Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Michael Jon JacobsmaIowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Michael Jon Jacobsma
On review of the report of the Iowa Supreme Court Grievance Commission.
The grievance commission found an Iowa attorney violated the rules of professional conduct and recommended a thirty-day suspension of the attorney‘s license. LICENSE SUSPENDED.
Tara van Brederode and Elizabeth E. Quinlan, Des Moines, for complainant.
Jack Bjornstad, Spirit Lake, for respondent.
The Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board (Board) charged Michael Jacobsma with violating
I. Scope and Standard of Review.
We review attorney disciplinary matters de novo.
“When an attorney admits facts alleged by the Board in an answer to a complaint, we deem those facts to be established.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Taylor, 887 N.W.2d 369, 373 (Iowa 2016). Similarly, when an attorney makes and the commission accepts a stipulation of facts, that stipulation is binding on us.
II. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Jacobsma was admitted to practice in Iowa on April 18, 1997. At all times relevant to this procеeding and the alleged underlying conduct, he practiced law in Sioux City and Orange City, Iowa.
From May 2017 through November 30, 2017, Jacobsma maintained an attorney–client relationship with Jane Doe, representing her in various legal matters. On October 1, 2017, Jacobsma began a sexual relationship with Doe. Jacobsma and Doe were not husband and wife at the time of the commencement of the sexual relationship.
On November 22, 2017, after Jacobsma‘s two law partners confronted him, Jacobsma admitted to engaging in a sexual relationship with Doe. Jacobsma‘s partners informed him that if he did not report his misconduct to the Board, thеy would file a complaint with the Board as required by
In an email dated November 30, 2017, Jacobsma reported to the Board, “I have violated the provisions of
On March 22, 2018, the Board filed a complaint bеfore the commission, alleging Jacobsma‘s conduct violated
The Board and Jacobsma subsequently filed a joint stipulation pursuant to
The commission issued its report on July 19, 2018. It found that while engaged in an attorney–client relationship with Doe, Jacobsma and Doe commenced a sexual relationship and “Jacobsma and Doe were not husband and wife at the time of the sexual relationship.” The commission concluded “that the facts as set forth in the Stipulated Facts Supporting Violation of Rule 32:1.8(j) set forth above [in the report], prove by a convincing preponderance of the evidence, that Jacobsma violated
III. Rule Violation.
First, we must determine whether the record establishes the alleged rule violation by a convincing preponderance of the evidence.
The Board alleged and Jacobsma admitted in his answer that “[f]rom May 2017 through November 30, 2017, Jacobsma represented Jane Doe in several matters in Sioux County“; “[o]n or about October 1, 2017, Jacobsma began a sexual relationship with Doe“; “Jacobsma and Doe were not husband and wife at the time of the intimate relationship“; and the attorney–client relatiоnship preceded the intimate relationship. (Footnote omitted.). Accordingly, we deem those facts established. See Taylor, 887 N.W.2d at 373 (“When an attorney admits facts alleged by the Board in an answer to a complaint, we deem those facts to be established.“).
Additionally, Jacobsma made and the commission accepted a stipulation of those same facts. Thus, that factual stipulation is binding on us. See
Based on those established and binding facts, we find Jacobsma engaged in a sexual relationship with a client, the client was not Jacobsma‘s spouse at the time of the sexual relationship, and the sexual relationship did not predate the attorney–client relationship. Consequently, we conclude Jacobsma‘s conduct violated
IV. Sanction.
Next, we must determine the appropriate sanction. “There is no standard discipline for a particular type of attorney misconduct,” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Marzen, 779 N.W.2d 757, 767 (Iowa 2010) (quoting Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kadenge, 706 N.W.2d 403, 410 (Iowa 2005)), and imposing a default sanction for a particular type of misconduct would be inappropriate, see Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Templeton, 784 N.W.2d 761, 769 (Iowa 2010). Nonetheless, “[w]e seek to ‘achieve consistency with prior cases when detеrmining the proper sanction.’ ” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Crotty, 891 N.W.2d 455, 466 (Iowa 2017) (quoting Templeton, 784 N.W.2d at 769).
In considering an appropriate sanction, this court considers all the facts and circumstances, including the nature of the violations, the attorney‘s fitness to practice law, deterrence, the protection of society, the need to uphold public confidence in the justice system, and the need to maintain the reputation of the bar. We also consider mitigating and aggravating circumstances. The court gives respectful consideration to the findings and recommendations of the commission, but “may impose a greater or lesser sanction than that recommended by the commission.”
Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. McGinness, 844 N.W.2d 456, 463–64 (Iowa 2014) (citations omitted) (quoting Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Wheeler, 824 N.W.2d 505, 509–10 (Iowa 2012)).
