Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc.Molski v. M.J. Cable, Inc.
Craig N. Beardsley, Jones & Beardsley, Bakersfield, CA, for the defendant-appellee.
FERGUSON, Circuit Judge.
Jarek Molski (“Molski“) appeals the District Court‘s denial of his motion for a new trial following a jury verdict in favor of M.J. Cable Inc., owner of Cable‘s Restaurant (“Cable‘s“). Molski, who is paraplegic, sued Cable‘s for violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA“) and California‘s Unruh Civil Rights Act (“Unruh Act“), alleging that Cable‘s failed to accommodate the disabled. Although Molski provided uncontradicted evidence that Cable‘s did not identify and remove architectural barriers, the jury returned a verdict for the restaurant. The District Court denied Molski‘s motion for a new trial, speculating that the jury could have reasonably concluded that because of Molski‘s record of litigiousness, he was a “business” and not an “individual” entitled to the ADA‘s protections. We reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Molski is a paraplegic who has been confined to a wheelchair since a motorcycle accident paralyzed him at the age of 18. Considered by some to be a controversial figure, Molski has brought hundreds of lawsuits against inaccessible public accommodations throughout California. Molski considers himself a civil rights activist who uses litigation to force compliance with the ADA; California businesses and a federal district court consider him a vexatious litigant who exploits the ADA and its state law counterpart for pecuniary gain.1
On January 26, 2003, Molski took his grandmother to church, then to lunch at Cable‘s Restaurant in Woodland Hills, California, where he spent thirty-five dollars on their meal. After eating lunch, Molski excused himself to use the restaurant‘s public restroom.
On March 7, 2003, Rick Sarantschin (“Sarantschin“), the principal of Access Investigation Monitoring, conducted an inspection of Cable‘s and confirmed Molski‘s observations using the ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (“ADAAG“). See
At trial, Molski, Sarantschin, and construction expert Michael Beall (“Beall“) testified on behalf of Molski, and Cable‘s vice president Anthony Dalkas (“Dalkas“) testified as an adverse witness. Molski testified primarily about his experience at Cable‘s, his prior lawsuits, and his views on disability access discrimination. Sarantschin testified about his investigation of Cable‘s and the ADA violations he observed.
Beall testified about the construction costs of making Cable‘s compliant with the ADA. He estimated that the approximate total cost to remodel both the men‘s and women‘s bathrooms would be $8,600, or $6,000 for just the men‘s bathroom. Beall noted that incremental steps were even cheaper: lowering the toilet seat cover dispenser would cost $20 and take about 15 minutes; insulating the pipes would cost under $20 and take “about a minute and a half to do.” Other repairs were as inexpensive as $30.
In his testimony, Dalkas acknowledged that the company had not attempted to identify barriers to the disabled. He admitted that Cable‘s had not made the renovations because “[w]e weren‘t compelled to do it.” Dalkas testified that Cable‘s could afford each of the repairs but stated, “once you start down that path[,] you‘re opening a can of worms that will cost a lot of money.” Dalkas described issues with Cable‘s landlord, as well as the economic costs of remodeling, such as the need to close the restaurant during renovations. Dalkas said he had received estimates of $40,000 to “bring the two bathrooms up to the current [c]ode,” although Cable‘s had not disclosed any such remodeling bids during discovery.
The defendant did not call any witnesses, but relied primarily on its cross-examination of Molski and Dalkas. In essence, the defendant‘s strategy was to discredit Molski by exposing an ulterior motive for bringing suit: Molski and his lawyer Thomas Frankovich (“Frankovich“) were purportedly in the business of tracking down public accommodations with ADA violations and extorting settlements out of them. On cross examination, Molski acknowledged that: he did not complain to any of Cable‘s employees about his access problems; he had filed 374 similar ADA lawsuits as of October 8, 2004; Frankovich had filed 232 of the 374 lawsuits; even more lawsuits had been filed since that date; Molski and Frankovich averaged $4,000 for each case that settled; Molski did not pay any fees to Frankovich; Molski maintained no employment besides prosecuting ADA cases, despite his possession of a law degree; Molski‘s projected annual income from settlements was $800,000;2 Molski executed blank verification forms for Frankovich to submit with responses to interrogatories; they had also filed lawsuits against two other restaurants owned by Cable‘s; they had filed a lawsuit against a nearby restaurant; and Sarantschin obtained up to 95% of his income from Frankovich‘s firm for performing investigations for ADA lawsuits.3
Pursuant to
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review a district court‘s denial of a motion for a new trial under
“The district court‘s denial of the motion for a new trial is reversible only if the record contains no evidence in support of the verdict.” Farley Transp. Co. v. Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co., 786 F.2d 1342, 1347 (9th Cir.1985). We may reverse the denial of the motion where the District Court has “made a mistake of law.” 12 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore‘s Federal Practice § 59.54 (3d ed.2006).
