struhs, Fla. DEP, to Virginia Lane, FAA, at 1 (Oct. 24, 2003) (“The issues and objections expressed in the [1998 letter] have not changed or abated.“). Having encountered such opposition, the Sponsor explored other options, including the West Bay Site offered by St. Joe. When the “Feasibility Study for Panama City-Bay County International Airport” commissioned by the Sponsor recommended relocation, the Sponsor, pursuant to the AAIA, sought approval from the FAA to build a new airport at the West Bay Site.
2. The FAA‘s Challenged Approval
In addressing the Sponsor‘s application to build a new airport at the West Bay Site, the FAA, pursuant to NEPA, prepared a draft environmental impact statement (“EIS“) and, after receiving public comment, issued a final EIS (“FEIS“), which assessed, inter alia, the adverse effects of the Sponsor‘s proposed action and alternatives to the proposal. Relying on findings in the FEIS, the agency issued its Record of Decision (“ROD“) on September 15, 2006, approving “those federal actions by the [FAA] necessary for the proposed relocation of the Panama City-Bay County International Airport (PFN).” ROD at 4.
The ROD explains the FAA‘s approval of the Sponsor‘s application. As discussed in greater detail below, the AAIA does not permit the FAA to approve an airport development project that has a significant adverse effect on natural resources unless there is no possible and prudent alternative to the project and every reasonable effort to mitigate the adverse effect has been taken. See
Petitioners timely sought this court‘s review of the FAA decision pursuant to
3. Petitioners’ Motion to Stay Enforcement of the FAA Order
On November 28, 2007, petitioners filed an emergency motion to stay the FAA‘s order pending review in this court, which a
II. Discussion
A. Jurisdiction
We have jurisdiction to review a petition filed by “a person disclosing a substantial interest” in an order issued by the FAA, provided that the “person resides or has its principal place of business” in this circuit.
B. Standard of Review
We review the FAA‘s application of law to fact under the Administrative Procedure Act, and we will “set aside the agency‘s decision only if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.‘” Southeast Queens Concerned Neighbors, Inc. v. FAA, 229 F.3d 387, 394 (2d Cir. 2000) (quoting
C. The National Environmental Policy Act Challenge
Petitioners submit that the FAA violated NEPA when it decided to authorize the
1. NEPA‘s Requirement for an EIS
NEPA requires a federal agency to prepare an EIS before taking any major action “significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.”
The scope of judicial review of an EIS is “narrow.” Sierra Club v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng‘rs, 701 F.2d 1011, 1029 (2d Cir. 1983). “Given the role of the EIS and the narrow scope of permissible judicial review, a court may not rule an EIS inadequate if the agency has made an adequate compilation of relevant information, has analyzed it reasonably, has not ignored pertinent data, and has made disclosures to the public.” Stewart Park & Reserve Coal., Inc. v. Slater, 352 F.3d at 557 (internal quotation marks omitted).
2. The FAA Did Not Violate NEPA in Authorizing Construction of a New Airport at the West Bay Site
Petitioners assert that the FAA violated NEPA in issuing an FEIS for the proposed airport that failed adequately (a) to evaluate alternatives to the proposed project, (b) to consider the indirect and cumulative effects of the proposed project in its comparison of alternatives, and (c) to disclose scientific evidence indicating that the Sponsor‘s mitigation efforts will likely not succeed in offsetting the loss of wetlands. Petitioners further fault the FAA for (d) declining to issue a supplemental EIS evaluating the impact of the proposed airport on the endangered ivory-billed woodpecker. We address these objections in turn.
a. The FEIS Analysis of Alternatives
Under NEPA, an agency‘s discussion of “alternatives to the proposed action,”
In this case, the FAA did not evaluate in detail any alternative that “did not substantially
Petitioners contend that the FAA acted arbitrarily in screening out those alternatives that would affect the adjacent waters of Goose Bayou, including one referred to as “EMAS Scenario 3” that, like “EMAS Scenario 2” (which was considered), would deploy specially engineered materials in the runway safety area to brake aircraft that deviate from the runway. See FEIS at 3-13. EMAS Scenario 3, however, proposed to extend the runway and runway safety area into Goose Bayou on a 4.2-acre pier, thereby affecting Florida Class II waters. See id. at 3-50. It would also extend the runway and runway safety area to the southeast, displacing 22 single-family homes. See id.
