Lindsey v. StateLindsey v. State
- Reporters:
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- Before:
- Hines
HINES, Presiding Justice.
Lorenzo Dexter Lindsey appeals the denial of his motion for new trial, as amended, following his convictions for malice murder and criminal solicitation to commit murder in connection with the fatal shooting of Marcus Taylor. He challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, statements by the trial court, and the admission into evidence of prior consistent statements by a witness for the prosecution.
The evidence construed in favor of the verdicts showed the following. On August 11, 2002, Marcus Taylor was fatally shot in a Citgo store parking lot in Richmond County. Taylor had testified for the State against Lindsey at Lindsey‘s two trials for the drive-by shooting and resulting death of 83-year-old Rosa Barnes.2 While incarcerated and awaiting his second trial for Barnes‘s murder, Lindsey began plotting with fellow inmates Lawton and Hankerson to kill Taylor, who was then also incarcerated. After the men were released from prison, the plot to kill Taylor continued. Lindsey attempted to recruit another individual, Antonio Tyler, to murder Taylor. Ultimately, Lawton agreed to kill Taylor, and Lindsey gave Hankerson the murder weapon and instructed him to give it to Lawton, which he did. Hankerson was present when Lawton approached Taylor at the Citgo store and shot him multiple times, fatally wounding Taylor in the torso and head. The murder weapon was returned to Lindsey. Lindsey gave Lawton money and drugs in payment for killing Taylor.
1. Lindsey contends that his conviction for criminal solicitation to commit murder must be reversed because the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Richmond County was the venue of the crime. However, that is not the case.
Venue is a matter of jurisdiction, which the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. State, 292 Ga. 685, 688 (740 SE2d 609) (2013). To meet that burden and establish venue, the State may use both direct and circumstantial evidence. Brinson v. State, 289 Ga. 150, 153 (2) (709 SE2d 789) (2011), citing Jones v. State, 272 Ga. 900, 902-903 (2) (537 SE2d 80) (2000). And, the State did so to establish that Lindsey criminally solicited the murder of Taylor, in part, in and around the Old Savannah Road neighborhood in Richmond County.
By the time of the present trial, Hankerson had died, so his testimony from Lindsey‘s prior trial for the murder of Taylor was read into the record. That testimony established that Hankerson, Lawton, and Lindsey were all from the Augusta area, and that consequently, they were in the same clique in prison; that it was “a home boy thing,” in that “[t]he Augusta boys hang together“; the plan to kill Taylor began while the men were imprisoned and continued after their release and return home; Hankerson and Taylor, who was Hankerson‘s friend, were seen together at the Citgo station in Richmond County where Taylor was later fatally shot; after Lindsey learned of the encounter, he
A State‘s witness, who at the time of the Barnes murder was an investigator with the Richmond County Sheriff‘s Office, testified that the address where that fatal shooting occurred was in Richmond County in an area called “Old Savannah Road.” Later at trial, another investigator with the Richmond County Sheriff‘s Office testified that during the course of his investigation he met with Lawton at Lawton‘s home, which was two to three miles from the Old Savannah Road neighborhood and was “still in Richmond County,” plainly indicating that the Old Savannah Road neighborhood was also in Richmond County.
The evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that criminal solicitation to commit murder occurred in Richmond County.
2. Lindsey contends that his convictions must be reversed because the trial court wrongfully commented on the evidence when it announced to a panel of the venire that the indicted offense of malice murder occurred in Richmond County, thereby violating
Certainly it is error for the court in a criminal case to indicate any opinion as to the evidence or the guilt of the accused, but that is not what happened in this instance. The comments at issue4 were made during the trial court‘s preliminary instructions to the venire, in which the court made plain that it was explaining what was alleged in the indictment against Lindsey, not what had been proven in regard to Lindsey‘s culpability for the crimes on trial. There was no violation of
Former
As made plain in Crawford, corroboration of only the chronology and details of the crimes, in and of itself, is not sufficient to satisfy the requirement of additional evidence. Id. However, there may be circumstances in which the timing and the specifics of criminal acts can serve as corroborating circumstances if they are directly linked to the identity of the defendant as the perpetrator of the crime on trial. And, even though evidence of motive without more is insufficient to corroborate the testimony of an accomplice, Reaves v. State, 242 Ga. 542, 543 (1) (250 SE2d 376) (1978), overruled on other grounds, Felker v. State, 252 Ga. 351, 366 (2) (a) (314 SE2d 621) (1984), it can be considered in the determination of whether an accomplice‘s version of events inculpating a defendant is corroborated. See Terrell v. State, 271 Ga. 783, 786 (3) (523 SE2d 294) (1999). And, this is certainly true in the present case.
