SORIBA FADIGA, Pеtitioner v. ATTORNEY GENERAL USA, Respondent
No. 05-4910
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
June 15, 2007
Before: FUENTES and GARTH, Circuit Judges, and POLLAK, District Judge
PRECEDENTIAL. On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA No. A76-550-629). Immigration Judge: Hon. Charles M. Honeyman. Argued November 27, 2006. Honorable Louis H. Pollak, District Judge for the United States District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
Anna & Anna, P.C.
533-A Darlington Road
Media, PA 19063
Counsel for Petitioner
Patrick L. Meehan, Esquire
United States Attorney
Robert A. Zauzmer, Esquire
Assistant United States Attorney, Chief of Appeals
Emily McKillip, Esquire (argued)
Assistant United States Attorney
Office of United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106
Richard M. Evans, Esquire
Nancy E. Friedman, Esquire
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation
Ben Franklin Station
P.O. Box 878
Washington, DC 20044
Counsel for Respondent
POLLAK, District Judge:
On May 7, 2004, an Immigration Judge (IJ) ordered that Soriba Fadiga be removed to Guinea. Fadiga moved to reopen the removal proceedings, Fadiga’s counsel acknowledging that he had provided ineffective assistance in presenting Fadiga’s application for asylum and withholding of removal under the
Fadiga now petitions this court for review of the BIA’s final order of removal as to his claims for withholding under the INA and protection under the CAT.2 Upon examination of the BIA’s decision and order, we conclude that the Board abused its discretion in denying Fadiga’s motion to reopen/remand. Therefore, for the reasons stated below, we will grant the petition, vacate the decision and order of the BIA, and remand to the agency with directions to reopen Fadiga’s case. In addition, we take this opportunity to clarify the analytical framework for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in removal proceedings.
In reviewing Fadiga’s underlying claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the details of the proceedings before the IJ—specifically, the hearing оn Fadiga’s application for asylum, or in the alternative withholding of removal, or in the alternative protection under the CAT3 [hereinafter “application for asylum” or “application“]—are of primary concern. Therefore, in this section of the opinion, we (1) summarize the procedural history of the case, (2) describe in some detail the evidence and arguments presented to the Immigration Court and the IJ’s oral decision, and (3) outline the supplementary evidence sought to be submitted to the BIA and the BIA’s decision affirming the denial of Fadiga’s application for asylum and denying Fadiga’s motion to reopen/remand.
A. Procedural History
Soriba Fadiga entered the United States on April 21, 1991 on a non-immigrant visa that expired May 31, 1991. On September 10, 2002, the INS issued and served on Fadiga a Notice to Appear alleging that he was a non-immigrant who had overstayed his visa. Fadiga conceded removability on this ground, but filed an application for asylum under
On May 26, 2004, through his original counsel, Daniel Pell, Fadiga filed a motion in the Immigration Court seeking to reopen the removal proceedings. But on June 4, 2004, Fadiga—now represented by new counsel, Ryan Osborne—filed a notice of appeal with the BIA. As authorized by
B. Proceedings before the Immigration Court
1. Substantive evidence presented
At the merits hearing on May 7, 2004, Fadiga submitted evidence in the form of his own testimony, as well as several exhibits. Fadiga’s testimony presented, in relevant part, the following set of facts:
Soriba Fadiga, who was 44 years old at the time of the 2004 hearing, is a native and citizen of Guinea, a Muslim, and an ethnic
At the May 7, 2004 hearing, Fadiga was, according to the IJ, “quite animated about [political] problems that his family had” after the PDG lost power, including the politically motivated murder of at least one relative, Fadiga’s uncle Ismail Touré. E.R. at 21 (Oral Dec. of IJ). Fadiga testified that, as a result of these problems, his father left Guinea for Côte d’Ivoire in or around 1986. As to his own political problems, Fadiga further testified that he had been a founding member of a post-coup, opposition party—the RPG, led by Alpha Condé—and that, after “problems associated with the 1990 elections,” he too was at risk. Id. at 20–21. For this reason, in early 1991, Fadiga also fled to Côte d’Ivoire. Soon after Fadiga’s departure, an arrest warrant was issued for him by the Guinean government, apparently on a charge of “public disorder.” See A.R. 403 (purported arrest warrant stating charge as “pour désordre publique“). From Côte d’Ivoire, Fadiga was able to pay money to procure a fraudulent Guinean passport and United States visa. He traveled to the United States from Côte d’Ivoire in April 1991. Fadiga continued to be “actively involved” with the RPG party in the United States, through his involvеment in the expatriate Guinean community, and he has participated in demonstrations here against President Conté. E.R. at 22–23 (Oral Dec. of IJ).