We cannot conclude that the FAA abused its discretion in declining to consider alternatives that would affect Goose Bayou. As the FAA noted, Goose Bayou included Florida Class II waters, and the Florida DEP viewed projects affecting such waters as unacceptable, see FEIS at 3-40, a position confirmed by the Florida DEP in its amicus brief to this court, see Florida DEP Br. as Amicus Curiae at 5. Thus, the FAA reasonably concluded that projects affecting Goose Bayou did not present workable alternatives because they were unlikely to secure permit approval from the Florida DEP. See Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 551 (1978) (observing that NEPA does not require discussion of alternatives that, “in view of basic changes required in statutes and policies of other agencies,” would become available, “if at all, only after protracted debate and litigation” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Friends of Richards-Gebaur Airport v. FAA, 251 F.3d 1178, 1189 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that FAA was entitled to consider opinion of state government agency); Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc. v. Callaway, 524 F.2d 79, 93 (2d Cir. 1975) (noting that “there is no need to consider alternatives of speculative feasibility or alternatives which could only be implemented after significant changes in governmental policy or legislation“); cf. Islander E. Pipeline Co. v. McCarthy, 525 F.3d 141, 164 (2d Cir. 2008) (noting that “a single state agency effectively vetoe[d] an energy pipeline that ha[d] secured approval from a host of other federal and state agencies“).
Even if the Florida DEP had not opposed any airport development affecting Goose Bayou, we would not identify abuse of discretion in the FAA‘s decision to review EMAS Scenario 2 but not EMAS Scenario 3 as a possible alternative. The two scenarios are similar in that each would extend the existing primary runway to a length of 6,800 feet and would comply with Runway Safety Area standards by deploying EMAS around the lengthened runway. Although EMAS Scenario 3 would displace only 22 homes, while EMAS Scenario 2 would displace 49, see FEIS at 3-50, the similarities between the two alternatives, in both advantages and disadvantages, preclude us from concluding that the FAA arbitrarily reviewed the
Finally, we reject petitioners’ contention that the FAA arbitrarily limited the geographic scope of its alternatives analysis to Bay County. Petitioners did not identify alternative sites outside Bay County in their comments on the agency‘s draft EIS. Moreover, the FAA did in fact consider an alternative occupying part of Gulf County, but reasonably concluded that it was located too far from the “primary market base” to constitute a reasonable option. FEIS at 3-29 to -30.
b. FEIS Indirect and Cumulative Impacts Analysis
In determining the scope of an EIS, the agency “shall consider . . . 3 types of impacts“: direct, indirect, and cumulative.4
(1) Related Highway Construction
An existing road, County Road 388, traverses Bay County from east to west, passing near the proposed West Bay Site. In its ROD, the FAA forecast a “marginal traffic increase” on existing roads near the proposed site, but did not find any adverse effects attributable to new highway construction. Indeed, the FAA did not identify new highway construction at all except for “turn lanes at CR 388 and the new airport access roadway.” ROD at 61; see also FEIS at 5-209 to -210 (listing “reasonably foreseeable major transportation projects in Bay County“). The FAA‘s modest forecast was soon proved wrong. On March 15, 2007, about six months after
Petitioners contend that the FAA should have foreseen these developments and accounted for them in the September 15, 2006 ROD because the NWFTCA discussed the West Bay Bypass and the Freeport-West Bay Connector at its board meeting six months earlier, on March 16, 2006. See Pet‘rs’ Br. at 44 & n.19. The board meeting minutes identified “[m]ajor projects,” including a “new connector from the Gulf Coast Parkway at US 231 extending to the new airport and on into Walton County.” NWFTCA Meeting Minutes ¶ 5(A) (Mar. 16, 2006), available at www.nwftca.com (follow “Board Meetings” hyperlink). Although the speaker referenced a freeway proposal different from the one about which petitioners now complain, the minutes nevertheless suggest that the NWFTCA intended to account for the new airport in its freeway development plans. The minutes do not indicate, however, that any representatives of the FAA were present at the meeting, nor do they indicate any communication with the FAA. In short, the record does not reflect that the FAA had actual notice of the March 16, 2006 freeway proposal.
