Thomas Rokeby Conynghan CORFIELD, et al., Plaintiffs, Liberty Corporate Capital Ltd., on its own behalf and as the representative of all other members of those Underwriters at Lloyds, London subscribing to Policy No. CRCTX99-1128, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DALLAS GLEN HILLS LP, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 03-10185.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
Dec. 29, 2003.
355 F.3d 853
Along these same lines, Avondale maintains that hearing loss is different from all other scheduled losses under the LHWCA. Avondale states that all of the other scheduled losses can be objectively determined while hearing loss is more subjective. But when Congress has chosen to treat hearing loss claims differently from other claims, it has clearly done so. See
Avondale‘s second argument is that it did not decline to pay compensation and is therefore not liable for attorney‘s fees under section 28(a). This argument is without merit. In both cases, Avondale filed a Form LS-207, Notice of Controversion of Right to Compensation, before the thirtieth day after receiving formal notice of the claim from the deputy commissioner. In Weaver v. Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc., 282 F.3d 357 (5th Cir.2002), the Court held that the attorney‘s fees may be assessed against the employer from the date of receiving formal notice of the claim if the following four elements for fee-shifting are satisfied: (1) formal notice, (2) employer controversion of the claim, (3) successful prosecution by the claimant, and (4) use of an attorney to prosecute the claim. Id. at 359-60.
Here, by arguing it did not decline to pay, Avondale challenges only whether there was controversion of the claim. But filing a Form LS-207, Notice of Controversion of Right to Compensation, clearly satisfies that requirement. As in Weaver, the fact that Avondale filed these forms before receiving formal notice of the claims from the deputy commissioner is irrelevant. All four elements have been met here, and Avondale has not argued that any portion of the fees awarded by the BRB were incurred prior to Avondale‘s receiving formal notice of the claim from the deputy commissioner.
III. CONCLUSION
Under a plain reading of section 28(a), respondents were entitled to attorney‘s fees. Therefore, Avondale‘s petition for review is denied.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
Richard Hunt Gateley (argued), Theodore Mack, Carter Len Ferguson, Brackett & Ellis, Fort Worth, TX, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
John L. Hubble, Hubble & Pistorius, Harvey Goldwater Joseph (argued), Littler Mendelson, Dallas, TX, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before GARWOOD and JONES, Circuit Judges, and ZAINEY, District Judge*.
ZAINEY, District Judge:
In this declaratory judgment action, Plaintiff Liberty Corporate Capital, Ltd. (“Liberty“) appeals from the district court‘s grant of Defendant Dallas Glen Hills LP‘s (“DGH“) motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The appeal presents an issue of first impres-
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In August 2000, DGH claimed an insured commercial property loss on Lloyd‘s of London policy CRCTX99-1128 (“the Policy“). Liberty, acting through its wholly-owned subsidiary Liberty Syndicate 190 (“Syndicate 190“) assigned an adjuster to inspect the property. Liberty determined that the policy provided no coverage for the claim. The Policy has a $500,000.00 limit of which Liberty insured 32.79 percent of the risk.1
Thomas Rokeby Conynghan Corfield (“Corfield“), a British subject and “active” underwriter for Syndicate 190, filed a declaratory judgment action on his own behalf and as the representative of Certain Underwriters at Lloyd‘s, London subscribing to the Policy seeking a declaration of the parties’ rights and obligations under the Policy. Corfield alleged that jurisdiction was based upon diversity of citizenship pursuant to
The district court issued an order noting that Corfield had failed to properly allege DGH‘s citizenship because the complaint did not allege the citizenship of each of DGH‘s partners.3 Moreover, the district court questioned whether Corfield had properly pleaded his own citizenship given that he had brought suit both on his own behalf and as the representative of the other underwriters on the Policy. Noting that the Seventh Circuit considers the citizenship of every underwriter subscribing to a Lloyd‘s policy for diversity purposes, Indiana Gas Co. v. Home Insurance Co., 141 F.3d 314, 319 (7th Cir.1998), the district court ordered Corfield to either plead his citizenship in accordance with the Seventh Circuit‘s approach or submit a memorandum brief explaining why Corfield‘s British citizenship alone should control.