Fadiga asserted at the May 7, 2004 hearing that he “fear[ed] being arrested, tortured, or killed” if he were to return to Guinea and that he was “100% sure” that he would be arrested at the
The evidence offered by Fadiga in support of the above testimony included, in relevant part, six documents from governmental and non-governmental agencies and the media regarding human rights abuses in Guinea, and three additional documents offered to corroborate Fadiga’s version of the facts. The corroborating documents were (1) a purported original Guinean arrest warrant issued against Fadiga on January 5, 1991; (2) a document dated January 3, 1993, purportedly showing Fadiga to be a member of the “RPG” political party; and (3) a second document verifying Fadiga’s affiliation with the RPG as of October 15, 2003.7
2. Discrepancies in the evidence
The IJ found “dramatic inconsistencies” between Fadiga’s tеstimony and his application for asylum. E.R. at 34; see also id. at 23 (noting “glaring discrepancies between [Fadiga’s] application for asylum and his testimony in court“). However, Fadiga claimed before the IJ, and continues to claim, that these discrepancies resulted not from mendacity or inconsistencies in his memory, but from errors made by counsel. The discrepancies at issue relate to at least the following matters:
- Education The IJ found the testimony as to Fadiga’s early education “somewhat confusing” and noted significant
discrepancies in the dates of attendance and the names of schools between the application for asylum and Fadiga’s testimony at the hearing. E.R. at 19, 24; Respt.’s Br. 8 n.3. As discussed below, Fadiga attributed the inconsistency to attorney error in filling out the asylum application. He also claimed that the “Gamal Abdel Nasser University” referred to in his testimony was merely another name for the “College de Garçons” listed in the application. E.R. at 24 (Oral Dec. of IJ); A.R. 216–18 (Tr. of May 7, 2004 Hr’g); Respt.’s Br. 8 n.3. - Fadiga’s familial relation to Sékou Touré The IJ found the testimony to be unclear as to whether Fadiga was a nephew or a cousin of Sékou Touré.
- Guinean Political Parties There was confusion at the hearing regarding the various Guinean political parties, and whether Fadiga’s testimony about them was consistent and credible. See E.R. at 18–19 (Oral Dec. of IJ) (“[R]espondent gаve various names for the parties in attempting to explain their differences and similarities.“); A.R. at 172, 174–75, 179–83, 234–35 (Tr. of May 7, 2004 Hr’g); see also Respt.’s Br. 7–9. Based on the record, as well as reported cases of this and other Circuits addressing similar claims, it appears that the parties actually involved were the PDG (Sékou Touré’s ruling party prior to the coup) and the RPG (one of the main opposition parties, founded after the 1984 coup and led by Alpha Condé).8
However, the IJ noted that the application for asylum “suggested” that Fadiga was a member of the “RPR” or “Rassemblement Pour Republique“—a party that apparently does not exist in Guinea. E.R. at 27; see also Respt.’s Br. 7–9.9 Again, Fadiga attributed the discrepancy to attorney error.
- Timing of Fadiga’s move to Ivory Coast Although Fadiga claimed to be the youth secretary of his political party in Guinea from 1984 to 1991, his application “suggests he was in the Ivory Coast” at that time. E.R. at 23 (Oral Dec. of IJ); Respt.’s Br. 9. Fadiga claimed that the application must have been meant to refer to his father’s presence in the Ivory Coast.
As to all of the above inconsistencies, the IJ stated that
3. Fadiga’s representation by original counsel, Daniel Pell11
Fadiga and his original counsel, Daniel Pell, stated at the hearing that neither of them had reviewed Fadiga’s application with care, either before filing the application or in preparation for the hearing. Fadiga repeatedly insisted that all of the mistakes in the application should be attributed to the preparers. When asked about his contacts with his counsel, Fadiga initially stated that he had spoken by telephone with Bonnie Shue, a secretary in Pell’s office, and then met with Shue and Pell at Pell’s office to prepare the application for asylum.