To the extent the NWFTCA made its proceedings public, the agency might be deemed to have had constructive notice of state highway projects related to the proposed airport. As the Sponsor argues, however, petitioners had the same access to such public information but did not present their concerns about the effects of new highway construction to the FAA during the public comment period, which lasted from May 12, 2006 to July 5, 2006. See Intervenor‘s Br. at 51. The absence of comments from petitioners regarding the indirect and cumulative impacts of the West Bay Bypass and the Freeport-West Bay Connector, together with the absence of evidence indicating that the agency was actually aware of the highway projects, preclude us from concluding that the FAA‘s failure to include the impacts of projected highway projects in its ROD was arbitrary or capricious. While an “agency bears the primary responsibility to ensure that it complies with NEPA,” Department of Transp. v. Public Citizen, 541 U.S. 752, 765 (2004), “[p]ersons challenging an agency‘s compliance with NEPA must ‘structure their participation so that it . . . alerts the agency to the [parties‘] position and contentions,’ in order to allow the agency to give the issue meaningful consideration,” id. at 764 (quoting Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 435 U.S. at 553 (alterations in Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen)). For the same reasons, we also reject petitioners’ contention that the new highways should have been considered as “[c]onnected actions.”
(2) Induced Growth
Petitioners argue that the FAA erred in failing to consider the environmental impacts of induced growth, thereby precluding a true comparison of alternatives
hindered comparison between the Existing Site alternatives and the West Bay Site. Even if the FEIS could have been improved by analyzing induced impacts separately from cumulative impacts, see Letter from Heinz J. Muller, EPA, to Virginia Lane, FAA, at 8 (June 29, 2006) (commenting to that effect), NEPA does not require separate analyses. NEPA requires only that the different types of impacts be considered, which the FAA did.
Petitioners further allege that the agency improperly omitted from its analysis the cumulative impact of the proposed airport on surrounding Walton, Washington, Jackson, Calhoun, and Gulf counties. We disagree. The FAA developed “cumulative impact study areas” based on a consideration of drainage basins, the Sector Plan boundaries, census boundaries, noise contours, drive time contours, and consultation with other agencies. See FEIS at 5-198 to -200. This explanation is sufficient for us to conclude that its delineation of the cumulative impact study areas was not arbitrary or capricious.
Petitioners’ argument that the FEIS narrowly focused its analysis on wetlands and failed to consider effects on West Bay is also without merit. The agency did in fact identify the potential impacts of developing the new airport on West Bay waters, noting that stormwater runoff may “result in short and long-term surface water quality impacts.” FEIS at 5-108. Although, as other agencies have pointed out, the FAA might have improved its FEIS by including a “complete watershed ‘build-out’ analysis . . . for the West Bay alternatives,” Letter from Gail A. Carmody, Dep‘t of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Serv., to Virginia Lane, FAA, at 3 (Jan. 27, 2005), its discussion of runoff impacts on the West Bay watershed is not so lacking in detail that it fails to comply with NEPA‘s procedural requirements. See
c. Mitigation Disclosures
An EIS must include a discussion of the “[m]eans to mitigate adverse environmental impacts.”
To the extent that petitioners seek to engage us in a battle of experts regarding the likelihood of success of the Sponsor‘s mitigation program, we decline to entertain their arguments, for our role is not to resolve scientific disputes. See Environmental Def. v. U.S. EPA, 369 F.3d 193, 204 (2d Cir. 2004); Stewart Park & Reserve Coal., Inc. v. Slater, 352 F.3d 545, 557-8 (2d Cir. 2003). Rather, we examine whether the EIS adequately discussed mitigation efforts as required by NEPA. See
d. Supplemental EIS
Eleven days after the FAA issued its ROD, ornithologists from Auburn University announced that they had detected ivory-billed woodpeckers in the wetlands of the Choctawhatchee River approximately 20 miles northwest of the proposed West Bay Site. On October 19, 2006, petitioners asked the FAA to reinitiate formal consultation with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“USFWS“), the government‘s expert agency with respect to endangered species, and to prepare a supplemental EIS to consider the effect of the proposed airport development project on the woodpecker. The FAA consequently conducted a “Biological Assessment” pursuant to
NEPA‘s implementing regulations provide that agencies “[s]hall prepare supplements to either draft or final environmental impact statements if . . . [t]here are significant new circumstances or information relevant to environmental concerns and bearing on the proposed action or its impacts.”