B. Rule 59(a)
Upon the Rule 59 motion of the party against whom a verdict has been returned, the district court has “the duty . . . to weigh the evidence as [the court] saw it, and to set aside the verdict of the jury, even though supported by substantial evidence, where, in [the court‘s] conscientious opinion, the verdict is contrary to the clear weight of the evidence.” Murphy v. City of Long Beach, 914 F.2d 183, 187 (9th Cir.1990) (quoting Moist Cold Refrigerator Co. v. Lou Johnson Co., 249 F.2d 246, 256 (9th Cir.1957)).
Because determining “the clear weight of the evidence” is a fact-specific endeavor, appeals courts are reluctant to second-guess district courts’ conclusions. An appellate court generally will not reverse the denial of a new trial motion if there was some “reasonable basis” for the jury‘s verdict. Mitchell v. Boelcke, 440 F.3d 300, 305 (6th Cir.2006); Collado v. UPS, 419 F.3d 1143, 1155 (11th Cir.2005); Kapelanski v. Johnson, 390 F.3d 525, 530 (7th Cir.2004); Bryant v. Aiken Reg‘l Med. Ctrs., Inc., 333 F.3d 536, 545 (4th Cir.2003); Colasanto v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 100 F.3d 203, 212 (1st Cir.1996); Nissim v. McNeil Consumer Prods. Co., 957 F.Supp. 600, 602-04 (E.D.Pa.1997), aff‘d without opinion, 135 F.3d 765 (3d Cir.1997). If there is no reasonable basis, however, “the absolute absence of evidence to support the jury‘s verdict makes [refusal to grant a new trial] an error in law.” Urti v. Transp. Commercial Corp., 479 F.2d 766, 769 (5th Cir.1973) (quoting Indamer Corp. v. Crandon, 217 F.2d 391, 393 (5th Cir.1954)); see also Hiltgen v. Sumrall, 47 F.3d 695, 703 (5th Cir.1995) (applying “absolute absence of evidence” standard); Jones v. City of St. Clair, 804 F.2d 478, 480 (8th Cir.1986) (same); Grandison v. Smith, 779 F.2d 637, 640 (11th Cir.1986) (same).
Congress passed the ADA,
Federal regulations clarify which barrier removals are likely to be readily achievable and provide examples in
To prevail on a Title III discrimination claim, the plaintiff must show that (1) she is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) the defendant is a private entity that owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation; and (3) the plaintiff was denied public accommodations by the defendant because of her disability.
Aggrieved individuals or the Attorney General may enforce the ADA.
D. California‘s Unruh Civil Rights Act
In the disability context, California‘s Unruh Civil Rights Act operates virtually identically to the ADA. It states,
All persons within the jurisdiction of this state are free and equal, and no matter what their sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, disability, medical condition, marital status, or sexual orientation are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, privileges, or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever.
The Unruh Act, however, does allow for monetary damages. Victims of discrimination may obtain actual damages, as well as “any amount that may be determined by a jury . . . up to a maximum of three times the amount of actual damage but in no case less than four thousand dollars.”
Because the Unruh Act is coextensive with the ADA and allows for monetary damages, litigants in federal court in California often pair state Unruh Act claims with federal ADA claims. Molski v. Mandarin Touch Restaurant, 347 F.Supp.2d at 862-63.
The issue in this case is whether the District Court abused its discretion when it denied Molski‘s motion for a new trial. The first question is whether there was an absence of evidence to support the jury‘s conclusion that “defendant[s did not] fail[] to identify and remove architectural barriers at Cable‘s Restaurant.” The second question is whether the District Court‘s explanation of the verdict, that Molski was a business and not an individual, somehow justifies the jury‘s conclusion.
1. There is no evidence to support the jury‘s conclusion that Cable‘s did not fail to identify and remove architectural barriers.
The District Court structured the Special Verdict Form to track the elements of a Title III claim. First, as a threshold question, it asked, “Do you find that the defendant failed to identify and remove architectural barriers at Cable‘s Restaurant?” The form then instructed the jury, if it answered “yes,” to answer three questions for each of the purported violations: “(1) Did this barrier exist at the Cable‘s Restaurant on January 26, 2003? (2) If `yes,’ did defendant M.J. Cable fail to identify and remove the barrier? (3) If `yes,’ was it readily achievable to remove?” After these questions, the form asked, “Should plaintiff be awarded statutory damages in the sum of $4,000?” The jury answered “no” to the first question and therefore did not go on to answer any of the subsequent questions.