However, after a break in testimony and a chance for Fadiga to confer with counsel, Pell made a proffer to the court that Fadiga had met with a law student who was working in Pell’s office at the
4. The IJ’s findings and decision
In his oral decision, announced at the conclusion of the May 7, 2004 hearing, the IJ denied the application in its entirety, finding that Fadiga had not met his burden of proof as to asylum,13 withholding of removal, or CAT protection. While not making an explicit adverse credibility finding, the IJ repeatedly referenced “[t]he credibility issues [which] on their face abound in this case.” E.R. at 34. Specifically, the IJ cited “dramatic inconsistencies” as to Fadiga’s educational history and his country of residence between 1984 and 1991, as well as the “mentioning of a [political] party on the application for asylum that does not even exist in Guinea.” E.R. at 34; see supra Part I.B.2. The IJ was less concerned about Fadiga’s fraudulent passport and visa, because of the evidence indicating rampant corruption and ease of obtaining purportedly authentic official documents in Guinea. However, the
Notwithstanding his finding of substantial infirmities in the proof, the IJ repeatedly expressed concern about the quality of Fadiga’s legal representation, stating, in part, that
[Fadiga,] throughout his testimony, seemed to be completely surprised that there would be any additional evidence required of him to meet his burden of proof. . . . [He] claims he did not know any other evidence should have been produced and [that he] could certainly do so.
[Fadiga] has made very serious allegations and the Court is concerned about this record. . . . Obviously, there are major credibility issues in this case, but both in terms of credibility and burden of proof, [Fadiga] essentially is blaming his attorney and his office. Throughout his testimony, [Fadiga] never blamed his attorney directly, but it is certainly without dispute that an attorney’s office’s obligation is to avoid negligence and ineffective assistance of counsel.
Id. at 34; see also id. at 28 (“This is not an easy case for the Court to decide because of the preparation issues raised by [Fadiga] . . . .“).14
Noting that Daniel Pell, the lawyer representing Fadiga at the May 7, 2004 hearing, appeared frequently before the Immigration Court and that Pell had presented a “very serious analysis” of other issues in Fadiga’s case, the IJ “hesitate[d] to conclude that this particular attorney has done anything that would be considered ineffective assistance of counsel” with respect to the application for asylum. Id. at 35. Moreover, the IJ emphasized that he had taken into account all evidence submitted up to the deadline of ten days prior to the hearing. Id. at 38. Although
C. The BIA’s review
Fadiga filed a timely appeal with the BIA, and the BIA also took jurisdiction over Fadiga’s motion to reopen. See supra Part I.A. Fadiga was represented on appeal by new counsel, Ryan Osborne, and raised a single claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. In support of his claim, Fadiga offered affidavits from himself, from several potential corroborating witnesses, and from his former counsel, Daniel Pell.
1. The affidavits
In addition to seven witness affidavits supporting his substantive claims for asylum, withholding and CAT protection,15 Fadiga submitted affidavits from himself and former counsel Daniel Pell as evidence of the alleged ineffective assistance of counsel at the Immigration Court hearing.
Pell, according to his affidavit, had, as of 2004, been practicing law for twenty-nine years and had never been the subject
“any additional written evidence that you have and we can review the country conditions in your case. If you have any letters, video tapes, or any evidence of any nature that you want to submit, you must bring it along, with two (2) copies of each document or tape, video tape or other document with you to the office.”
Id. at 41 (Pell. Aff.) ¶ 9. Fadiga did deliver documents (i.e., the exhibits submitted to the IJ) to Pell, but Pell is “certain” that they did not “review the contents of [Fadiga’s application], or discuss in detail any issues of testimony or proof.” Id. ¶ 10.
On May 6, 2004—the day before the merits hearing—Pell, according to his affidavit, met with Fadiga for forty-five minutes, “reviewing the ‘country conditions’ and the general nature of his claims,” but “for some unknown reason [Pell] did not ask [Fadiga] to review his [application].” Id. ¶¶ 11–12. “Further, [Pell] did not advise Mr. Fadiga to produce witnesses or declarations regarding his familial ties to former President . . . Sekou Toure, his membership in the R.P.G., . . . the treatment of R.P.G. members by the government, or . . . treatment of [Touré’s] family members . . . by the government.” Id. ¶ 13. Pell, therefore, was “completely surprised and taken aback by the factual contradictions between [the application] and [Fadiga’s] testimony at the merits hearing.”