Petitioners fault the Biological Assessment as arbitrarily circumscribed in scope because the FAA did not consider the effects of secondary development in areas outside the West Bay Sector Plan. The Sector Plan, however, is itself the product of a “state/local planning process for potential future development in the region.” Id. at 9. Thus, it already takes into account many of the secondary effects about which petitioners express concern. To the extent that new roads and dwellings may adversely affect the woodpecker in areas beyond the West Bay Sector Plan, such construction may itself become the object of an appropriate study under the Endangered Species Act, NEPA, or other relevant law.5 At this time, however, we cannot conclude that the FAA‘s forecast for future construction prompted by the development of a new airport at the West Bay Site was arbitrary or capricious. See Citizens for Balanced Env‘t & Transp., Inc. v. Volpe, 650 F.2d 455, 462 (2d Cir. 1981) (rejecting challenge to agency‘s forecast where “it [was] evident that [the agency] gave careful consideration to the problem toward which the data was directed“).
Having concluded that the FAA complied with NEPA‘s procedural requirements, we turn to the question of whether the agency‘s challenged decision complies with the AAIA.
D. The Airport and Airway Improvement Act Challenge
Under the AAIA, the Secretary of Transportation may approve an application for an airport development project that is
found to have a significant adverse effect on natural resources, including fish and wildlife, natural, scenic, and recreation assets, water and air quality, or another factor affecting the environment, only after finding that no possible and prudent alternative to the project exists and that every reasonable step has been taken to minimize the adverse effect.
Petitioners submit that the FAA‘s finding that there is no prudent alternative is arbitrary and capricious because the FAA improperly (1) considered social impacts in reaching its conclusion that no alternative was environmentally superior to the West Bay Site and (2) deferred to the Sponsor‘s preference for an 8,400-foot runway.6 In short, petitioners object to the FAA‘s consideration of non-environmental factors in its analysis of alternatives. Thus, at issue is the scope of the term “prudent” in
1. Defining “Prudent” for Purposes of Assessing Alternatives
a. FAA Orders Define “Prudent” to Support Consideration of Both Environmental and Non-Environmental Factors
The AAIA does not define the phrase “prudent alternative,” see
Subsequently, the agency “substantially update[d] and revise[d] . . . and cancel[led] Order 5050.4A” by implementing Order 5050.4B, which became effective on April 28, 2006. FAA Order 5050.4B, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects at Cover Memorandum (2006), http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/resources/publications/orders/environmental_5050_4 (“Order 5050.4B“). This order describes a “prudent” alternative as one reflecting “rational[] judgment” and lists the following factors to aid FAA officials “to decide if an alternative is prudent:”
- Does it meet the project‘s purpose and need?
- Does it cause extraordinary safety or operational problems?
- Are there unique problems or truly unusual factors present with the alternative?
- Does it cause unacceptable and severe adverse social, economic, or other environmental impacts?
- Does it cause extraordinary community disruption?
- Does it cause added construction, maintenance, or operational costs of an extraordinary magnitude? or
-
Does it result in an accumulation of factors that collectively, rather than individually, have adverse impacts that present unique problems or reach extraordinary magnitudes?
Id. ¶ 1007.e(5)(a).
All iterations of Order 5050.4 thus interpret the term “prudent” to permit consideration of non-environmental factors when assessing alternatives. We proceed to consider what, if any, deference is owed these interpretive orders.7
b. The FAA‘s Orders Defining “Prudent” to Include Non-Environmental Factors Merit Skidmore Deference
The FAA‘s orders, as agency manuals without the force of law, are not afforded deference under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). Nevertheless, we conclude that the definition of “prudent” found in these orders is entitled to deference pursuant to Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944). See Friends of Richards-Gebaur Airport v. FAA, 251 F.3d 1178, 1186 (8th Cir. 2001) (according Order 5050.4A Skidmore deference); see also Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576, 587 (2000); Boykin v. KeyCorp, 521 F.3d 202, 208 (2d Cir. 2008). Under Skidmore, the weight courts accord an agency interpretation depends on “the thoroughness evident in [the agency‘s] consideration, the validity of its reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors which give it power to persuade, if lacking power to control.” 323 U.S. at 140.
