K.C., a minor, Plaintiff - Appellant v. Mark Mayo; Doug Summers; Jeffrey Curley; Marshfield R-1 School District, Defendants - Appellees
No. 19-3010
United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit
Filed: December 21, 2020
Submitted: September 24, 2020; Appeal from United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri - Springfield; Before LOKEN, SHEPHERD, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
K.C. appeals from the district court‘s1 adverse grant of summary judgment in favor of Marshfield R-1 School District (“the District“) and three individual school officials in this case involving allegations of sexual abuse and harassment by a teacher and coach, Johnna Feazell. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Between 2012 and 2013, K.C. was an eighth-grade student (and subsequently a rising ninth-grade student) at the District‘s Junior High School. Feazell was K.C.‘s English teacher and her track and softball coach. In the spring and early summer of 2013, K.C.‘s mother permitted K.C. to spend time with Feazell outside of school and school-sponsored activities. As examples, K.C. and Feazell went biking together, K.C. once stayed at Feazell‘s house while her mother went shopping in Springfield, and K.C. went on a trip with Feazell to watch a softball game at the University of Missouri.
In June 2013, K.C.‘s mother found two undated letters in which Feazell professed her heartfelt love for K.C. K.C.‘s mother brought the letters to the Junior High Principal, Jeffrey Curley.2 K.C.‘s mother testified during her deposition that she believed the letters were “highly inappropriate,” but she did not have any reason to believe a sexual contact had occurred. Curley agreed the letters were inappropriate, but interpreted them (and the mother‘s concern) as Feazell “over-stepping her bounds . . . trying to be the mom.” The letters do not indicate a sexual relationship between K.C. and Feazell, and there is no
Approximately two weeks later, K.C.‘s mother returned to the school and showed Curley text messages between K.C. and Feazell found on K.C.‘s phone. While the text messages no longer exist, neither K.C.‘s mother nor Curley have made any claim that the messages suggested a sexual relationship. Instead, K.C.‘s mother saw the texts as demonstrating Feazell‘s increased anxiety (which she described as “panicked” and “desperate“) about K.C. not returning her calls or messages. Around this time Curley consulted with Superintendent Mark Mayo about Feazell‘s conduct.
On June 17, 2013, Curley and a teacher‘s union representative met with Feazell. Curley gave directions to Feazell to stop texting or writing K.C., to communicate with K.C. only about school-related issues, and to involve another adult if personal issues arose. Curley also directed Feazell to report any non-school related communications or attempted communications from K.C. to either Curley or Assistant Principal Doug Summers. Curley later moved into the role of Principal at the High School, while Summers became Principal at the Junior High. As the new school year approached in August, Summers met with Feazell to remind her of the no-out-of-school-contact (“no-contact“) prohibition with K.C.
In early September 2013, K.C. was invited to spend the night at the home of a friend whose mother happened to be an elementary school teacher in the District. Feazell contacted the teacher and asked for permission to pick up K.C. from the sleepover. Feazell explained this rather odd request by informing the other teacher that K.C.‘s “home life was horrible,” and she was “fixing a bedroom” in her house for K.C. The teacher did not allow the contact, and reported the incident to her elementary school counselor and principal. On their advice, the teacher showed Principal Summers the text messages she had received from Feazell. Summers in turn showed the text messages to then-Superintendent Mayo, and at some point Principal Curley became aware of the incident. Principal Summers confronted Feazell and asked her about the text messages. Feazell initially denied sending the messages but eventually admitted to sending them claiming she was only checking on K.C. On October 9, 2013, then-Superintendent Mayo wrote a Notice of Deficiency letter to Feazell, citing her continued communications with K.C., despite the earlier no-contact prohibition. The letter served as a “statutory warning” that formal charges and/or employment termination would follow if her behavior did not improve.
Approximately one year later, K.C.‘s mother discovered a phone that Feazell had purchased for K.C. to facilitate clandestine communications between the two. K.C.‘s mother discovered text messages on the phone that evidenced sexual activity between Feazell and K.C. On October 13, 2014, K.C.‘s mother brought the phone to Principal Curley. Upon seeing the messages, Principal Curly immediately contacted the police and placed Feazell on administrative leave. Feazell subsequently resigned and eventually pled guilty to four felony counts, including statutory sodomy and sexual contact with a student.
K.C. commenced this action against the District, Curley, Summers and Mayo, alleging negligence and constitutional violations by the individual officials under
II. DISCUSSION
We review de novo a district court order granting summary judgment, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and drawing all reasonable inferences in their favor. Perkins v. Hastings, 915 F.3d 512, 520 (8th Cir. 2019). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Title IX provides that “[n]o person . . . shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . . . .”
Where, as here, the complaint involves allegations against school officials brought under both Title IX and
Accordingly, to survive a motion for summary judgment here, there must be a genuine issue as to whether the District or any of the individual defendants had actual notice of sexual abuse or harassment and failed to adequately respond. When the facts present here are viewed in a light most favorable to K.C., the claims cannot survive summary judgment because the facts are insufficient to support a finding of actual notice. See Flaherty, 623 F.3d at 585-86 (no Title IX claim where the facts do not meet the Gebser actual notice standard); Plamp v. Mitchell Sch. Dist. No. 17-2, 565 F.3d 450, 457 (8th Cir. 2009) (vague complaints to school principal insufficient to support finding of actual notice); P.H. v. Sch. Dist. of Kansas City, Missouri, 265 F.3d 653, 662-63 (8th Cir. 2001) (evidence of “excessive time” together or favoritism does not meet the actual notice standard).
A searching review of the summary judgment record reveals no evidence to indicate school officials had actual notice of sexual harassment or abuse by Feazell prior to the events of October 13, 2014. When K.C.‘s mother first alerted Principal Curley of her concerns in June 2013, she provided two letters written by Feazell and text messages from Feazell to K.C. that were at most inappropriate but did not appear to indicate that a physical or sexual relationship existed. And K.C.‘s mother admitted as much during her deposition.
Approximately one year passed before K.C.‘s mother met with Principal Curley on October 13, 2014, with the cell phone containing text messages evidencing a sexual relationship involving K.C. and Feazell. Curley took immediate action by contacting law enforcement, and placing Feazell on administrative leave. Actual notice cannot be assigned to the District - or to any school official - before October 13 and thus District and the individual defendants are entitled to summary judgment.
K.C. argues that the district court improperly resolved factual disputes at the summary judgment stage. However, “the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact.” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986)) (emphasis in original). See also
III. CONCLUSION
The district court did not improperly weigh the evidence and the summary judgment record established that no genuine dispute exists as to whether the District or any school official had actual notice of sexual abuse or harassment prior to October 13, 2014. Summary judgment was appropriate on both the Title IX and