Pell concluded his affidavit by “sincerely apologiz[ing]” for “not having been more thorough,” noting that “I know better,” and offering “[n]ot by way of excuse, but only by way of explanation” his belief at the time that the documents from the RPG officials and the arrest warrant “should have sufficed to establish the necessary evidentiary nexus between Mr. Fadiga and the R.P.G.” Id. at 42 (Pell Aff.) ¶¶ 16–17. However, he noted that this belief was “of no avail” due to the “shadow . . . cast over [Fadiga’s] credibility, when he testified contrary to many important items contained [in the application].” Id. ¶ 17.
While Fadiga’s affidavit largely conformed to the facts stated by Pell in his affidavit, it also added several new facts. In particular, Fadiga attested that on May 6, 2004—the day before the hearing—Pell raised with him the possibility of having a particulаr witness testify on his behalf, and that Fadiga told Pell that this would not be possible on short notice. Fadiga also reiterated that “[a]t no time prior to the merits hearing did Attorney Pell advise me to review my written applications for relief, or the importance of such a review,” E.R. at 44 (Fadiga Aff.) ¶ 13; that “Attorney Pell never advised me to . . . [submit witnesses or affidavits] concerning my familial relationship to Sekou Toure or my membership in the
2. The BIA decision
The BIA, in a decision and order dated October 6, 2005, found that, regardless of whether Fadiga had mеt the procedural requirements for advancing an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim or whether he had demonstrated that his counsel’s performance was deficient, his motion had to be denied because he had not been prejudiced by any such deficient performance. As to the asylum claim, the BIA found that there was no prejudice because that claim was time-barred. As to withholding of removal under the INA, the Board found that, even assuming the inadequacy of Fadiga’s legal representation, “the record fails to establish that it is ‘more likely than not’ that he would be in danger of future persecution as either” a relative of Sékou Touré or an RPG member. E.R. at 5. This finding was based on the Board’s view that (1) Fadiga was not a victim of past persecution (and so did not receive a presumption of future persecution), and (2) although there were State Department reports of “isolated incidents of harassment of RPG members in 2003,” without corroboration of the purported arrest warrant, “the record fails to demonstrate a clear probability that [Fadiga] would be targeted for future persecution.” Id. As to the application for withholding under the CAT, the Board similarly found that the record was “devoid of any evidence that [Fadiga] has ever been tоrtured in the past,” and that “there is also is [sic] insufficient evidence to demonstrate a clear probability that he would be subject to future torture in Guinea.” Id. Concluding
Fadiga filed a timely petition for review in this court, and he now challenges the final order of removal on the ground that the BIA erroneously denied his motion to reopen as to withholding of removal under the INA and protection under the CAT.
II. JURISDICTION AND SCOPE OF REVIEW
The Immigration Court had jurisdiction over Fadiga’s application for asylum, withholding of removal and protection under the CAT pursuant to
“[W]e review the [BIA’s] denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion.” Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556, 562 (3d Cir. 2004). “Under the abuse of discretion standard, the Board’s decision must be reversed if it is arbitrary, irrational, or contrary to law.” Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 175 (3d Cir. 2002)
III. DISCUSSION
On this petition for review, Fadiga contends that the BIA “erroneously concluded that the Petitioner’s applications had not been prejudiced by the ineffective assistance of his counsel.” Petr.’s Br. 7. Fadiga argues that the alleged errors of counsel in failing to prepare him for the hearing or to inform him of the types of evidence that might be helpful to his application were
In response, the government argues that the denial of Fadiga‘s motion to reopen was “not arbitrary or capricious and thus not an abuse of discretion.” Respt.‘s Br. 17. According to the government, “[t]he BIA found that even assuming [competent representation], Fadiga‘s claim would have failed because he did not prove that he would probably be persecuted or tortured . . . . Because Fadiga did not show a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different if his attorney had been effective, the BIA therefore held that Fadiga had failed to prove that he was prejudiced by his attorney‘s allegedly ineffective assistance.” Id. The government further argues that “[i]n any event, Fadiga‘s ineffectiveness claim could not succeed because he did not satisfy all of the requirements set forth in Matter of Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637, 639 (BIA 1988)“—an issue that appears not to have been expressly resolved by the BIA because of the BIA‘s dispositive finding that Fadiga could not establish prejudice. Respt.‘s Br. at 19 n.10.
