740 S.E.2d 100 | Ga. | 2013
Lead Opinion
Tobee Bradley was tried by a Lowndes County jury and convicted of murder, aggravated assault, armed robbery, and three counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. Bradley appeals, contending that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his convictions and that several of the crimes of which he was convicted should have merged. Bradley also claims that the trial court erred when it excluded evidence that others might have been involved in the crimes, when it allowed an audio recording of a conversation between Bradley and a police informant to go out with the jury during its deliberations, and when it admitted the prior consistent statements of the police informant. In addition, Bradley contends that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial. Upon our review of the record and briefs, we conclude that the trial court erred with respect to merger, and for that reason, we must vacate the convictions and sentences for aggravated assault and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. We find no other error, however, and we otherwise affirm the judgment below.
Approximately two years later, a woman contacted the Valdosta Police Department and told officers that she overheard Bradley say that he had robbed the AB Food Mart and that he had given the weapon he used in the robbery to “Mike Thomas.” The police officers asked the woman to speak directly with Bradley to get more information, and she agreed to do so. In her first conversation with Bradley, he admitted that he went to the food store on the day of the crimes and saw a cigar box that was “full of cash.” He said that he and a man named “Jay” agreed to go back and rob the store later that day “because damn near every cop in Valdosta was at the courthouse for [the mayor’s] funeral [,]” that he wore a mask into the store, that he shot the “old man” while he was hanging up lottery tickets and fired several more shots before running out of the store, that he later met up with “Jay” to split the money, and that he was upset with “Jay” because he had already “been in” the money by the time they met and Bradley did not receive as much money as he thought he should have. In a second conversation with Bradley, during which the informant wore a wire, Bradley provided the same information, adding that he
Police officers identified Pounder as a man known in the neighborhood as “Jay,” and Pounder later admitted to his role in the crimes. At trial, Pounder testified that Bradley approached him about robbing the AB Food Mart, that when they went to the store later that day, Bradley immediately started shooting and then ran out of the store, that Pounder went behind the counter and took approximately $1,500 from a cigar box, that he later met Bradley but gave him only $600, and that Bradley was upset and told him that he thought he was “supposed to get more than that.”
(a) Although Bradley claims that the evidence suggests that other people may have been involved in the crimes, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and leave questions of credibility and the resolution of conflicts in the evidence to the jury. As a result, we conclude that the evidence in this case was sufficient to authorize a rational trier of fact to find Bradley guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crimes of which he was convicted. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).
(b) Bradley also argues that the trial court should have merged several of his convictions. Bradley was convicted of three counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime, with one possession charge stemming from each of the other crimes of which he was convicted — the murder of Natavarlal Patel, the aggravated assault of Bobby Patel, and the armed robbery of Bobby Patel. But this Court has held that OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) does not necessarily authorize one possession charge for every predicate offense. See State v. Marlowe, 277 Ga. 383, 386 (2) (b) (589 SE2d 69) (2003). Instead,
where multiple crimes are committed together during the course of one continuous crime spree, a defendant may be convicted once for possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime as to every individual victim of the crime spree, as provided under OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (1), and additionally once for firearm possession for every crime enumerated in subsections (b) (2) through (5).
Id. at 386 (2) (c); see also Grell v. State, 291 Ga. 615, 616-617 (1) (732 SE2d 741) (2012).
(c) We also find that the trial court erred in failing to merge Bradley’s conviction for the aggravated assault of Bobby Patel with his conviction for the armed robbery of Bobby Patel. We have held “that there is no element of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon that is not contained in armed robbery.” Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889 (2) (700 SE2d 399) (2010) (finding that the “deadly weapon” requirement of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is the equivalent of the “offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery, and relying on Lucky v. State, 286 Ga. 478, 481 (689 SE2d 825) (2010), which established that the assault requirement of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the “use of an offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery). And “[b]ecause aggravated assault [with a deadly weapon] does not require proof of any element that armed robbery does not, convictions for both offenses will merge — but only if the crimes are part of the same ‘act or transaction.’ ” Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) (717 SE2d 187) (2011) (citations omitted).