The timing and circumstances of Taylor‘s murder support the identity of Lindsey as the mastermind behind the crimes. Lindsey had ample motive to kill Taylor, that is, initially to prevent Taylor from again testifying at Lindsey‘s retrial for the murder of Rosa Barnes, and then as retribution for Taylor having twice testified against him. Indeed, an investigator in the Barnes murder case testified about Lindsey‘s visible animus toward Taylor during the initial trial of that case. And, perhaps even more significantly, in the present trial the State presented evidence of a separate and independent attempt to cause fear and potential harm to an anticipated witness for the prosecution.
The State‘s witness, who was a close friend of the victim Taylor and who had previously offered evidence in the case against Lindsey, testified that she had received threatening phone calls in an attempt to dissuade her from testifying; she had notified law enforcement because she feared for her life and the welfare of her children. Although the witness was not permitted to give further details about the substance of the phone calls, inasmuch as Lindsey was the one on trial, a reasonable and plain inference to be drawn is that Lindsey made the calls or that they were made at his instigation. Evidence of a defendant‘s attempt to influence or intimidate a witness is circumstantial evidence of guilt, even in the situation in which the defendant does not personally make the attempt, that is, action by a third party to influence a witness not to testify or to testify falsely is relevant and admissible into evidence in a criminal prosecution on the issue
As noted, the independent corroborating evidence need only “justify an inference that [the defendant] is guilty.” Crawford, supra at 901. And, the jury was authorized to make the inference that Lindsey was responsible for the menacing calls, which evidenced Lindsey‘s intent to exact retribution against one who would aid the State in obtaining his conviction. Thus, there was evidence, albeit slight, to corroborate Hankerson‘s version of events identifying Lindsey as the prime mover in the plot to murder Taylor.7
In sum, the evidence was sufficient to enable the jury to find Lindsey guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes of which he was convicted. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
4. Finally, Lindsey contends that the trial court committed harmful error by permitting into evidence prior consistent statements made by Hankerson to law enforcement, thereby improperly bolstering Hankerson‘s credibility.8 However, this complaint too is unavailing.
The record discloses that early in the trial, Lindsey acknowledged that the State wanted to admit the evidence as prior consistent statements by Hankerson, yet acquiesced to the jury hearing the content of the taped statement, and merely requested that it do so by a reading of a transcript of the statement rather than by playing the tape.9 Later
Judgments affirmed. All the Justices concur.
Notes
It is error for any judge in any criminal case, during its progress or in his charge to the jury, to express or intimate his opinion as to what has or has not been proved or as to the guilt of the accused. Should any judge violate this Code section, the violation shall be held by the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals to be error and the decision in the case reversed, and a new trial granted in the court below with such directions as the Supreme Court or Court of Appeals may lawfully give.
And it‘s further alleged in count two that Mr. Lindsey did commit the crime of murder, commonly known as malice murder, for that Mr. Lindsey in Richmond County, Georgia, on the 11th day of August 2002, did unlawfully and with malice aforethought cause the death of one Marcus Taylor in Richmond County, Georgia. Now, those are generally the facts of the case.
And, [District Attorney] Wright, where did this take place in Richmond County?
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: At the Citgo gas station on the corner of Fifteenth and Martin Luther King Boulevard. It sort of divides the Sunset area from the Old Savannah Road area.
(Emphasis supplied.)
The testimony of a single witness is generally sufficient to establish a fact. However, in certain cases, including prosecutions for treason, prosecutions for perjury, and felony cases where the only witness is an accomplice, the testimony of a single witness is not sufficient. Nevertheless, corroborating circumstances may dispense with the necessity for the testimony of a second witness, except in prosecutions for treason.
Hankerson identified the handwriting and confirmed that the letters were written to him by Lindsey; indeed, the fictitious addresses on the envelopes bore the real name of the street on which Lindsey lived. An envelope for one letter bore a handwritten message, which Hankerson testified he himself had later written. The jury was able to view and compare these handwritings. The State also tendered and elicited testimony about a different and sympathetic letter written by Hankerson to Taylor‘s father which letter echoed Hankerson‘s story. Furthermore, although the jailhouse letters to Hankerson were not actually signed by Lindsey, the substance of the letters supports the conclusion that Lindsey was, in fact, the author. The letters concerned Lindsey‘s efforts to force a jail informant, C. B., to recant a statement given to police, wherein C. B. stated that Lawton had confessed to killing Taylor. For example, in one such letter, the author wrote in pertinent part, “Like I said we free. C. B. said he ain‘t never hear Law say that s-t.” In another, the author wrote, “And another thing that C. B. n___r he is going to do the right thing Pops (Lindsey‘s nickname for Hankerson). Like I told you I got my folks on it. So they let me talk to him. He said the folks came to him with that s-t to say. He also said he don‘t want nothing to do with this s-t . . . please please don‘t take no deal to testify on us.” Through a simple process of elimination, the jury could conclude that Lindsey authored these letters.