In the balance of this opinion, we first lay out the framework for evaluating an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim in removal proceedings (addressing, along the way, the government‘s contention that Lozada bars Fadiga‘s claim). We then undertake to determine the proper standard for determining prejudice within
A. Ineffective assistance of counsel in removal proceedings
A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in removal proceedings is cognizable under the Fifth Amendment—i.e., as a violation of that amendment‘s guarantee of due process. Zheng, 422 F.3d at 106; Lu v. Ashcroft, 259 F.3d 127, 131 (3d Cir. 2001); see also Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 549 (“[A]liens facing removal are entitled to due process.“); accord Hernandez v. Reno, 238 F.3d 50, 55 (1st Cir. 2001) (“[W]here counsel does appear for the [alien], incompetence in some situations may make the proceeding fundamentally unfair and give rise to a Fifth Amendment due process objection.” (emphasis in original)). Where an alien claims a denial of due process because he was “prevented from making his case to the BIA or the IJ,” Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 549,19 he must
1. Lozada‘s threshold procedural requirements
Matter of Lozada sets forth the procedural requirements which must be satisfied before the BIA considers a Fifth Amendment-based claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on its merits. The alien must (1) support the claim with an affidavit attesting to the relevant facts; (2) inform former counsel of the allegations and provide counsel with the opportunity to respond (this response should be submitted with the alien‘s pleading asserting ineffective assistance); and (3) state “whether a complaint has been filed with appropriate disciplinary authorities regarding [the allegedly deficient] representation, and if not, why not.” Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639. In Lu, “[w]e generally agree[d] that the [Lozada] three-prong test is not an abuse of the Board‘s wide-ranging discretion.” 259 F.3d at 132; accord Zheng, 422 F.3d at 106; see also Hernandez, 238 F.3d at 55 (praising Lozada as an appropriate method of “cop[ing] with the . . . problem . . . . that such claims are easily made and compromise finality” (citation omitted)).
There is no dispute that Fadiga complied with the first two Lozada requirements—filing an explanatory affidavit and providing former counsel with an opportunity to respond. Nor is it disputed that Fadiga did not file a complaint with a bar grievance committee or other “appropriate disciplinary authorities,” Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639, in regard to Daniel Pell‘s allegedly deficient performance. Accordingly, the government argues that if the BIA had not denied Fadiga‘s motion on the prejudice issue, it would have had to do so “because of his failure to comply with Lozada“—that is, because “Fadiga neither filed a disciplinary complaint nor explained his failure to do so.” Respt.‘s Br. 19 n.10.
In its brief discussion of Lozada‘s complaint requirement, the Board‘s decision and order in this case noted that “ordinarily” and “[i]n most cases” a complaint would be required. However, the decision and order then included “cf.” citations to page 134 of our opinion in Lu, supra, and to the Pell affidavit. In Lu, we noted the “dangers . . . in applying a strict, formulaic interpretation of Lozada” and, on the page cited by the BIA, we stressed that the filing of a complaint “is not an absolute requirement” and that “the failure to file a complaint is not fatal if a petitioner provides a reasonable explanation.” Lu, 259 F.3d at 133, 134 (emphasis in original).20 In its citation to the Pell affidavit, the Board noted Pell‘s “accept[ance of] responsibility for the aforementioned errors.” E.R. at 4.21 Although the Board then went on to deny the motion on finding no prejudice, without explicitly ruling on the
Whether or not the Board intended tо so rule, such a ruling would seem the proper one. In explaining that the Lozada requirements “need not be rigidly enforced where their purpose is fully served by other means,” 259 F.3d at 134 (internal quotation marks omitted), Lu detailed several interests served by “the third prong of the Lozada test, the so called ‘bar complaint’ requirement.” Id. at 132-33; see also In re Rivera-Claros, 21 I. & N. Dec. 599, 603-605, 607 (BIA 1996) (en banc) (discussing “multiple purposes behind . . . Lozada rule“). These interests include providing a “means of identifying and correcting possible misconduct” in the immigration bar, Rivera-Claros, 21 I. & N. Dec. at 604, “deter[ing] meritless claims of ineffective assistance of counsel [and] highlight[ing] the standards which should be expected of attorneys who represent aliens in immigration proceedings,” id., “increas[ing the Board‘s] confidence in the validity of the particular claim[,] . . . . reduc[ing] the likelihood that an evidentiary hearing will be needed[,] . . . . serv[ing the Board‘s] long-term interests in policing the immigration bar[,] . . . . [a]nd . . . protect[ing] against possible collusion between counsel and the alien client.” Id. at 605. All of these interests—save the last—are served without a complaint where, as here, prior counsel has fully and openly owned up to his error and provided a detailed affidavit attesting to the problems in the representation. As to the “collusion” rationale, it seems unlikely that a lawyer would go so far as to commit perjury (i.e., intentionally filing a false affidavit) in furtherance of such collusion.