Jacobsma is not the first Iowa lawyer to violate our rule prohibiting sexual relationships with clients. “Our past cases reveal a broad range of discipline for attorneys who engage in sexual relations with a client. This range is between a public reprimand and a lengthy period of suspension from the practice of law.” Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Johnson, 884 N.W.2d 772, 780 (Iowa 2016) (quoting Marzen, 779 N.W.2d at 767). “The wide range of discipline largely results from the presence or absence of circumstances in addition to the sexual relations that make the overall misconduct more serious.” Marzen, 779 N.W.2d at 767.
A. Reprimand or Suspension.
In Committee on Professional Ethics & Conduct v. Durham, the attorney and her client, who was an inmate at the time, “engaged in kissing and embracing during the [pеnitentiary] visits in question, as well as at least occasionally caressing or fondling each other.” 279 N.W.2d 280, 282 (Iowa 1979). We found the attorney‘s conduct violated Ethical Considerations 1-5 and 9-6 and Disciplinary Rule 1-102(A)(6) of the Iowa Code of Professional Responsibility for Lawyers [ICPRL].1 Id. at 285.
We concluded the appropriate sanction in Durham was a public reprimand. Id. at 286. Notably, at the time of the Durham case, our rules of professional conduct did not include a per se prohibition of sexual conduct between an attorney and client. See id. at 285. See generally Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 780 n.2. Instead, the attorney‘s conduct was unethical because she was acting in her legal capacity as an attorney at the time of the conduct. Durham, 279 N.W.2d at 285.2 Additionally, this court reasoned a suspension would be unwarranted beсause “the
occurrences in question [were] rather isolated incidents of professional indiscretion which do not raise
In our more recent cases analyzing the appropriate sanction for a violation of
In Monroe, we discussed the rationale for imposing a license suspension on an attorney who engaged in improper sexual relations with a client. 784 N.W.2d at 790. In that case, we concluded “the nature of the ethical infraction and the need to deter other attorneys from engaging in similar misconduct” mandated a suspension. Id. We explained,
There is no gray area with respect to the prohibition of such conduct, no nuance subject to differing interpretations. Therefore, the ethical violation is obvious and should have been obvious to Monroe before he engaged in sex with his client.
Id. (citations omitted); accord Iowa Supreme Ct. Bd. of Prof‘l Ethics & Conduct v. Furlong, 625 N.W.2d 711, 714 (Iowa 2001) (en banc) (noting the prohibition on sexual relationships between attorneys and clients is not one of “many gray areas” in professional responsibility law). We further reasoned, “It is important to deter other attorneys in similar circumstances from putting their own self-interest ahead of those of the client, the very antithesis of a lawyer‘s professional duty.” Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 790.
We believe the circumstances of this case warrant a suspension. This case is more like our recent cases involving
B. Length of Suspension.
Having concluded a license suspension is the appropriate type of sanction for Jacobsma‘s violation of
1. Jacobsma‘s case is distinguishable from cases warranting lengthier suspensions. First, the facts and circumstances of Jacobsma‘s case are distinguishable from cases where we imposed lengthier suspensions. See, e.g., Moothart, 860 N.W.2d at 616, 617 (imposing thirty-month suspension where attorney “admitted to having sex twice with one client, and we ha[d] found he paid another client for sex and sexually harassed five women“); Bowles, 794 N.W.2d at 7 (imposing eighteen-month suspension where attorney engaged in a sexual relationship with a client recently discharged from a mental health fаcility); Marzen, 779 N.W.2d at 769 (imposing six-month suspension where attorney engaged
Here, there are no allegations or evidence in the record of Jacobsma deliberately preying on his client‘s vulnerable personal, mental, or financial state. See, e.g., Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 791 (“[T]he situation presented by the facts of this case is less egregious than we have encountered with respect to other violations of
2. Consideration of aggravating and mitigating factors. Second, our consideration of the aggravating and mitigating factors in this case supports imposition of a thirty-day suspension.
a. Aggravating factors. The parties stipulated to and the commission found the following aggravating factors are relevant to the sanction in this case: (1) “experience in the practice of law” and (2) “potential harm to the client.” We agree. Years of experience as an attorney can be considered an aggravating factor. For example, in Iowa Supreme Court Attorney Disciplinary Board v. Barnhill, we considered the attorney‘s twenty years of experience as an aggravating faсtor. 885 N.W.2d 408, 424–25 (Iowa 2016). Like the attorney in Barnhill, Jacobsma had twenty years of experience as an attorney when he engaged in the misconduct at issue. Jacobsma‘s twenty years of experience are substantial and we view them as an aggravating factor. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Kennedy, 837 N.W.2d 659, 675 (Iowa 2013) (implying twenty years of experience is a substantial amount).
