Commonwealth v. FordCommonwealth v. Ford
Leon DaTawn Ford appeals from the judgment of sentence of a determination of guilt without further penalty after the court found him guilty of summary violations of
The Commonwealth initially charged Appellant via criminal complaint with two counts of aggravated assault, three counts of recklessly endangering another person (“REAP”), and one count each of failing to yield and reckless driving. The affidavit of probable cause in support of the complaint, however, referenced Appellant failing to stop at a stop sign. At Appellant’s preliminary hearing, the Commonwealth orally added a count for
The evidence at trial was as follows. Pittsburgh Police Officers Michael Kosko and Andrew Miller observed Appellant traveling at a high rate of speed
Officer Kosko asked for Appellant’s license, registration, and proof of insurance. Appellant provided his license, a bill of sale, and proof of
Officer Kosko believed that the photograph of Lamont Ford resembled Appellant and re-approached Appellant’s car, looked at Appellant, and returned to the cruiser. Officer Kosko then returned and asked Officer Miller to look at the photographic display of Lamont Ford in the police cruiser. Officer Miller returned to the police car while Officer Kosko began to ask Apрellant if he had any brothers or siblings, and he testified that he told Appellant that he resembled a person with an outstanding warrant.
After seeing the picture of Lamont Ford, Officer Miller radioed his fellow officer, David Derbish. Officer Derbish previously had interacted with Lamont Ford. Officer Derbish was in the area and responded within approximately two minutes. Both Officer Derbish and Officer Miller had a
Officer Derbish also maintained that when he approached Appellant’s car on the passenger side, he believed that he saw a bulge in Appellant’s pants that could have been a gun. He motioned to Officer Miller and informed him of his suspicion. Officer Miller agreed that there was a bulge and walked back to the driver’s side of the car and asked Appellant to exit the vehicle. Appellant repeatedly refused and attempted to place a call on his cell phone. Officer Miller instructed him that he could not use the phone and put his hand on Appellant’s shoulder. Aрpellant continued to attempt to place a call and Officer Miller tried to take Appellant’s phone. In total, Officer Miller asserted that he asked Appellant to step from the car six times.
When Appellant reached to the right side of his body, where Officer Miller and Officer Derbish observed the bulge, Officer Miller tried to physically remove Appellant from the car. Officer Miller and Officer Derbish both saw Appellant reach for the gear-shift in the center console. Officer Derbish then entered the passenger side of the car and attemрted to restrain Appellant. Officer Derbish placed his knees in the front passenger seat and struggled with Appellant and shouted, “Stop, stop, stop.” N.T., 9/4/14, at 646. Appellant engaged the gear shift and began to drive the vehicle and the door closed behind Officer Derbish. According to Officer
As a result of being shot, Appellant crashed the vehicle. Officer Kosko ran to the car, removed Appellant, and placed him in handcuffs on the ground. Officer Miller also approached and radioed for medics. Officer Derbish suffered minor injuries. Appellant, however, suffered significant spinal injuries that resulted in paraplegia.
Both the trial court and jury viewed a video of the traffic stop that began when Officer Kosko turned on his siren and lights while in pursuit of Appellant. The jury found Appellant not guilty of the aggravated assault charges, but was unable to reach a verdict on the remaining non-summary counts. The trial court adjudiсated Appellant guilty of one count of failing to stop at a stop sign and careless driving, the latter conviction constituting a lesser-included offense of the reckless driving count charged.
The court entered its judgment of sentence on September 15, 2014, and imposed no penalty for the summary violations. Appellant timely appealed and the court directed that he file and serve a
The matter is now ready for this Court’s review. Appellant raises two issues for our consideration.
- Was the verdict rendered against the weight of the evidence?
- Was the verdict rendered supported by the sufficiency of the evidence?
Appellant’s brief at 5.
Although Appellant lists his sufficiency claim second in his statement of issues, he argues that position first. Moreover, since a successful sufficiency charge warrants dischargе rather than a retrial, we address Appellant’s second issue first. Commonwealth v. Stokes, 38 A.3d 846 (Pa.Super. 2011). In reviewing a sufficiency claim, we consider the entirety of the evidence introduced, including improperly admitted evidence. Commonwealth v. Watley, 81 A.3d 108, 113 (Pa.Super. 2013) (en banc). We view that evidence in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the Commonwealth. Id. The evidence “need not preclude every possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented.” Id. Only where “the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances[,]” is a defendant entitled to relief. Id. We do not “re-weigh
Appellant’s initial argument, though ostensibly a sufficiency of the evidence claim, is primarily focused on the fact that the trial court found him guilty of failing to stop at a stop sign when the criminal information sets forth the charge as failing to stop at a yield sign. Appellant аrgues that
In addition, Appellant maintains that there were discrepancies between the testimony of Officer Kosko and Officer Miller regarding where the first stop sign violation transpired. He posits that the only uncontroverted evidence relative to a stop sign violаtion shows that Appellant applied his brakes as he approached the first stop sign, before using his left turn signal and turning. Appellant continues that video footage depicts brake lights, thus demonstrating that he used his brakes upon coming to the second stop sign in question.