Therefore, we find that the requirement of a complaint was excused in this case where counsel acknowledged the ineffectiveness and made every effort to remedy the situation. Lozada provides no bar to Fadiga‘s claim.
2. The substantive error-and-prejudice test
When the Lozada requirements are met or excused, the BIA
Our cases have not heretofore had occasion to put into sharp focus the proper formulation of the standard by which prejudice is to be measured in considering a Fifth Amendment claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in removal proceedings. Those cases that have touched on the question have described the standard in a variety of ways. E.g., Ponce-Leiva v. Ashcroft, 331 F.3d 369, 377 (3d Cir. 2003) (asking whether petitioner “was prevented from reasonably presenting his case“); Zheng, 422 F.3d at 107 n.6 (finding no prejudice because “Zheng ha[d] given us no reason to believe” that, if counsel had acted competently, the Board “might have reversed the IJ‘s . . . decision“).24
The government, in a supplementary letter brief, contends that useful guidance is provided by Charleswell, supra, a recent case dealing with analogous legal issues in the context of a criminal prosecution for illegal reentry into the United States. In
In so ruling, the Charleswell court observed that “this standard appears to be analogous to the standard required . . . to prove an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.” Id. at 361. Indeed, in the case cited by Charleswell for this proposition—United States v. Copeland, 376 F.3d 61 (2d Cir. 2004)—the Second Circuit expressly adopted the Strickland Sixth Amendment standard governing prejudice from alleged ineffective assistance of counsel in criminal proceedings as the standard to be applied, under the Fifth Amendment, to determine prejudice from an alleged denial of due process in removal proceedings. Copeland, 376 F.3d at 73 (“[T]he appropriate test for prejudice is the one used to decide ineffective assistance of counsel claims, namely, prejudice is shown where ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.‘” (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694)).25
Th[e] analogy [between the Copeland facts and a case involving alleged ineffective assistance of counsel] is close-fitting because the denial of an opportunity to apply for [discretionary] relief will generally be the result either of a lawyer having caused an eligible alien to fail to apply, or of an IJ, owing special duties to a pro se alien, having failed to give notice of such an opportunity. In the latter case, therefore, prejudice is shown where there is a reasonable probability that, but for the IJ‘s unprofessional errors, the alien would have been granted [discretionary] relief.
Copeland, 376 F.3d at 73 (citations omitted).