In response to the district court‘s order, Liberty replaced Corfield as the named plaintiff and filed an amended complaint. Liberty, the lead underwriter on the Policy, is a British corporation incorporated, domiciled, and with its principal place of business in the United Kingdom. As with Corfield, Liberty alleged British citizenship and sought relief on its own behalf and as the representative of all other underwriters subscribing to the Policy. Recognizing that the amended complaint did nothing to allay the jurisdictional concerns raised by the district court, Liberty amended its complaint a second time. In the second amended complaint Liberty sought relief on its own behalf and as the lead underwriter of those underwriters subscribing to the Policy. Again, however, Liberty failed to affirmatively allege DGH‘s citizenship, instead alleging that none of DGH‘s partners were British citizens.
The district court entered a second order, this time threatening to dismiss the action without prejudice unless Liberty amended its complaint to properly allege DGH‘s citizenship. The district court agreed to defer consideration of Liberty‘s citizenship given the split in authority concerning how the citizenship of a Lloyd‘s underwriter is to be determined and given that DGH had not yet moved to dismiss the case. Liberty amended its complaint once more to allege that all of DGH‘s partners were believed to be citizens of Texas, and that no partner was a citizen of the United Kingdom.
DGH moved to dismiss the case pursuant to
Hoping to avoid dismissal, Liberty amended its complaint once more. This time Liberty alleged claims only on its own behalf as the lead underwriter on the Policy. Liberty deleted all allegations that it was suing in any type of representative capacity on behalf of the other underwriters. Liberty also alleged that all of
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
We review questions of law de novo. Wilkerson v. United States of America, 67 F.3d 112, 115 (5th Cir.1995) (citing Estate of Moore v. Comm‘r, 53 F.3d 712, 714 (5th Cir.1995)). The district court‘s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction turned solely on the legal question of how to determine the citizenship for a Lloyd‘s of London underwriter who sues only on its own behalf. We therefore review the district court‘s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Beall v. United States of America, 336 F.3d 419, 421 (5th Cir.2003).
B. Principles of Jurisdiction
The federal diversity statute provides that the district courts have original jurisdiction over all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds $75,000 and is between citizens of a state and citizens or subjects of a foreign state.
The “citizens” upon whose diversity a plaintiff grounds jurisdiction must be real and substantial parties to the controversy. Navarro Savings Assoc. v. Lee, 446 U.S. 458, 460, 100 S.Ct. 1779, 1781-82, 64 L.Ed.2d 425 (1980) (citing McNutt v. Bland, 43 U.S. (2 How.) 9, 15, 11 L.Ed. 159 (1844); Marshall v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 57 U.S. (16 How.) 314, 328-29, 14 L.Ed. 953 (1853); Coal Co. v. Blatchford, 78 U.S. (11 Wall.) 172, 177, 20 L.Ed. 179 (1871)). Thus, a federal court must disregard nominal or formal parties and rest jurisdiction only upon the citizenship of real parties to the controversy. Id. at 461, 100 S.Ct. at 1782.
The sole issue presented in this case is whether complete diversity requires that the court consider the citizenship of every underwriter subscribing to a Lloyd‘s of London policy when the lead underwriter sues only on its own behalf. The issue is one of first impression in this circuit and several of our sister circuits have reached different conclusions. However, before addressing the complex jurisdictional issues raised in this case, a basic understanding of the organizational structure of Lloyd‘s of London and the unique characteristics of a typical Lloyd‘s insurance policy is necessary.
C. Lloyd‘s of London
Lloyds of London is not an insurance company but rather a self-regulating entity which operates and controls an insurance market. John M. Sylvester & Roberta D. Anderson, Is It Still Possible To Litigate Against Lloyd‘s in Federal Court?, 34 Tort & Ins. L.J. 1065, 1068 (1999). The Lloyd‘s entity provides a mar-
The members or investors who collectively make up Lloyd‘s are called “Names” and they are the individuals and corporations who finance the insurance market and ultimately insure risks. Sylvester & Anderson, supra, at 1068. Names are underwriters of Lloyd‘s insurance and they invest in a percentage of the policy risk in the hope of making return on their investment. Squibb, 160 F.3d at 929. Lloyd‘s requires Names to pay a membership fee, keep certain deposits at Lloyd‘s, and possess a certain degree of financial wealth. Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 177 F.3d 210, 221 (3d Cir.1999). Each Name is exposed to unlimited personal liability for his proportionate share of the loss on a particular policy that the Name has subscribed to as an underwriter. Squibb, 160 F.3d at 929. Typically hundreds of Names will subscribe to a single policy, and the liability among the Names is several, not joint. Id.