Here, the aggravated assault, as charged in the indictment, occurred when Bradley assaulted Bobby Patel with the .38-caliber revolver. The State argues that the aggravated assault was completed when Bradley fired the weapon and then ran out of the store and that only then did the armed robbery occur as a separate transaction. But the armed robbery could not have occurred exclusively after Bradley fled from the store because the undisputed evidence was that Pounder did not have a weapon. Instead, the armed robbery must have begun when Bradley pointed the .38-caliber revolver at Bobby for the purpose of robbing the store, during which time the aggravated assault also occurred, and the armed robbery concluded immediately thereafter when Pounder took the money out of the cigar box. Because the aggravated assault of Bobby arose out of the same “act or transaction” as the armed robbery of Bobby, the aggravated assault was an offense included in the armed robbery conviction, and Bradley’s conviction and sentence for aggravated assault also must be vacated. See Sears v. State, 292 Ga. 64, 73-74 (6) (734 SE2d 345) (2012); Thomas, 289 Ga. at 880 (3).
First, Bradley claims that the statements were admissible under the necessity exception to the hearsay rule.
Here, the trial court concluded that the statements did not bear sufficient indicia of reliability, and this finding is supported by the evidence. In fact, Bradley’s argument at trial was that many people in the community were falsely claiming to have committed the crimes, and that Bradley’s confession was similarly fabricated. The incomplete statement of G. M. is particularly untrustworthy because the teacher was not able to provide the rest of the statement and Bradley did not even suggest how the boy might have been in the position to know that Bradley “didn’t shoot him . . . .” And while Bradley claims that Walker’s statement was trustworthy because the police investigated Walker to determine if he was involved in the
Bradley also asserts that the trial court violated his rights to due process and a fair trial when it excluded these statements. Bradley cites Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U. S. 284 (93 SC 1038, 35 LE2d 297) (1973), for the proposition that due process requires the admission of evidence of a third party’s confession even where such admission would otherwise violate the rules of evidence. But in Chambers, the Supreme Court expressly limited its holding to the facts and circumstances of that case and also found that the third party’s confession bore “persuasive assurances of trustworthiness” and “was critical to [the] defense.” Id. at 302 (III) (B); see also Green, 442 U. S. at 97 (hearsay declaration against the penal interest of a co-conspirator is admissible during the punishment phase of a death penalty case where that declaration is “highly relevant to a critical issue . . . and substantial reasons existed to assume its reliability”). Here, as discussed above, the trial court considered the reliability of the statements, and it did not abuse its discretion in determining that they were not sufficiently reliable to be admitted. See Grell, 291 Ga. at 618 (2).
4. Bradley contends that the trial court erred when it allowed the State to introduce prior consistent statements of the police informant about her conversations with Bradley. But Bradley objected at trial only to her testimony about what Bradley said in the second conversation, which was recorded, and even then, Bradley objected only upon best evidence grounds. Bradley did not make an objection on the grounds he now asserts, and he has, therefore, failed to preserve this claim on appeal. See Sears v. State, 292 Ga. at 67 (3).
5. Finally, we consider Bradley’s claim that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, Bradley must prove both that the performance of his lawyer was deficient and that he was prejudiced by this deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). To show that the performance of his lawyer was deficient, Bradley must prove that his lawyer
First, Bradley complains that his trial lawyer was unsuccessful in convincing the trial court to admit evidence of the statements allegedly made by Walker and G. M., as discussed herein in Division 2. At trial, Bradley’s lawyer argued that the statements should be admitted because they showed that numerous people were falsely claiming to have been involved in the shooting and that the statements were evidence that Bradley’s claims to have been involved in the shooting were similarly fabricated.
Similarly, Bradley claims that his trial lawyer was ineffective because he failed to make proper objections when the trial court allowed the tape recording of his conversation with the informant to go out with the jury during its deliberations. But, as discussed in Division 3, such an objection would have been meritless. And the failure to make a meritless objection cannot amount to ineffective assistance. See Wesley v. State, 286 Ga. 355, 356 (3) (b) (689 SE2d 280) (2010).
Finally, Bradley asserts that his trial lawyer was ineffective when he allowed the State to present what he alleges are prior consistent statements of the informant about her conversations with Bradley. But the record shows that there were several inconsistencies between the informant’s testimony and her prior statements, that these inconsistencies likely served to benefit Bradley, and that the admission of the prior statements would have been a reasonable trial strategy. For example, the informant testified at trial that she first
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.
The events that form the basis for the convictions occurred on October 15, 2003. Bradley was indicted on July 29, 2005 and charged with malice murder, aggravated assault, armed robbery, and three counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. His trial commenced on November 13, 2006, and the jury returned its verdict on November 15, 2006, finding Bradley guilty on all counts. On December 11, 2006, the trial court sentenced Bradley to life imprisonment for malice murder, a consecutive term of twenty years for aggravated
Bradley’s description of the mask was consistent with a mask found by police officers near the food store about two days after the robbery. Bobby Patel had identified that mask as being like the mask worn by the shooter.