Our analysis of the Skidmore factors in this case leads us to conclude that the FAA‘s interpretation of the phrase “prudent alternative” has a great deal of persuasive weight. As already noted, the statute does not define the term “prudent,” nor does it limit the factors that the agency may consider in assessing whether an alternative is imprudent. The absence of statutory guidance provides the FAA, which is charged with the statute‘s administration, with flexibility to implement a broad interpretation of the term. See Estate of Landers v. Leavitt, 545 F.3d 98, 105 (2d Cir. 2008) (under Skidmore, “we construe the statute in the first instance,” and where the text does not resolve the issue, we give “effect to [the agency‘s] nonlegislative interpretation to the extent we find it persuasive“). Moreover, the agency‘s interpretation is longstanding. See id. at 107; see also North Haven Bd. of Educ. v. Bell, 456 U.S. 512, 522 n.12 (1982) (“In construing a statute, this Court normally accords great deference to the interpretation, particularly when it is longstanding, of the agency charged with the statute‘s administration.“). The FAA first defined “prudent” in 1980, modifying that definition only once, in 2006. See Order 5050.4B Cover Memorandum (observing that Order 5050.4A has served FAA “well for over 20 years“). Throughout, the agency has provided for a number of non-environmental factors to be considered in determining whether an alternative is prudent. Finally,
2. Petitioners’ Argument that the FAA‘s Interpretation Is Contrary to Law Is Without Merit
On appeal, petitioners do not dispute that the FAA‘s interpretative orders define “prudent” to include non-environmental factors. Indeed, their opening brief makes no reference to these orders, and it is only in their reply brief that petitioners acknowledge the orders, which they note were “brought to our attention by Intervenor‘s brief.” Pet‘rs’ Reply Br. at 8. In so doing, they assert that the orders support their contention that only the FAA‘s purpose and need, not those of the Sponsor, are relevant to assessing prudent alternatives. We address that argument infra in Part II.D.3.b of this opinion. We first address petitioners’ arguments that the agency‘s definition of the term “prudent” is not a valid interpretation of the AAIA and contravenes the Supreme Court‘s holding in Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402 (1971).
a. The AAIA Does Not Preclude Consideration of Non-Environmental Factors in Assessing Prudent Alternatives
Petitioners argue that the “AAIA‘s unambiguous terms and structure both demonstrate that when analyzing section 47106(c)(1)(B) the Secretary is to consider effects to the natural rather than the social environment.” Pet‘rs’ Br. at 30. We disagree. Petitioners’ argument conflates two separate inquiries mandated by
It is the first inquiry that must focus exclusively on natural resources. Here, the FAA found that the proposed construction of a new airport at the West Bay Site would have a significant adverse effect on such resources. ROD at 68. Having made that determination, the FAA was required to conduct a second inquiry: whether a possible and prudent alternative to the proposed project exists. As discussed above, the statutory text does not direct the agency to consider effects only on natural resources in conducting this inquiry. Thus, we identify no textual obstacle to according Skidmore deference to the broader definition of “prudent” reflected in FAA Orders 5050.4A and 5050.4B.
b. The Agency‘s Definition of “Prudent” to Include Non-Environmental Factors Is Not Precluded by the Supreme Court‘s Decision in Overton Park
Petitioners argue that Congress intended the word “prudent” in
We conclude that Overton Park‘s interpretation of “prudent” as used in the DOT Act and the Federal-Aid Highway Act does not constrain the FAA in its analysis of prudent alternatives under the AAIA. The DOT Act and the Federal-Aid Highway Act restrict the use of specifically designated areas: publicly owned land of a public park, recreation area, wildlife refuge, or land of an historic site. See
The AAIA does not implicate the same considerations identified in Overton Park. Section 47106(c)(1)(B) restricts the use of any land with natural resources, whether publicly or privately owned. See Citizens Against Burlington, Inc. v. Busey, 938 F.2d at 205 (noting distinction). Thus, it is not always the case, as it was in Overton Park, that the proposed project would pose less cost or community disruption than any alternatives such that, when taking into account all the various factors, the proposed project will always be a more attractive option than the alternatives.
Moreover,
3. The FAA‘s Finding as to the Lack of Prudent Alternatives Was Not Arbitrary and Capricious
The FAA concluded that there was no prudent alternative to the proposed project at the West Bay Site because “none of the build alternatives can be deemed clearly environmentally superior” and “because only the West Bay Site 8,400 foot Alternative meets both the FAA‘s and the Airport Sponsor‘s purposes and needs.” ROD at 68-69. Petitioners challenge both findings as arbitrary and capricious. We address each objection in turn.
a. The FAA Did Not Act Arbitrarily or Capriciously in Considering Social Impacts as Well as Impacts to Natural Resources in Assessing Prudent Alternatives
Petitioners submit that the FAA erred in concluding that there were no “environmentally superior” alternatives to the Sponsor‘s proposal because that determination improperly equated social impacts with impacts to natural resources. ROD at 68. They contend that, as between the Existing Site alternatives and the Sponsor‘s West Bay Site, the former “would cause far less harm to natural resources.” Pet‘rs’ Br. at 28.
