Larry WAYNE, Appellant, v. Donald W. WYRICK, Warden, Missouri State Penitentiary, and John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General of Missouri, Appellees.
No. 80-1927.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted Feb. 9, 1981. Decided April 20, 1981.
Rehearing Denied June 2, 1981.
646 F.2d 1268
In the present case Baldwin was not a mere customer of the bribery scheme; the evidence shows that hе, with appellant, participated in establishing and carrying on the scheme. In view of the testimony by Baldwin that he was induced to travel in interstate commerce by the desire to participate in the bribery scheme, the jury had substantial evidence to support the conclusion that appellant‘s activities in fact caused the interstate travel. See United States v. Peskin, 527 F.2d 71, 75-76 (7th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 818, 97 S.Ct. 63, 50 L.Ed.2d 79 (1976); United States v. Rauhоff, 525 F.2d 1170, 1174-75 (7th Cir. 1975); cf. United States v. Cooper, 596 F.2d 327, 330 (8th Cir. 1979) (mail fraud); United States v. Frazier, 545 F.2d 71, 74 (8th Cir. 1976) (
Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.
John Ashcroft, Atty. Gen., John M. Morris, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, Mo., for appellees.
Before LAY, Chief Judge, and STEPHENSON and ARNOLD, Circuit Judges.
ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Unitеd States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri1 entered on August 21, 1980, denying relief under
Larry Wayne was convicted of second-degree murder in a Missouri state court оn June 25, 1976, and was sentenced to life imprisonment on August 2, 1976. Petitioner‘s counsel filed a notice of appeal on August 12, 1976. Soon after the notice was filed, Wayne escaped, and on September 20, 1976, a capias warrant was issued for his arrest. He remained at large until November 10, 1977.
On April 15, 1977, petitioner‘s direct appeal was dismissed by the Court of Appeals of Missouri for failure to show cause why its rules had not been followed. His retained counsel had taken no action to perfect the appeal. He had not requested leave to withdraw as plаintiff‘s counsel, nor did he inform the Missouri Court of Appeals of Wayne‘s escape. Petitioner maintains that his counsel knew of his desire to pursue his direct appeal, and that counsel knew his mother‘s address but did not contact her about the appeal either before or after it was dismissed.
In May of 1978, plaintiff filed a motion to vacate his sentence in the Missouri trial court pursuant to Missouri Supreme Court Rule 27.26. Along with other arguments, Wayne raised the issue of his counsel‘s failure to perfect his appeal. The motion was denied by the trial court without a hearing. On aрpeal the Missouri Court of Appeals denied the motion on the ground that “[a] defendant who escapes custody during post-trial proceedings relinquishes his right to appeal.” Wayne v. State, 579 S.W.2d 780, 781 (Mo.App.1979). Wayne‘s request for rehearing and/or transfer to the Supreme Court of Missouri was denied on June 15, 1979. He later filed a Motion to Recall Mandate in the Missouri Court of Appeals, and it also was denied.
Petitioner asks this Court, in the alternative, either to grant his petition for habeas corpus relief by reinstating his right to a direct appeal in the Missouri state courts, or to set aside the judgment of the federal district court and remand the cause for an evidentiary hearing on the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel. Under the applicable law and the facts of this case, we can do neither.
The right to appeal a criminal conviction in Missouri is statutory.
In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his attorney failed to exercise the customary skill and diligence that a reasonably cоmpetent attorney would perform under similar circumstances, and that he was prejudiced thereby.
Benson v. United States, 552 F.2d 223, 224 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 851, 98 S.Ct. 164, 54 L.Ed.2d 120 (1977). Petitioner “bears a heavy burden of proving unfairness resulting from the alleged ineffective assistance of counsel.” Johnson v. United States, 506 F.2d 640, 645 (8th Cir. 1974).
The question before us is whether the petitioner was prejudiced by his counsel‘s failure to perfect his direct appeal. The facts and chronology of the events surrounding Wayne‘s aborted appeal are undisputed. Wayne had told his attorney he wanted to appeal, and under ordinary circumstances his attorney‘s failure to рerfect that appeal would amount to ineffective assistance of counsel, justifying some form of relief. Wayne‘s own actions, however, have taken from him any right he might otherwise have to complain. The general rule is that a criminal defendant who by his escape removes himself from the court‘s power and process and remains at large during the pendency of his appeal forfeits his right to appeal. This is the rule in the Supreme Court of the United States. Molinaro v. New Jersey, 396 U.S. 365, 90 S.Ct. 498, 24 L.Ed.2d 586 (1970) (per curiam); Eisler v. United States, 338 U.S. 189, 69 S.Ct. 1453, 93 L.Ed. 1897, 338 U.S. 883, 70 S.Ct. 181, 94 L.Ed. 542 (1949) (per curiam); Smith v. United States, 94 U.S. 97, 24 L.Ed. 32 (1876). The Court explained the rationale in Molinaro:
No persuasive reason exists why this Court should procеed to adjudicate the merits of a criminal case after the convicted defendant who has sought review escapes from the restraints placed upon him pursuant to the conviction. While such an escape does not strip the case of its character as an adjudicable case or controversy, we believe it disentitles the defendant to cаll upon the resources of the Court for determination of his claims.
Molinaro v. New Jersey, supra, 396 U.S. at 366, 99 S.Ct. at 498 (emphasis supplied). And in Estelle v. Dorrough, 420 U.S. 534, 95 S.Ct. 1173, 43 L.Ed.2d 377 (1975) (per curiam), the Court upheld a Texas statute which provides for thе automatic dismissal of an appeal unless the escaped appellant surrenders within ten days.
Missouri has long recognized the rule that escape disentitles the defendant to call upon the resources of the court. State v. Logan, 125 Mo. 22, 28, 28 S.W. 176 (1894); State v. Carter, 98 Mo. 431, 11 S.W. 979 (1889); White v. State, 558 S.W.2d 372 (Mo.App.1977). In White v. State, supra, White attended the first day of his trial but did not appear the second day. He was convicted in absentia, arrested several months later, and returned for sentencing. He filed a Rule 27.26 motion alleging incompetency of counsel at and after trial. His attorney had failed to file a motion for a new trial, which was а prerequisite to appellate review. As to his post-trial claims the court said:
[A] defendant who escapes or flees the jurisdiction during his trial or during the post-trial proceedings relinquishes his right of appeal. . . . He is in no position to charge his counsel with ineffectiveness for failing to pursue that which movant by his conduct had relinquished.
Had Wayne‘s attorney attempted to perfect his appeal while he remained at large, the appeal would surely have been dismissed when the court learned of Wayne‘s fugitive status.2 By his escape
The judgment is affirmed.
LAY, Chief Judge, concurring.
I concur. I write separately to emphasize that counsel for the defendant had a continuing obligation to file a notice of appeal and process the appeal. In the present case, he failed to fulfill his responsibility аs appointed counsel. The record does not disclose why trial counsel failed to file the notice of appeal. It was incumbent on the state to move to dismiss the apрeal on the basis of defendant‘s escape. Appointed counsel for a defendant should leave to the Supreme Court the judgmental decision that the appeal is subject to dismissal due to defendant‘s escape or for any other reason. Cf. Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967). I agree the failure of counsel to appeal did not result in prejudice due to the “esсape rule.”