Most Names or investors do not actively participate in the insurance market on a day to day basis. Layne, 26 F.3d at 42. Rather, the business of insuring risk at Lloyd‘s is carried on by groups of Names called “Syndicates.” Id. at 41-42. In order to increase the efficiency of underwriting risks, a group of Names will, for a given operating year, form a “Syndicate” which will in turn subscribe to policies on behalf of all Names in the Syndicate. Squibb, 160 F.3d at 929; Chemical Leaman, 177 F.3d at 221. A typical Lloyd‘s policy has multiple Syndicates which collectively are responsible for 100 percent of the coverage provided by a policy. Sylvester & Anderson, supra, at 1068. The Syndicates themselves have been said to have no independent legal identity. Id. Thus, a Syndicate is a creature of administrative convenience through which individual investors can subscribe to a Lloyd‘s policy. A Syndicate bears no liability for the risk on a Lloyd‘s policy. Rather, all liability is born by the individual Names who belong to the various Syndicates that have subscribed to a policy.
Each Syndicate appoints a managing agent who is responsible for the underwriting and management of each Name‘s investments. Chemical Leaman, 177 F.3d at 221. The managing agent receives this authority through contracts with each Name. Id. The managing agent, which is typically a legal entity, appoints one of its employees to serve as the “active” underwriter for the Syndicate. Id. at 222. The active underwriter selects the risks that the Names in the syndicate will underwrite and has the authority to bind all Names in the Syndicate. Id. The active underwriter has the authority to buy and sell insurance risks on behalf of all Names in the syndicate, and to bind the Syndicate members in these transactions. Layne, 26 F.3d at 42.
In practice, since many Names through their respective Syndicates are liable on a Lloyd‘s policy, the active underwriter from one of the underwriting Syndicates is des-
In sum, while an insured receives a Lloyd‘s “policy” of insurance, what he has in fact received are numerous contractual commitments from each Name who has agreed to subscribe to the risk. The Names are jointly and severally obligated to the insured for the percentage of the risk each has agreed to assume. The insured does not have to sue each Name individually however to collect on their individual promises because the typical Lloyd‘s policy contains a clause providing that “any [Name] can appear as representative of all [Names].” Id. Thus, when litigation ensues over a Lloyd‘s policy, the only named Lloyd‘s party appearing in the litigation is usually the lead underwriter on the policy. Id. The standard Lloyd‘s policy states “that in any suit instituted against any one of [the Names] upon this contract, [all the Names] will abide by the final decision of such Court or of any Appellate Court in the event of an appeal.”4 Id. Thus, each Name is contractually bound on an individual basis to the insured to adhere to any adverse judgment reached in the suit notwithstanding that only one Name participates in the litigation as a named party. Thus, a Syndicate, being only a grouping of Names, has no contractual relationship with the insured.
In the instant case, Syndicate 190 is a single-Name Syndicate with Liberty as its sole Name and underwriting member. Liberty is the lead underwriter on the Policy and insures 32.79 percent of the risk which is more than the risk insured by any other Name on the Policy.5 Liberty is a British corporation with its principal place of business in the United Kingdom. Thus, if only Liberty‘s citizenship is relevant for jurisdictional purposes, then the parties are completely diverse because DGH is a citizen of Texas, Delaware, and New York. If, however, the citizenship of every Name subscribing to the Policy is relevant for jurisdictional purposes, then the district court‘s dismissal was proper as Liberty has not alleged the citizenship of all Names subscribing to the policy, and at least one Name is believed to be a citizen of Texas.