We agree with the government that the Charleswell “reasonable likelihood” standard—or its equivalent, the “reasonable probability” standard26—is also appropriate to the prejudice inquiry in the context of an alleged denial of due process in removal proceedings due to ineffective assistance of counsel. Charleswell and Copeland applied the “reasonable likelihood” standard to determine prejudice from denials of due process in removal proceedings, in instances where the alleged defect was not ineffective assistance of counsel, in part because the alleged defect in the proceedings was “analogous to” ineffective assistance of counsel. We therefore view it as entirely appropriate to apply the “reasonable likelihood” standard in the “close-fitting,” Copeland, 376 F.3d at 73, circumstance where the alleged defect in the removal proceedings is ineffective assistance of counsel. Further,
B. The BIA‘s analysis
The BIA‘s two-paragraph treatment of Fadiga‘s ineffective-assistance claim as to withholding of removal under the
We now turn to the [Fadiga‘s] remaining applications for relief. With regard to his application for withholding of removal under
section 241(b)(3) of the Act , we find that even if this Board were to assume the truth of [Fadiga‘s] claim, the record fails to establish that it is “more likely than not” that he would be in danger of future persecution as either a member of Sekou Toure‘s family or as a member of the RPG party. [Fadiga] is not a victim of past persecution; therefore, he does not qualify for a presumption of future persecution. Furthermore, although the Department of State verified isolated incidents of harassment of RPG members in 2003; inasmuch as [Fadiga] has failed to provide any additional evidence corroborating the validity of the arrest warrant he previously submitted, we find that the record fails to demonstrate a clear probability that he would be targeted for future persecution. Likewise, following consideration of the evidence submitted in support of [Fadiga‘s] motion, as well as the evidence of record, we find that [he] has failed to demonstrate his eligibility for relief under the [CAT]. We find that not only is the record is [sic]devoid of any evidence that [Fadiga] has ever been tortured in the past, but there is also is [sic] insufficient evidence to demonstrate a clear probability that he would be subject to future torture in Guinea. Accordingly, [Fadiga] has failed to demonstrate prima facie eligibility for either withholding of removal under [the INA] or protection pursuant to the [CAT]; and as a result, we do not find that [Fadiga] has demonstrated that he has been prejudiced by the actions of his former attorney.
E.R. at 5 (citations and footnote omitted).
Although the Board stated that it was applying a “prima facie eligibility” standard, the Board‘s analysis reveals that the Board, in fact, held Fadiga to a higher standard—requiring him to demonstrate eligibility for relief under the ultimate standards applicable to claims for withholding of removal and protection under the
In Sevoian, we explained that “the prima facie case standard for a motion to reopen . . . requires the applicant to produce objective evidence showing a ‘reasonable likelihood’ that he can
Likewise, in ruling on the motion to reopen in Fadiga‘s case, the BIA applied an “excessively rigorous standard” to the inquiry whether Fadiga had established the prejudice component of his underlying claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. As established in our discussion supra, the proper standard was whether there was a “reasonable likelihood” that the outcome of Fadiga‘s hearing in the Immigration Court would have been different absent the errors allegedly made by his counsel.
While a “reasonable likelihood” of a different outcome
[t]he prejudice component requires [the defendant] to show “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. He “need not show that counsel‘s deficient performance ‘more likely than not altered the outcome in the case‘—rather, he must show only ‘a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.‘” Jacobs [v. Horn, 395 F.3d 92, 105 (3d Cir. 2005)] (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693-94). “This standard is not a stringent one.” Id. (internal quotations omitted).
428 F.3d at 502 (parallel citations omitted).29
Notably, the Ninth Circuit has had occasion to address a BIA error very similar to the Board‘s error in the case at bar. In
Because, in the case at bar, the BIA applied too rigorous a standard in denying Fadiga‘s motion to reopen—requiring Fadiga to establish not a “reasonable likelihood” but a “clear probability” of gaining the relief sought (or that he “more likely than not” would prevail)—this court could, following the practice of the Maravilla Maravilla court, remand this case to the BIA to afford that tribunal an opportunity to determine whether Pell‘s representation of Fadiga was deficient and, if so, whether the deficient representation undercut Fаdiga‘s opportunity to present his claims in the Immigration Court.30
In the present circumstances, however, we think that it would be an act of supererogation for this court to ask the BIA to determine whether Pell‘s representation fell below minimal
C. Application of the error-and-prejudice test to Fadiga‘s claim of ineffective assistance
The Pell affidavit submitted to the BIA—corroborating and expanding on Pell‘s oral proffer to the IJ—makes it plain that the faulty I-589 was prepared by a law student, was not reviewed by Pell, and was not discussed with Fadiga by Pell in advance of the hearing before the IJ. “Further, [Pell] did not advise Mr. Fadiga to produce witnesses or declarations regarding his familial ties to former President . . . Sekou Toure, his membership in the R.P.G., . . . the treatment of R.P.G. members by the government, or . . . treatment of [Touré‘s] family members . . . by the government.” E.R. at 41 (Pell. Aff.) ¶ 13. Moreover—Pell advised the BIA in his affidavit—Pell was “quite certain . . . that Mr. Fadiga could and would have produced witnesses or affidavits or declarations to prove” Fadiga‘s relationship to Sekou Touré, Fadiga‘s membership in the RPG, and the targeting of both Touré family members and RPG “members аnd/or officials” by the incumbent Guinean government. Id. ¶ 15.