With respect to his careless driving charge, Appellant submits that there is no evidence that he operated his vehicle in careless disregard for the
The Commonwealth counters that Appellant waived any challenge relative to the citation to the yield signs subsection in the criminal information. It first notes that trial counsel placed on the record that Appellant was charged with running a stop sign. The Commonwealth adds that, at the close of its case, Appellant did not raise the issue by making a motion for judgment of acquittal. Appellant also did not challenge the stop sign conviction based on the criminal information discrepancy after the court announced its verdict or raise the issue in his post-sentence motions or at the hearing on that motion.
The Commonwealth highlights that the affidavit of probable cause in suppоrt of the criminal complaint and the preliminary hearing transcript both reference Appellant committing summary stop sign violations. Further, Appellant’s counsel in his own opening statement maintained that Appellant was charged with neglecting to come to a complete stop at a stop sign.
With regard to the evidence that Appellant failed to stop at a stop sign, the Commonwealth first notes that Officer Kosko, while acknowledging a mistake in describing the location of the first violation in the affidavit of probable cause, testified that Appellant failed to stop at two separate stop signs. Furthermore, Officer Miller confirmed that Appellant did not come to a complete stop at two stop signs. The Commonwealth points out that the trial judge heard this testimony and watched a video depicting the traffic incident. It correctly sets forth that the trial court was free to determine that Officers Kosko and Miller credibly testified that Appellant failed to stop at thе second stop sign in question. Insofar as Appellant and Judge Nauhaus rely on the fact that Appellant applied his brakes, the Commonwealth contends that a driver may apply his brakes and still drive through a stop sign without stopping. The Commonwealth asserts that although Appellant applied his brakes, he did not come to a complete stop.
Lastly, the Commonwealth argues that sufficient evidence existed to find that Appellant engaged in careless driving. It notes that both Officer Kosko and Officer Miller testified that Appellant was driving at a high rate of speed. Thus, the trial court was free to find this testimony credible. Additionally, the Commonwealth submits that police are not required to use a radar device to gauge speed in order to establish careless driving and that
We first address the discrepancy between the criminal information and the charge that the trial court found Appellant guilty of violating. Appellant is correct that the criminal information references yield sign violations. However, he is entitled to no relief. Initially, we agree that this aspect of Appellant’s position is waived. Although sufficiency of the evidence arguments need only be preserved in a Rule 1925(b) concise statement, Appellant’s actual argument relates to a defect in the criminal information. Not only did Appellant not raise this issue at any stage of the trial court proceedings before filing his 1925(b) statement, counsel expressly placed on the record that Appellant was defending against a failure to stop. At one point counsel set forth, “He’s charged with stop signs. We have to get into this. The Court is going to have to make a decision on the stop signs. This is the same pursuit where he’s stopped.” N.T., 9/4/14, at 572. Later, separate defense counsel remarked to the court,
Appellant’s counsel (Mr. Malone): Judge, he’ll plead to going through the stop sign.
Appellant’s counsel (Mr. Rabner): We’re offering a plea.
The Court: Would it help if he plead [sic] to going through two stop signs?
Defense counsel also questioned Appellant regarding the alleged stop sign violation, stating, “When you’re coming up Shetland, there would a stop sign governing your turn there; correct?” N.T., 9/8/14, at 1152. Appellant responded, “Yes.” Id. Counsel then inquired, “And did you honor that stop sign?” Id. Appellant answered in the affirmative. Counsel continued his defense relative to the second stop sign violation by questioning Appellant further. The following exchange occurred:
Defense Counsel: Was there a stop sign governing that intersection at Stanton and Meadow?
Appellant: Yes.
Defense Counsel: Did you stop at that one?
Appellant: Yes.
Id. at 1153-54.
In defense counsel’s closing summation, in asserting that the traffic stop was pretextual, he argued that Appellant did not violate the stop sign law, opining, “From Leon Ford’s perspective, ladies and gentleman, from Leon Ford’s perspective he stopped. I submit to you, tell me why. You tell
Here, Appellant was not only on notice of the stop sign violation, but defended against that charge. Since there was no objection to the discrepancy between the charges of failure to yield, leveled in the criminal information, and the related charge of failing to stop at a stop sign, for which he was prosecuted and found guilty, this aspect of his argument is waived.
Even if not waived, the defect with the criminal information, standing alone, does not warrant relief. Concededly, the criminal information contаined headings for failure to yield and described that offense, citing only to
We find our case law discussing the amendment of a criminal information particularly instructive herein. In Commonwealth v. Sinclair, 897 A.2d 1218 (Pa.Super. 2006), this Court provided that, in evaluating a court’s decision to allow a criminal information to be amended, we examine whether the defendant was fully apprised of the factual scenario which supports the charges against him. The Sinclair Court added that when the crime in the original information involves the same basic elements and arises from the same factual situation, the defendant is deemed to be placed оn notice of the different alleged criminal conduct.