D. Law and Analysis
Several of our sister circuit courts have addressed the Lloyd‘s citizenship conundrum and have reached differing results based upon differing reasoning. In Certain Interested Underwriters at Lloyd‘s, London v. Layne, 26 F.3d 39 (6th Cir.1994), Lloyd‘s had brought a declaratory judgment action seeking to deny coverage under a policy. Defendants were Tennessee citizens and the plaintiff Lloyd‘s underwriters were citizens of Great Britain. Defendants, who sought to vacate an adverse judgment, argued that the plaintiff-
The Sixth Circuit began its analysis with the “real party to the controversy test.” Id. at 42 (citing Carden, 494 U.S. at 187 n. 1, 110 S.Ct. 1015; Wright, Federal Practice & Proc. § 1556 (2d ed. 1990)). Under this test, if one of the “nondiverse” parties is not a real party in interest, and is purely a formal or nominal party, his presence may be ignored when determining jurisdiction. Id. (citing Salem Trust Co. v. Manuf. Fin. Co., 264 U.S. 182, 44 S.Ct. 266, 68 L.Ed. 628 (1924)). Noting that
Applying Tennessee law, the Sixth Circuit concluded that the plaintiff-underwriters were liable on the contract because they had functioned as agents for undisclosed principals (the Syndicates). Because under Tennessee law an agent for an undisclosed principal is personally liable on a contract, the underwriters were found to be real parties in interest. Id. at 43. Further, under Tennessee law, once the agent is sued, the principal is no longer liable. Thus, once the agent (underwriter) became the party sued, the principal (Syndicates) had no further interest in the case. Id. Given that the Syndicates had no interest in the case after the underwriter was sued, they were not real parties to the controversy and their citizenship could be ignored. Id. Accordingly, the court looked only to the citizenship of the plaintiff-underwriters when determining whether complete diversity existed.
Four years later, the Seventh Circuit decided Indiana Gas Co. v. Home Insurance Co., 141 F.3d 314 (7th Cir.1998). Indiana Gas sued its insurers for indemnity on environmental cleanup costs. While the case was on appeal, the parties informed the court that at least one subscribing Name on the Lloyd‘s policy was a citizen of Indiana—the same state of citizenship as the plaintiff Indiana Gas. The Seventh Circuit focused its analysis on the Syndicates as the appropriate entities to either sue or be sued on a Lloyd‘s policy. Concluding that a Syndicate had all the characteristics of a limited partnership, the court concluded that a Syndicate has the citizenship of every Name belonging to the Syndicate just as a partnership has the citizenship of every partner. Id. at 317. The court noted that this rule applied to partnerships regardless of whether partners were named in the lawsuit. Id. at 317. The Seventh Circuit interpreted Carden v. Arkoma Associates, 494 U.S. 185, 110 S.Ct. 1015, 108 L.Ed.2d 157 (1990), as articulating a general rule that every association other than a corporation must be treated like a partnership for citizenship purposes. Id. Thus, according to the
In reaching its conclusion, the Seventh Circuit rejected every aspect of Layne, concluding that the Sixth Circuit had failed to factor in that liability vel non on a contract does not control the citizenship inquiry. Id. at 319. For instance, limited partners cannot be sued and are not liable for a partnership‘s acts yet their citizenship cannot be ignored. Id. According to Indiana Gas, the underwriting Syndicates must be treated like partnerships when determining citizenship. Id. Thus, pursuant to Carden, the citizenship of every Name on the policy must be considered when determining whether diversity is complete.
Later that same year, the Second Circuit decided E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. v. Accident & Casualty Insurance Co., 160 F.3d 925 (2d Cir.1998) (“Squibb I“). In Squibb I, a coverage dispute against Lloyd‘s had been pending in the district court for nearly sixteen years and had culminated in a jury verdict favorable to Squibb. When the case finally hit the appellate court, the Second Circuit sua sponte questioned whether diversity was complete because the lead underwriter had been sued as a representative of all underwriters who had subscribed to the policy. Id. at 928. The Second Circuit rejected the Layne court‘s analysis and agreed with Indiana Gas in so far as the Seventh Circuit had concluded that a lead underwriter sued in a representative capacity must reflect the citizenship of every Name subscribing to the policy. Id. at 939-40. After all, “federal courts must look to the individuals being represented rather than their collective representative to determine whether diversity of citizenship exists.” Squibb I, 160 F.3d at 931 (citing Northern Trust Co. v. Bunge Corp., 899 F.2d 591, 594 (7th Cir.1990)). Because the underwriter was sued as representative, and because the record failed to reflect the citizenship of all Names, subject matter jurisdiction was questionable.