These attestations, which are uncontroverted in the record, make clear that Pell‘s performance “fell below an objective standard of ‘reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.‘” Sistrunk v. Vaughn, 96 F.3d 666, 670 (3d Cir. 1996) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 668). It does not require Pell‘s coda—“I deeply regret and sincerely apologize for the problems that I have caused this Court, the government attorneys, and Mr. Fadiga, in not having been more thorough in presenting his case from an evidentiary standpoint. I know better.” E.R. at 42 (Pell Aff.) ¶ 16—to establish that Pell‘s failures severely compromised Fadiga‘s capacity to present his claims cogently in the Immigration Court.31
Was Fadiga prejudiced by Pell‘s deficient representation? In our view, the record establishes that Fadiga was prejudiced—i.e., that there would have been a “reasonable likelihood” of Fadiga achieving a favorable outcome at the May 7, 2004 hearing had Pell performed effectively. The IJ‘s decision was based in large part on doubts about the credibility of Fadiga‘s testimony—doubts that were predicated on evidentiary inconsistencies which would have been avoided by competent counsel. See supra Parts I.B.2-4, I.C.1. In addition, the IJ discounted the probative value of Fadiga‘s other, documentary evidence in part because it was “not supported by detailed affidavits or testimonial corroboration,” E.R. at 34, and it is clear from the record that at least some such corroboration would have been available given competent advice and preparation by counsel. Thus, counsel‘s errors contributed directly to the evidentiary defects that led the IJ to deny relief. Cf. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695 (“[A] court hearing an ineffectiveness claim must consider the totality of the evidence before the [fact-finder]. Some of the factual findings will have been unaffected by the errors, and factual findings that were affected will have been affected in different ways.“).
We are also mindful of the ambivalence in the IJ‘s opinion, see, e.g., supra note 14 and accompanying text. The IJ stated that “[t]his is not an easy case for the Court to decide because of the preparation issues raised by [Fadiga],” E.R. at 28—concerns to which the IJ adverted more than once. E.g., E.R. at 34, 36, 37. Cf. Strickland, supra at 696 (“[A] conclusion only weakly supported by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors than one with overwhelming record support.“).
In sum, we find that there is at least a “reasonable
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, the petition for review is granted, the October 6, 2005 decision and order of the Board of Immigration Appeals is vacated, and the case is remanded to the Board of Immigration Appeals with directions to remand to the Immigration Court for reopening of petitioner Soriba Fadiga‘s case.
Notes
E.R. at 35–36.In preparing for this case, this Court could only assume that the evidence in Exhibit 6 [i.e., the documents described above, supra text accompanying note 7], coupled with [Fadiga’s] testimony, was the evidence that [Fadiga] sought to present in presenting his case at the individual calendar hearing this date.
Prior to issuing this decision, counsel for [Fadiga], in effect, urges that the additional evidence be permitted or that [Fadiga] could have easily . . . presented such evidence, but he simply didn’t know. It is certainly strange (indiscernible) absent additional evidence that was not рresented today, to determine what exactly went on between [Fadiga] and his attorney that, according to [Fadiga], led [Fadiga] to have absolutely no idea as to what burden of proof meant in these administrative proceedings. The Court has concerns about what . . . could have been presented . . . but was not. On the other hand, in light of the ease [of obtaining the fraudulent passport] . . . the Court cannot inherently rely on the arrest warrant and the RPG documents to assume that everything that [Fadiga] is stating is true, and that everything that resulted in evidentiary gaps can merely be attributed to his counsel’s staff.
Guo, 386 F.3d at 563-64 (bracketed and parenthetical material in original).The Board, . . . in its denial of Guo‘s motion . . ., stated that she must proceed to end-game and ”establish that there is a pattern or practice [of enforcing the family planning policy against Chinese nationals with foreign-born children] in her homeland” (emphasis added). In this context, “establish” means the evidence for asylum outweighs the evidence against. A “reasonable likelihood” means merely showing a realistic chance that the petitioner can at a later time establish that asylum should be granted. The distinction may at first appear to be subtle shading, but without it “prima facie” (meaning at first sight) would lack meaning.