Reviewing the trial transcript, “the record contains no evidence in support of the verdict.” Farley Transp. Co., 786 F.2d at 1347. The testimony of Molski and Sarantschin established a laundry list of architectural barriers, including: the absence of accessibility signage, excessive door pressure, stalls that were neither wide enough nor long enough, the absence of side and rear grab bars, the absence of looped handles for opening or closing the stall door, no sliding lock, no automatic door opener, a toilet seat cover dispenser that was too high, a paper towel dispenser that was too high, a height-compliant paper towel dispenser that was blocked by a sink, sinks without levered hardware, no insulation on the pipes, urinals that were too close and too high, stall doors that were too narrow, and toilets that were too short.5
Dalkas, the vice president of Cable‘s, acknowledged the continued existence of these violations and flatly admitted that neither he nor anyone else at Cable‘s had attempted to identify or remove architectural barriers.
The only issue about which there was any disagreement was whether or not the removal of the barriers was “readily achievable.”6
The jury‘s determination, in response to the threshold question, that Cable‘s had not failed to identify and remove barriers was against the clear weight of the evidence, given the undisputed testimony from both Molski and Dalkas. Accordingly, the District Court abused its discretion in denying Molski‘s motion for a new trial.
2. The District Court‘s explanation of the verdict does not justify the jury‘s conclusion.
In denying Molski‘s motion, the District Court accepted the defendant‘s “reasonable explanation for the jury‘s verdict: the jury determined that Molski was not an `individual’ under the ADA, and therefore could not recover against Defendants.” This conclusion is unreasonable and legally flawed.
First, the District Court‘s explanation is inconsistent with the plain language, structure, and spirit of the ADA. Neither the District Court nor the defendant provide any support for concluding that a person may be considered a business and not an individual because of a history of litigiousness.
The defendant, citing
First,
This interpretation is in accord with at least one other circuit. In Menkowitz v. Pottstown Mem‘l Med. Ctr., 154 F.3d 113, 122 (3d Cir.1998), the Third Circuit held that Title III applied to a medical doctor working as an independent contractor at a hospital, despite the fact that he was neither a client nor a customer, nor even a member of the general public. The court concluded that “both the language of Title III and its legislative history clearly demonstrate [that] the phrase `clients or customers,’ which only appears in
Accordingly, Molski did not need to have been a client or customer of Cable‘s to be an “individual” entitled to the protections of Title III. One need not be a client or customer of a public accommodation to feel the sting of its discrimination.7
But even if the defendant‘s reading of the ADA were proper, it would not exclude Molski. Molski was plainly a “customer” of Cable‘s Restaurant. He brought a guest to the restaurant, ordered food, ate it, paid thirty-five dollars for it, tried to use the restroom, and left. He even returned the day before the trial for some ice cream.8 In Martin, 532 U.S. at 679-80, 121 S.Ct. 1879, the Supreme Court held that a one-time payment is sufficient to make a disabled person a client or customer of a public accommodation (holding that professional golfer was a client or customer of a golf tour because he paid a one-time qualifying fee).
The jury instructions do not give any support to the District Court‘s explanation of the verdict, either. The jury was never instructed on the Molski-as-business theory. Although the District Court gave the jury definitions for “disability,” “major life activities,” “public accommodation,” “denial of access,” “architectural barrier,” and “readily achievable,” it never discussed the possibility that Molski was not an “individual” under the ADA, nor did it provide any definition of that term.
Finally, the test provided in the jury instructions stated only the following requirements for finding an ADA violation: (1) that Molski be disabled, (2) that Cable‘s be a public accommodation, and (3) that “Plaintiff was denied access to elements of the Defendants’ public accommodation due to Defendants’ failure to remove architectural barriers.” The parties stipulated to the first two elements, and Molski unequivocally proved the third. The jury instructions therefore provide no support for the District Court‘s speculation that the jury concluded that Molski was not an individual.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the record provides no evidence whatsoever for the jury‘s verdict. The District Court abused its discretion in denying Molski‘s motion for a new trial. Accordingly, we reverse the District Court‘s denial of the motion, vacate the judgment against Molski, including that for incurred costs, and remand for a new trial. Costs on appeal are awarded to appellant.
REVERSED; VACATED and REMANDED.