However, the Second Circuit went beyond Indiana Gas and surmised that the jurisdictional problems surrounding Lloyd‘s grew only out of the lead underwriter‘s decision to sue in a representative capacity. In other words, the Squibb I court postulated that where the lead underwriter sues or is sued only in his individual capacity, the existence of jurisdiction depends solely on the lead underwriter‘s citizenship. Id. at 936. It would not depend on the status of the other Names who, though members of the Syndicates at risk, would not be direct parties to the litigation. Id. The Second Circuit rejected the notion that the nonparty Names’ citizenship would have to be considered simply because they too would be bound by whatever judgment is rendered against the only Name sued. Id. The Second Circuit reasoned that a federal court does not lose jurisdiction simply because a non-diverse non-party is contractually bound to indemnify the diverse parties. Id. As long as the party being sued is a real party to the controversy, the fact that the case will determine the rights of non-diverse litigants through collateral estoppel or preclusion does not affect jurisdiction. Id. Because the lead underwriter is severally liable on the policy, he is a real party to the controversy. Id. at 937. Thus, where he appears in the litigation solely on an individual basis, only his citizenship need be considered. Id.
On remand, the district court concluded that British law and the contracts at issue would permit the suit to proceed against a Name in his individual capacity. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. v. Accident & Cas. Ins. Co., No. 82 Civ. 7327JSM, 1999 WL 350857, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. June 2, 1999), aff‘d, 241 F.3d 154 (2d Cir.2001). The court went on to conclude that the other Names were dispensable parties under Rule 19(b) because all Names were contractually bound by the policies and by the rules of Lloyd‘s to abide by any judgment rendered against the lead underwriter. Id. at *13. Thus, dismissing the representative claims against the lead underwriter would have no practical effect on any other Name. Id. Because the citizenship of the lone underwriter was diverse from every other opposing party, diversity jurisdiction was met.6 The Second Circuit ultimately affirmed. E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. v. Lloyd‘s & Cos., 241 F.3d 154 (2d Cir.2001) (“Squibb II“).
Between Squibb I and Squibb II, the Third Circuit decided Chemical Leaman Tank Lines, Inc. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., and held that the citizenship of the underwriter sued on the policy is the only citizenship relevant for diversity purposes. 177 F.3d at 223. The insured had sued “Certain Underwriters at Lloyd‘s, London subscribing to Insurance Policies [specifically enumerated].” Id. at 216. The parties later stipulated to an amended complaint in which one of the individual underwriters “on behalf of himself and all other Underwriters at Lloyd‘s, London, subscribing to [specifically enumerated policies]” substituted for “Certain Underwriters.” The parties also stipulated that any final judgment for or against the sole party underwriter would be binding on those underwriters subscribing to the enumerated policies.7 Prior to the entry of final judgment, the parties brought to the court‘s attention a decision rendered by another court in the same district in which the district court held that the citizenship of all underwriters on a Lloyd‘s policy had to be taken into account in determining diversity jurisdiction, Lowsley-Williams v. North River Ins. Co., 884 F.Supp. 166 (D.N.J.1995). No party, however, chal-
On appeal, the Third Circuit, without reference to any other circuit court decision, held that the citizenship of the underwriter sued on the policy was the only citizenship relevant for diversity purposes. 177 F.3d at 223. Although the amended complaint alleged that the underwriter was there individually as well as in a representative capacity, the Third Circuit concluded that the claim was really only one against the named underwriter individually. Id. at 222. The court reasoned that the plaintiff had not brought suit against the underwriter as an agent of the other underwriters or against the Syndicates of which they were members or against the underwriter as agent for his Syndicate. Id. at 222 & n. 14. The court also noted that the Names shared no common liability, each being liable only for the share of the risk each had assumed. Id. at 222. Moreover, the district court had not certified a defendant class of underwriters, which according to the Third Circuit, would have been the only way that the underwriter could have truly been sued in a representative capacity. See id. Thus, the claim against the underwriter was one against him individually. And because each Name was liable only for his share of the risk, and because joint and several obligors are not necessary defendants under Rule 19(a), plaintiff was entitled to sue less than all of the Names. Id. at 223 n. 16.