It is not clear from the record whether the statement was that Walker had shot someone during the robbery of the “Indian store” or whether he had shot someone in a different robbery.
See former OCGA § 24-3-1 (b) (“Hearsay evidence is admitted only in specified cases from necessity”). Under the new rules of evidence, OCGA § 24-8-807 provides for the admission, under certain conditions, of statements “not specifically covered by any law but having equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness.” We do not consider whether the statements at issue would be admissible under the new rules of evidence.
Bradley also claims that the trial court erred when it refused to admit a certified copy of a search warrant and supporting affidavit that were used to seize DNA evidence from Walker. But those documents contained the same information provided by Walker’s girlfriend about his alleged confession, and the trial court did not err in refusing to admit those documents for the same reasons as it refused to allow the girlfriend to testify about Walker’s alleged confession.
In addition, Bradley claims that the statements were admissible because they were against the declarants’ penal interest, but “declarations to third persons against the declarant’s penal interest, to the effect that the declarant, and not the accused, was the actual perpetrator of the offense, are not admissible in favor of the accused at his trial.” Grell, 291 Ga. at 617 (2) (citations and punctuation omitted); Messick v. State, 276 Ga. 528, 529 (3) (580 SE2d 213)
We note that, in addition to the statements made by Bradley to the informant, Bradley also made an incriminating statement to the police that was suppressed by the trial court.
Bradley does not point to any statement made by the informant in the recording that would have bolstered the informant’s trial testimony. Instead, the undisputed purpose of admitting the recording was to allow the jury to hear Bradley’s confession — not to hear the words of the informant. And because a prior consistent statement of a testifying witness is not hearsay, but is inadmissible only where it holsters the testimony of the witness, Bradley has not shown that the recording of his conversation with the informant is an inadmissible prior consistent statement. See Stephens v. State, 289 Ga. 758, 760 (1) (b) (716 SE2d 154) (2011). Under the new rules of evidence, the admission of prior consistent statements is controlled by OCGA §§ 24-6-613 (c) and 24-8-801 (d) (1) (A). See Ronald L. Carlson and Michael Scott Carlson, Carlson on Evidence (2013-2014 ed.); see also Paul S. Milich, “Prior Consistent Statements,” Courtroom Handbook on Georgia Evidence 8 (2012 ed.) (under the old (and new) rules of evidence, prior consistent statements of a testifying witness “are inadmissible if their only purpose is merely bolstering the witness’s credibility when it has not been attacked.”). We do not consider whether the recording would be an inadmissible prior consistent statement under the new rules of evidence.
Although Bradley’s lawyer previously had been unable to articulate a strategic reason for his failure to object to the admission of the prior statements on the grounds that they were prior consistent statements of the informant, when we assess the performance of counsel, “we must remember that our inquiry properly is focused on what the lawyer did or did not do, not what he thought or did not think.” Powell v. State, 291 Ga. 743, 748 (2) (b), n. 2 (733 SE2d 294) (2012). See also Harrington v. Richter,_U. S._(IV) (A) (1) (131 SC 770, 178 LE2d 624) (2011) (a
Concurrence Opinion
concurring.
I concur in the result and write separately only to note my growing discomfort with our recent case law regarding merger of the offenses of armed robbery and aggravated assault. I agree that Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886 (2) (700 SE2d 399) (2010), cited by the majority, presents an analogous fact pattern and thus compels us to hold under the circumstances of this case that the two offenses must merge. However, I disagree with the sweeping statement in Long that “there is no element of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon that is not contained in armed robbery,” id. at 889 (2), to the extent it purports to hold as a matter of law that these two offenses will always merge. There may be a fact scenario not yet presented that will warrant our retreat from this absolute position.
In addition, it strikes me as incongruous that our precedent compels us to merge the above offenses committed against the injured-but-surviving victim while allowing us to sustain separate offenses (armed robbery and murder) against the deceased victim. Nevertheless, applying the “required evidence” test we adopted in Drinkard v. Walker, 281 Ga. 211 (636 SE2d 530) (2006), this result is clearly correct in this case. Prosecutors seeking to avoid this incongruity in similar circumstances might be wise to seek indictment on aggravated battery, as an alternative to aggravated assault.