Even granting petitioners’ argument that it may have been inaccurate for the FAA to label “impacts to people and human communities” as “environmental,” ROD at 35, that flaw does not render the FAA‘s ultimate approval decision arbitrary or capricious. For reasons already discussed, the agency was permitted to consider social impacts in assessing whether alternatives were prudent. See supra at [33-34]. Furthermore, neither
In any event, the agency‘s decision to approve the Sponsor‘s application ultimately did not rest on the social or environmental impacts posed by construction of a new airport at the West Bay Site. The agency determined, well within reason, that the “dissimilar nature of the impacts associated with the Existing Site and the West Bay Site prevents a meaningful direct comparison of the impacts of the alternatives“; thus, it found that the distinct disadvantages posed by both locations were in equipoise. ROD at 35 (observing that “[a]t the Existing Site, the primary considerations relate to impacts to people and human communities,” including displacement of certain persons from their homes, “whereas considerations at the West Bay Site relate primarily to natural communities and values“); see also id. Tables 4 &
b. The FAA Did Not Act Arbitrarily or Capriciously in Evaluating the Project‘s Purpose and Need
In light of the adverse impacts to natural resources posed by the West Bay Site and the adverse social impacts posed by the Existing Site alternatives, the FAA decided to accord “weight to the ability of the West Bay Site alternatives to provide future flexibility for expansion, current and future land use compatibility, decreased complexity in the airspace environment, and satisfaction of the Airport Sponsor‘s goals and objectives.” ROD at 35. Petitioners assert that the FAA‘s “deference to the Sponsor‘s preferences violates the AAIA” and cannot be used to rule out alternatives. Pet‘rs’ Br. at 33, 35. The argument is unconvincing.
Although Order 5050.4A does not specifically list “purpose and need” as a factor in the analysis of prudent alternatives - as Order 5050.4B clearly does - it does instruct the FAA to consider the “policy” consequences of a proposal. In the AAIA, Congress declared that it is the policy of the United States that airport development projects be carried out “to foster competition.”
This is not to suggest that a Sponsor‘s objectives can, by themselves, necessarily render other alternatives imprudent. In determining the existence of prudent alternatives, a reviewing agency should appropriately “exercise a degree of skepticism in dealing with self-serving statements from a prime beneficiary” of a proposed project. Simmons v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng‘rs, 120 F.3d 664, 669 (7th Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). But skepticism does not automatically render private objectives irrelevant. The AAIA entrusts the agency with the responsibility for assessing prudence by deciding for itself the appropriate weight to accord myriad relevant factors. We identify no abdication of that duty in this case.
Indeed, the detailed ROD indicates that the FAA‘s challenged decision was largely informed by the agency‘s determination that none of the alternatives to the proposed new airport met its own purposes and needs. In reaching this conclusion, the FAA focused primarily on its own statutory mandate to serve the United States’ policy that airports be designed and built to enhance safety and security, to minimize noise disturbances to surrounding communities, and to maintain the flexibility to accommodate changes in demand and new aircraft types. See
Thus, the FAA concluded that the Existing Site alternatives were not prudent because they were unable to meet both the agency‘s purposes and needs and those of the Sponsor. In light of these findings, which are supported by the record, we cannot conclude that the approval of the West Bay Site was arbitrary or capricious.
III. Conclusion
To summarize, we conclude as follows:
- The FAA complied with the procedural requirements of NEPA in evaluating the Sponsor‘s proposal to build a new airport at the West Bay Site.
- The FAA‘s determination that no prudent alternatives to the proposed West Bay Site existed was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise contrary to law.
Accordingly, we reject petitioners’ challenge to the FAA order permitting the Sponsor to engage in the proposed construction. The petition for review of that order is DENIED.
Notes
are caused by the action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. Indirect effects may include growth inducing effects and other effects related to induced changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems.
is the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.