Further, the Third Circuit concluded that the parties’ stipulation that the judgment against the named underwriter would bind all others did nothing to affect jurisdiction because the stipulation did not place any of those other underwriters before the court. Id. at 223. Moreover, the named underwriter was not a party sued only to manufacture jurisdiction because the named underwriter was a Name who had subscribed to the policy thereby giving the plaintiff a valid claim against him. See id. n. 16. Because the named underwriter was the only underwriter named in the complaint, only his citizenship was relevant to the exercise of diversity jurisdiction. Id. at 223.
In the current posture of the instant case, Liberty is suing only in its individual capacity as lead underwriter on the Policy. Thus, Liberty‘s case is presented to us in the exact procedural posture suggested by the Second Circuit in Squibb I and ultimately approved by the Second Circuit in Squibb II. We find the Second Circuit‘s approach to be based upon sound reasoning.
At the outset, Liberty is without question a real and substantial party to the controversy. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co. v. Iso-Tex, Inc., 75 F.3d 216, 218 (5th Cir. 1996) (citing Navarro Savings Ass‘n, 446 U.S. at 460, 100 S.Ct. at 1781). Liberty is a subscribing Name on the Policy and is therefore directly bound via contract to DGH, the insured. Liberty‘s personal stake in the outcome is approximately $163,950.00. Therefore, this is not the situation where an agent with no personal stake in the controversy attempts to sue on behalf of his non-diverse principal in order to create diversity. Chemical Leaman, 177 F.3d at 223 n. 16; see Navarro Savings, 446 U.S. at 465, 100 S.Ct. at 1784. Liberty faces actual liability for the risk it assumed and therefore is a real party to the controversy.8
Moreover, pretermitting the Lloyd‘s issue, the district court would have diversity jurisdiction over Liberty‘s individual claim against DGH. Liberty is a British citizen and DGH is a citizen of Texas, Delaware, and New York. Thus, Liberty and DGH are completely diverse in citizenship. Further, Liberty‘s potential liability on the Policy is $163,950.00, a sum well in excess of the jurisdictional amount.
Given that Liberty is a real party to the controversy and that the district court would have jurisdiction over Liberty‘s individual claim, the next logical question is whether a Name on a Lloyd‘s policy can be sued individually by an insured.9 In Indiana Gas, the Seventh Circuit answered that question in the negative but we find no legal support for such a conclusion—a conclusion reached without discussion, analysis, or citation to legal authority. As the district court in Squibb observed, “[i]t would be a strange law indeed that would hold that an individual, who had so clearly bound himself individually by contract, could not be sued individually to enforce that contractual obligation.” Squibb, 1999 WL 350857, at *5. Indeed, the very essence of a Lloyd‘s policy is that it is a collection of individual contracts running between the insured and each Name. Moreover, the estoppel provision contained in every Lloyd‘s policy, i.e., that each Name will abide by a judgment rendered against any other Name, would not be necessary if litigation were always re-
The severability of each Name‘s liability to the insured lends further support to the conclusion that a Name can be sued individually. As discussed above, a Lloyd‘s policy is actually a collection of many bilateral contracts running between the insured and each Name. The Names contract directly with the insured and each Name contracts independently of any other Name. Because each Name‘s liability is several, Liberty‘s obligation to DGH is independent of any other Name‘s obligation to the insured. Simple logic allows for no other conclusion but that an insured can sue a Name individually.