As discussed above, the nature of Jacobsma‘s violation is highly concerning. The purpose of
Althоugh Jacobsma did not represent Doe in her recent marriage dissolution, he represented her in three criminal matters as well as two civil matters that derived from the fallout from her marriage dissolution. Doe retained Jacobsma to represent her on two charges of third-degree harassment, a simple misdemeanor, and one charge of violating a no-contact order, all of which arose from Doe‘s communication with or about her ex-husband‘s paramour.3 Doe also retained Jacobsma to represent her in a civil forcible entry and detainer action and to file, on her behalf, a petitiоn for a temporary and a permanent injunction. Both of the civil matters arose from Doe‘s interactions with the parents of her ex-husband.4 Jacobsma‘s representation of Doe in these matters is an aggravating factor. See, e.g., Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 781 (“The fact that Johnson represented Doe in family and criminal matters is an aggravating circumstance.“).
b. Mitigating factors. Additionally, the parties stipulated to and the commission adopted the following mitigating factors: (1) “lack of prior discipline,” (2) “isolated misconduct,” (3) “remorse,” (4) “cooperation with the Board,” (5) self-reporting of misconduct, (6) participating in “counseling and mental health treatmеnt,” (7) “respected member of the
bar,” (8) lack of actual harm to Doe, (9) “pro bono and reduced fee practice,” (10) “community service and volunteer work,” and (11) “military service.” We agree these mitigating factors are present here.
Jacobsma has not previously been disciplined for an ethics violation. See
The record also indicates Jacobsma is sincerely remorseful of his conduct and acknowledges that his conduct was unethical. Remorse and acceptance of responsibility are mitigating factors. E.g., Waterman, 890 N.W.2d at 332; Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 781. Jacobsma‘s ability to
Additionally, Jacobsma is a respected member of the bar as evidenced by the multiple supportive affidavits from other members of the bar submitted to the commission. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Powell, 726 N.W.2d 397, 408 (Iowa 2007) (treating “affidavits filed on [the attorney‘s] behalf indicat[ing] he is a highly respected member of the bar and the community” as a mitigating factor). He routinely performs pro bono and reduced-fee work, and volunteers in his community and church.5 See, e.g., Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Boles, 808 N.W.2d 431, 442 (Iowa 2012) (“Another signifiсant mitigating factor in this case is Boles’ admirable record of volunteer community service to local youth programs and his extensive pro bono practice.“). He served in the Iowa Army National Guard for eight years, was honorably discharged, and received several service awards and medals. See Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Clarity, 838 N.W.2d 648, 660 (Iowa 2013) (treating “prior military service” as a mitigating factor).
Finally, we consider the lack of any actual harm to the client as a mitigating factor. See Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 782 (treating lack of actual harm as a mitigating factor); cf. Powell, 726 N.W.2d at 408 (“Powell‘s conduct in causing actual harm to his clients is an aggravating factor.“). Jacobsma obtained favorable outcomes in the matters in which he represented Doe at the time of the intimate relationshiр. In her affidavit in support of Jacobsma, Doe stated the relationship was entirely consensual and she continued to consider Jacobsma a friend. Moreover, although there is no evidence of harm to Doe, we note that Jacobsma has demonstrated he understands and accepts that the purpose of
In Johnson, we imposed a thirty-day suspension for a
Similarly, in Monroe, we imposed a thirty-day suspension for a
Most recently, in Waterman, we imposed a thirty-day suspension for a
Jacobsma‘s conduct and the surrounding circumstances make this case analogous to Johnson, Monroe, and Waterman. The attorneys in all four cases engaged in sexual relations with a vulnerable client. See Waterman, 890 N.W.2d at 332 (family matter); Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 775, 781 (family and criminal matters); Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 790 (family and criminal matters); see also Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 790 (noting clients in dissolution actions and criminal matters are particularly vulnerable). As in Johnson, Monroe, and Waterman, Jacobsma‘s misconduct did not result in actual harm to the client. See Waterman, 890 N.W.2d at 332; Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 782; Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 790 n.3, 791 & n.5. Additionally, all four attorneys lacked prior disciplinary records, performed a notable amount of pro bono or reduced-fee work, and sought counseling or treatment tо address any mental health issues that may have led to the misconduct. See Waterman, 890 N.W.2d at 332; Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 781–82; Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 791–92.
Finally, as in Johnson and Monroe, Jacobsma‘s misconduct was an isolated occurrence and he is a respected member of the bar. See Johnson, 884 N.W.2d at 781; Monroe, 784 N.W.2d at 791.