Here, it is beyond cavil that Appellant knew of the facts surrounding the failure to stop offense. The only material difference in the elements of the offenses is the distinction between a stop sign and a yield sign. Had Appellant raised the issue, the Commonwealth could have amended the information because it would not have alleged a different set of events or resulted in Appellant having to advance a materially different defense. Id. at 1221. In this respect, “our Supreme Court has stated that following an аmendment, relief is warranted only when the variance between the original and the new charges prejudices an appellant by, for example, rendering defenses which might have been raised against the original charges
In the present case, the charge of failing to stop at a stop sign did not add any new facts that Appellant did not know and the entire factual scenario was developed at his preliminary hearing. As discussed, Appellant defended against a failure to stop offense and therefore neither his defense strategy nor his trial preparation was implicated. See Sinclair, supra at 1223. Accordingly, Appellant suffered no prejudice and is not entitled to relief.
In addition, we agree that sufficient evidence existed to establish that Appellant failed to stop at a stop sign. As stated, supra, this Court is bound by the credibility determinations of the fact-finder. Both Officer Kosko and Officer Miller testified that Appellant ran a stop sign. The trial court viewed the video and heard their testimony. It observed that Appellant applied his brakes before the latter stop sign, but nonetheless determined that he did not come to a complete stop.
This Court also reviewed the video footage, which was included in the certified record, of Appellant’s driving behavior before he was pulled over by police. That footage supports the factual findings of the trial court that, at the first stop sign, Appellant applied his brakes briefly before reaching the stop sign, and then turned left, utilizing his signal. Appellant did not bring
This is not a case where the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that no probability of fact can be drawn from it. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth and based on the trial court’s credibility determinations, sufficient evidence was introduced to find that Appellant failed to stop at a stop sign.
As it pertains to Appellant’s careless driving conviction, we find that Appellant’s sufficiency claim also fails. To establish a careless driving violation, the Commonwealth must demonstrate that the individual drove “a vehicle in careless disregard for the safety of persons or prоperty[.]”
Appellant also argues that his convictions were against the weight of the evidence. A weight claim must ordinarily be preserved in a timely post-sentence motion. Commonwealth v. Lofton, 57 A.3d 1270, 1273 (Pa.Super. 2012).6 Counsel may also raise the issue orally on the recоrd or in writing prior to sentencing. Id.;
Following submission of this matter to the panel, Appellant filed an application for remand for a hearing based upon the existence of after-discovered evidence uncovered during federal litigation that he instituted as a result of this incident. Two categories of proof are presented as warranting remand: 1) documents supporting the fact that the three officers involved in this interdiction engaged in pattern of behavior designed to
A defendant can obtain a new trial based on after-discovered evidence if he demonstrates that the proof in question “(1) could not have been obtained prior to trial by exercising reasonable diligence; (2) is not merely corroborative or cumulative; (3) will not be used solely to impeach a witness’s credibility; and (4) would likely result in a different verdict. The proposed new evidence must be producible and admissible.” Commonwealth v. Griffin, 2016 PA Super 81, 2016 WL 13916682016 (April 8, 2016) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
The evidence about pretextual stops would not have changed the result herein. As noted, the objective proof supported the finding that Appellant failed to stop at two stop signs and exhibited careless driving. The officers’ subjective motivations for stopping Appellant’s vehicle were irrelevant as long as the stop in question did not violate Appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813 (1996) (citation omitted) (“subjective intent alone does not make otherwise lawful
The body microphone issue concerns the fact that Officer Kosko stated at trial that he was not wearing it because he had just entered a citizen’s home, where the wearing of such devices are forbidden due to the Wiretap Law. Appеllant’s proposed evidence is that, in a police report, Officer Kosko did not cite this excuse as a reason for failing to wear the microphone and that there are no records establishing that Officer Kosko entered a citizen’s home prior to this incident.
Initially, we note that Appellant is merely claiming that the explanation at trial was not corroborated by other proof, which does not establish that it was, in fact, false. Moreover, whether Officer Kosko was wearing a microphone is irrelevant in this appeal. The only matter before this Court concerns whether Appellant committed the traffic infractions, which were captured on the dashboard camera. A body microphone would not have established perjury in that respect. Since the proof in question is unrelated
Appellant’s application for remand denied. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/14/2016
Notes
Rule 560(B)(5) obviously was not adopted or intended to serve as a prosecutorial avoidance of an adverse preliminary hearing decision involving charges that were actually forwarded in a criminal complаint, only to be dismissed by a judicial officer for want of a prima facie case. To hold otherwise would defeat the purpose of the preliminary hearing procedure and make the Commonwealth, in essence, the sole architect and arbiter of a predetermined “appeal” that would substitute for the appeal it could have pursued, but did not.
Id. at 315. As Appellant was not found guilty of the escape charge and the Commonwealth did not seek to prosecute that crime after the jury could not reach a verdict, we need not address whеther the Commonwealth’s actions were improper.