Having determined that an insured can sue a Name individually, it does not follow that the citizenship of the remaining Names on the Policy who are not parties to the case and are not before the court is relevant to determining whether the parties are completely diverse. The fact that the Names’ contract with the insured and the rules of Lloyd‘s are structured such that the other Names are affected by the judgment against a single Name does not bring those other parties before the court or make them relevant for the citizenship determination. Squibb I, 160 F.3d at 936-37; Plains Growers, Inc. v. Ickes-Braun Glasshouses, Inc., 474 F.2d 250, 252 (5th Cir.1973) (“The citizenship of one who has an interest in the lawsuit but who has not been made a party to the lawsuit ... cannot be used ... to defeat diversity jurisdiction.“); Chemical Leaman, 177 F.3d at 223. The fact that other parties are bound by a judgment against one obligor or forced to indemnify an obligor is insufficient to bring their citizenship into consideration when they are not parties to the suit. Squibb I, 160 F.3d at 936 (citing Wheeler v. City of Denver, 229 U.S. 342, 33 S.Ct. 842, 57 L.Ed. 1219 (1913)).10
We reached a similar result in Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Iso-Tex, Inc., 75 F.3d 216 (5th Cir.1996). In Aetna Casualty, Aetna was one of many members of an unincorporated insurance association that insured the risk at issue. Aetna brought a declaratory judgment action against the insured “as a member of [the association] ... for itself and all other members of such association.” Id. at 218. While Aetna was diverse from all the defendants, other members of the association were not of diverse citizenship. We held that complete diversity was satisfied because neither the association nor the other members were parties to the suit. Id. We found Aetna‘s status as a representative to be no impediment to jurisdiction because Aetna‘s position was analogous to that of a class representative under
The Supreme Court‘s decision in Carden v. Arkoma Associates does not require a contrary result. In Carden, the Supreme Court held that the citizenship of every partner in a limited partnership must be considered for diversity purposes. 494 U.S. at 195-96, 110 S.Ct. at 1021. In so holding, the Supreme Court clarified that every artificial entity, other than a corporation, takes its citizenship from all of the members comprising the entity. Id. DGH argues that Carden compels the conclusion that every Name in a Syndicate must be considered because a Syndicate is an artificial entity. Assuming arguendo that a Syndicate is an artificial entity, a conclusion in and of itself open to debate, see Squibb I, 160 F.3d at 929; Chemical Leaman, 177. F.3d at 221, the citizenship of the Syndicates is of no relevance because they play no role in litigation over a Lloyd‘s policy. It is well-settled that Syndicates are not liable on Lloyd‘s policies—only individual Names are liable even though they subscribe to risks via Syndicates. The insured has no contractual relationship with a Syndicate because Syndicates do not insure risks. Thus, an insured has no claim against a Syndicate for coverage under a Lloyd‘s policy. While Carden might apply if the citizenship of the Syndicates were relevant, it does not apply to make the citi-
DGH‘s reliance on Royal Insurance Co. v. Quinn-L Capital Corp., 3 F.3d 877 (5th Cir.1993), is likewise misplaced. In Royal we held that the citizenship of an attorney in fact through whom a group of underwriters acts to issue insurance is irrelevant for jurisdictional purposes. Id. at 882-83. The plaintiff was a Lloyd‘s-type plan organized under Texas law. Under Texas law such plans are unincorporated associations. Because the association itself was a party to the suit, we naturally concluded that the citizenship of each underwriter had to be considered for diversity purposes. Id. at 883. The citizenship of the association‘s attorney-in-fact was irrelevant because he was not a member of the association. Given that Royal dealt with the citizenship of an association as a party, Royal has no bearing on whether the citizenship of all Names on a Lloyd‘s of London policy must be considered when an underwriter is sued individually.
In sum, the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over this claim because DGH is alleged to be a citizen of Texas, Delaware, and New York, and Liberty is alleged to be a citizen of the United Kingdom. Liberty‘s 32.79 percent of risk is approximately $163,950.00, an amount well in excess of the jurisdictional amount. The other subscribing Names are not parties before the Court and their citizenship need not be considered when determining whether the parties are completely diverse. Thus, the district court erred in dismissing the action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Starsky Darnell REDD, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 02-60453.
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
Dec. 30, 2003.
Notes
The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum of or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest or costs, and is between— ... (2) citizens of a State and citizens or subjects of a foreign state;
Given that this matter is before us solely on the diversity jurisdiction issue, this Court expresses no opinion as to whether Liberty‘s declaratory judgment action presents a justifiable controversy between the parties.