Upon consideration of all of these pertinent factors, we agree with the commission that a thirty-day suspension of Jacobsma‘s Iowa law license is the appropriate sanction. We decline to adopt the commission‘s recommendation that Jacobsma be required to continue mental heаlth counseling until discharged by his therapist in writing. “We often decline to impose conditions like this, in part because we do not have a mechanism for supervising their performance.” Waterman, 890 N.W.2d at 333.
V. Conclusion.
We suspend Jacobsma‘s license to practice law in this state with no possibility of reinstatement for thirty days. This suspension applies to “all facets of ordinary law practice.”
LICENSE SUSPENDED.
All justices concur except Wiggins and Christensen, JJ., who dissent.
#18–1267, Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Jacobsma
WIGGINS, Justice (dissenting).
I respectfully dissent. Our rules of professional conduct make it clear that an attorney shall not have a sexual relationship with a client under these circumstances.
The relationship between lawyer and client is a fiduciary one in which the lawyer occupies the highest position of trust and confidence. The relationship is almost always unequal; thus, a sexual relationship between lawyer and client can involve unfair exploitation of the lawyer‘s fiduciary role, in violation of the lawyer‘s basic ethical obligation not to use the trust of the client to the client‘s disadvantage. In addition, such a relationship presents a significant danger that, because of the lawyer‘s emotional involvement, the lawyer will be unable to represent the client without impairment of the exercise of independent professional judgment. Moreover, a blurred line between the professional and personal
relationships may make it difficult to predict to what extent client confidences will be protected by the attorney-client evidentiary privilege, since client confidences are protected by privilege only when they are imparted in the context of the client-lawyer relationship. Because of the significant danger of harm to client interests and because the client‘s own emotional involvement renders it unlikely that the client could give adequate informed consent, this rule prohibits the lawyer from having sexual relations with a client regardless of whether the relationship is consensual and regardless of the absence of prejudice to the client.
In 2010, when we suspended an attorney‘s license for having sexual relationships with his client, we discussed these very principles and made it clear that an attorney
needs a better understanding of his ethical obligations, the vulnerability of clients under the stress of a dissolution or facing criminal charges, and the impact a sexual relationship between him and his client has on his client and his own ability to professionally represent that client. Without this knowledge, [an attorney] poses a risk to the public.
Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Monroe, 784 N.W.2d 784, 791 (Iowa 2010).
Jacobsma is the third attorney in the last few years to violate
A sanction in a disciplinary case serves many purposes. Three of those purposes are deterrence, protection of the public, and maintaining the reputation of the bar as a whole. Iowa Supreme Ct. Att‘y Disciplinary Bd. v. Mathahs, 918 N.W.2d 487, 494 (Iowa 2018). We decided the Waterman and Johnson cases over seven months before Jacobsma had sexual relations with his client. Obviously, our thirty-day suspension is not deterring attorneys from engaging in sexual relationships with clients.
A sexual relationship with a client does not protect the public or maintain the reputation of the bar as a whole. As the Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct state, such relationships are “almost always unequal,” and the nature of the relationship renders consent by a client improbable.
For these reasons, I consider a consensual sexual relationship with a client as requiring a more serious sanction than the one imposed by the majority. We must make the sanction so it acts as a real deterrence, protects the public, and maintains the reputation of the bar.
Therefore, I would suspend Jacobsma‘s license indefinitely with no possibility of reinstatement for three months. Before reinstatement, I would require him to obtain counseling and provide this court with a report showing that he is no longer at risk to engage in sexual relationships with a client. Finally, I would require him to file
A sexual relationship with a client is a serious matter. It is time we deal with it as such. We can no longer slap the wrists of attorneys who violate
Christensen, J., joins this dissent.
Notes
Durham, 279 N.W.2d at 285 (citations omitted).If the respondent had not been present [at the jailhouse visits] in a professional capacity, no violation of thе Code of Professional Responsibility would have occurred. We do not mean to say that private sexual conduct by an attorney cannot be violative of the ICPRL, but only that it is not respondent‘s conduct per se which we find reprehensible on these facts. Rather, it is the legal capacity in which she was acting which we find to be the essential element of these violations.
On August 31, a no-contact order was entered in the case arising from the June 13 charge. On September 7, deferred judgments were entered on both charges.
On September 13, Doe was charged with violating the no-contact order, a simple misdemeanor. Doe again retained Jacobsma to represent her. Jacobsma moved to dismiss the charge, arguing the no-contact order was invalid, and the court ultimately agreed.
On October 11, Jacobsma filed a petition, on Doe‘s behalf, for a temporary and a permanent injunction against Doe‘s ex-husband‘s parents for interference with Doe‘s tenancy possessory rights. The court granted a temporary injunction.